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Reputation, Self-Concept & Profit. Neural Value Representation and Bounded Ethicality as Constituent Concepts in Moral-economic Relations
No full textThe PhD project investigates neural correlates of individual decision-making with regard to normative information in economic settings. In two studies, hypotheses were tested that address recruitment of specific brain areas for integration of value- based information. It is assumed that an abstract value is assigned to choice options in a decision-making process allowing to balance options not only with regard to potential gain in financial aspects, but also considering social and normative aspects. The literature suggests that distinct brain areas in the prefrontal cortex, which is important for higher cognitive functions such as reasoning and judging, are involved in attributing and integrating parameters for valuation, resulting in a subjective value triggering a choice. This is coined neural value representation.The thesis aims at examining to which extent neuroscientific research can contribute to the study of behavioral (business) ethics and the conceptual framing of this field of research. In traditional moral philosophy, the distinction between deontological and utilitarian behavior is drawn frequently and while this is a fundamental theoretical contribution, the question remains whether this is a valid approach for describing intentions and motivations of individuals in specific situations from the perspective of cognitive processing. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) allows to identify relative activation of quite specific spatial regions in the brain. Experimental designs that rely on categorizable behavioral responses of subjects can suggest structure function relationships in the brain which can be put into context with aspects of observable behavior. Studies on empathy (prosocial behavior) and utility (expected value) have shown that preference can be shaped by several motives which correlate with activation in specific brain areas. It could even be shown that subjects derive from their typical choice patterns when the dorsolateral part of the prefrontal cortex was stimulated externally.For the thesis, data of almost 50 subjects was acquired, prepared for preprocessing and taken into account for first and second level analysis. While in one study food brands were used to assess subjects’ processing of potentially rewarding input based on differing normative attributes of brands, in another incentivized study subjects had the opportunity to maximize their financial outcome by engaging in unethical behavior (i.e., cheating). Both studies reveal insights into decision-making processes in situations close to real-world scenarios. Data analysis could show evidence and tendencies regarding involvement of activation patterns allowing to better understand the motives for a certain decision. Further research will be necessary to evaluate the paradigms in terms of their predictive power considering real-world decision-making.A theoretical reflection combines the approaches and suggests that individual decision-making can contribute to better understanding of corporate structures in consumer markets as motivations are based on criteria that established to evaluate distinct entities with regard to their favorability. Corporations (coming to the consumer most often in the shape of a brand) have the property of serving as the reference unit for such evaluations. Using the concept of brands in this regard can not only help to assess CSR activities as something inherent to economic activity and added value, but also allows for investigation of consumer attitudes by using concepts of empathy
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Neuronale Korrelate komplementärer kognitiver Funktionen alltäglicher Wahrnehmungs- und Beurteilungsprozesse
Get PDFProcessing of external information as a starting point for conscious actions is an essential area of research in the field of systemic neuroscience. This thesis explores the question of how everyday perception and assessment processes can be related to each other and be described on a neural level. For this purpose, five studies were carried out, which deal with evaluations of various types of stimulus content. Providing experimentally generated results with regard to these evaluations, neural correlates of identity categorization, meaning attribution and judgment formation are shown. The first study examines the placebo effect of differently labeled placebo preparations in relation to their influence in expectation of pain relief. The second study analyzes the mental examination of spiritual content in a single case study. The third study compares moral statements with advertising slogans. The fourth study builds on the abovementioned one and discusses the function of an aesthetic assessment as a processing basis for the stimulus categories mentioned. The fifth study deals with the handling of unexpected feedback in the context of controlling a semi-autonomous vehicle. In the evaluation of the experimental data, areas in the prefrontal and temporoparietal brain areas in particular were identified that are important for the relevant cognitive functions. In order to understand the generative complementarity of logistical and content-related cognitive functions, the brain areas are examined in more detail, discussed based on the state of research and further implications are considered.Die Verarbeitung externer Information als Ausgangspunkt für bewusste Handlungen ist ein wesentliches Forschungsgebiet der systemischen Neurowissenschaften. Diese Arbeit geht der Frage nach, wie sich alltägliche Wahrnehmungs- und Beurteilungsprozesse auf neuronaler Ebene in Beziehung setzen und beschreiben lassen. Dafür wurden insgesamt fünf Studien durchgeführt, die sich mit Evaluierungen verschiedener Inhaltsformen beschäftigen und anhand derer experimentell neuronale Korrelate von Identitätskategorisierung, Bedeutungszuschreibung und Urteilsbildung nachgewiesen werden. Die erste Studie untersucht die Placebowirkung unterschiedlich markierter Placebopräparate in Bezug auf ihren Einfluss auf erwartete Schmerzlinderung. Die zweite Studie analysiert die mentale Verarbeitung spiritueller Inhalte in einer Einzelfallstudie. Die dritte Studie vergleicht moralische Statements mit Werbeslogans. Die vierte Studie baut auf der vorhergenannten auf und diskutiert die Funktion einer ästhetischen Bewertung als Verarbeitungsgrundlage für die genannten Inhaltskategorien. Die fünfte Studie befasst sich mit dem Umgang von unerwartetem Feedback im Kontext des Steuerns eines teilautonomen Fahrzeugs. In der Auswertung der Experimentdaten wurden insbesondere Areale in präfrontalen und in temporoparietalen Hirnbereichen identifiziert, die bei den relevanten kognitiven Funktionen von Bedeutung sind. Im Sinne des Verständnisses einer generativen Komplementarität von logistischen und inhaltlichen kognitiven Funktionen werden die Hirnareale näher beleuchtet und anhand des Forschungsstands diskutiert, zudem werden weiterführende Implikationen betrachtet
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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