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Hormonal patterns in the beef cow treated with melengestrol acetate and pregnant mare's serum
No full textLey Farming in Smallholder Systems in North-East Thailand
Get PDFThis paper points out constraints to the adoption of a ley farming system, using rotations of crop and pasture by the smallholders in north-east Thailand. However, some parts of the ley system, pasture and livestock rnising have been slowly accepted. A general picture of the north-east Thailand, implementation of fey ·farming, results, and responses by the farmers are presented
Hormone levels in prepubertal ewe lambs and in mature ewes throughout the breeding season
No full textPossibility Of Establishing An Agricultural Cooperative In Areiy Ksatr Commune, Areiy Ksatr District, Kandal Province, Cambodia
Get PDFAgricultural sector significantly contributes to Cambodia’s economy. Rich of natural resources, the farmers could pull those resources for their productivity. Kandal Province could access to resources conveniently because of its geography. Seeing the potential that communities have, government and supporters are assisting the communities to organize the local institutions. Afterward, Kandal Province has many Agricultural Cooperatives (AC) settled in many districts. Inversely, a commune stands along the Mekong River, named Areiy Ksatr in Kandal province has no local institution to support its vulnerable farmers, particularly on production and market. This research finds the answer that “AC” should be built there or not. Hence, this study is to identify the potential of agricultural production, and socio-economic condition and socio-culture regarding to AC’s Concept. Qualitative and Quantitative methods are used to capture all data, from 13 key informants; 5 from local administrators, and 8 from general famers by employing semi-structured interview to gain in-depth information. Data were also collected by questionnaires from randomly selected 100 respondents. The analytical approach is interpreted by quoting from the KIs as descriptive results supported by data collected through questionnaires. The findings are, rice production was abandoned since a few decades ago, and the main Agricultural-Products are lemon grass with 90% that farmers are growing followed by mango which aren’t really economically viable. Else ways, they all face the same problems which are non-ownership of their agricultural land and market failure which 99% of famers heavily account on middleman, the social capital including solidarity, etiquette, moral, social norm, network, are noticeably going down, because of war remains uneducated people and they lose trust on each other. This means establishing an AC is hardly happened unless firstly all farmers form as a strong bond and rebuild their social and particularly economic land ownership
The Economic Crisis and Rural Households in Thailand : Impact and Response
No full textAs a consequence of the economic crisis in early 1997, one of the most prominent and urgent problems was unemployment. There were reports of almost two million migrants having to return to their villages of origin in the Northeast, besides those seeking refuge in the urban "informal sector." Certainly, this would create great pressure on rural households, not only in terms of the reduction of their off-farm income, but also in having to bear the burden of unemployed family members. Adding to the crisis was a weakened baht value that caused a hike in the cost of consumable goods and agricultural inputs, thus affecting rural households and communities as a whole. This paper aims to reveal how the economic crisis impacted on rural households; and how they coped with it; as well as to what extent the agricultural sector could accommodate the returned labor force. To explore these issues a qualitative approach with three main concepts was used for the analysis: (1) agricultural base of households, (2) necessary dependence on external resources, and (3) social networks. From the empirical cases in four villages that varied in terms of agricultural and non-agricultural resources within and in their vicinity, the paper shows the impact rural households received varied in terms of degree and diversity depending on their existing agricultural resources and dependency on external resources. Three groups of households were classified based on the degree of impact created by the economic crisis: those least affected, moderately affected, and strongly affected. In relation to how the crisis affected each type, these households also reflected different degrees of coping with the crisis, ranging from households needing no adjustments to households still unable to adjust. Their differing coping mechanisms were based on social networks that could be kinship or non-kinship based in nature. It was also found that the agricultural sector supporting the returned labor could be considered as direct and indirect, and closely related to households and village agricultural resources. However, most returned migrants preferred to do off-farm work. Their decision making concerning agricultural or off-farm activities depended on their skills, capital and social networks.この論文は国立情報学研究所の学術雑誌公開支援事業により電子化されました
The Shifting Role of Large Livestock in Northeast Thailand
No full textIn 1976 large livestock populations overall began to decline along with other developmental changes in Northeast Thailand. The developmental trend greatly influences the livestock population. In the past, livestock played important roles in farming systems at household and community levels. The aim of this study is to re-examine the changes in roles of livestock. Households were selected according to household activities, including labor for livestock raising. Village leaders, village administrative committees or key informants, and households were interviewed by using a semi-structured interviewing technique. In order to confirm that the data collected was accurate, representatives of leaders involved in livestock raising or marketing from every province were interviewed in groups. The numbers of livestock raised by the villagers varied from one village to another and there are fewer buffaloes than cattle. Animal power utilization has been related to land preparation for paddy and for upland crops, weeding, and paddy threshing. However, these roles have greatly declined and been replaced by farm mechanization, such as hand tractors, herbicides, and mobile threshing machines. The contribution of livestock to the ecology through livestock manure in terms of soil fertility has declined. Strategic uses of livestock as a saving bank or as a commodity to be sold for immediately needed cash has declined. Therefore dependency of the farmers upon money, instead of natural resources, has become more pronounced to their livelihood. Uses of livestock in bartering systems, such as an exchange for land rights or other necessary goods, has been mostly replaced by a buy-and-sale system, especially in popular weekly livestock markets. Other roles of livestock, related to passing on of inheritance, rituals etc., have declined and been replaced mainly by consumer goods. Replacement of livestock by external inputs has produced an impact on community systems fostering dependency, a loss of indigenous knowledge, and, probably, increased consumptive behavior.この論文は国立情報学研究所の学術雑誌公開支援事業により電子化されました
The Shifting Role of Large Livestock in Northeast Thailand
Get PDFこの論文は国立情報学研究所の学術雑誌公開支援事業により電子化されました。In 1976 large livestock populations overall began to decline along with other developmental changes in Northeast Thailand. The developmental trend greatly influences the livestock population. In the past, livestock played important roles in farming systems at household and community levels. The aim of this study is to re-examine the changes in roles of livestock. Households were selected according to household activities, including labor for livestock raising. Village leaders, village administrative committees or key informants, and households were interviewed by using a semi-structured interviewing technique. In order to confirm that the data collected was accurate, representatives of leaders involved in livestock raising or marketing from every province were interviewed in groups. The numbers of livestock raised by the villagers varied from one village to another and there are fewer buffaloes than cattle. Animal power utilization has been related to land preparation for paddy and for upland crops, weeding, and paddy threshing. However, these roles have greatly declined and been replaced by farm mechanization, such as hand tractors, herbicides, and mobile threshing machines. The contribution of livestock to the ecology through livestock manure in terms of soil fertility has declined. Strategic uses of livestock as a saving bank or as a commodity to be sold for immediately needed cash has declined. Therefore dependency of the farmers upon money, instead of natural resources, has become more pronounced to their livelihood. Uses of livestock in bartering systems, such as an exchange for land rights or other necessary goods, has been mostly replaced by a buy-and-sale system, especially in popular weekly livestock markets. Other roles of livestock, related to passing on of inheritance, rituals etc., have declined and been replaced mainly by consumer goods. Replacement of livestock by external inputs has produced an impact on community systems fostering dependency, a loss of indigenous knowledge, and, probably, increased consumptive behavior
The Economic Crisis and Rural Households in Thailand : Impact and Response
Get PDFこの論文は国立情報学研究所の学術雑誌公開支援事業により電子化されました。As a consequence of the economic crisis in early 1997, one of the most prominent and urgent problems was unemployment. There were reports of almost two million migrants having to return to their villages of origin in the Northeast, besides those seeking refuge in the urban "informal sector." Certainly, this would create great pressure on rural households, not only in terms of the reduction of their off-farm income, but also in having to bear the burden of unemployed family members. Adding to the crisis was a weakened baht value that caused a hike in the cost of consumable goods and agricultural inputs, thus affecting rural households and communities as a whole. This paper aims to reveal how the economic crisis impacted on rural households; and how they coped with it; as well as to what extent the agricultural sector could accommodate the returned labor force. To explore these issues a qualitative approach with three main concepts was used for the analysis: (1) agricultural base of households, (2) necessary dependence on external resources, and (3) social networks. From the empirical cases in four villages that varied in terms of agricultural and non-agricultural resources within and in their vicinity, the paper shows the impact rural households received varied in terms of degree and diversity depending on their existing agricultural resources and dependency on external resources. Three groups of households were classified based on the degree of impact created by the economic crisis: those least affected, moderately affected, and strongly affected. In relation to how the crisis affected each type, these households also reflected different degrees of coping with the crisis, ranging from households needing no adjustments to households still unable to adjust. Their differing coping mechanisms were based on social networks that could be kinship or non-kinship based in nature. It was also found that the agricultural sector supporting the returned labor could be considered as direct and indirect, and closely related to households and village agricultural resources. However, most returned migrants preferred to do off-farm work. Their decision making concerning agricultural or off-farm activities depended on their skills, capital and social networks
Using the Delphi method to develop the social-ecological resilience indicators of organic rice production in Thailand
Get PDFThis paper illustrates the application of the Delphi method, which assists in the production of social-ecological resilience indicators, and which are suitable for building the resilience of organic rice production in the central portion of Northeastern Thailand. Forty-seven adept farmers were purposively selected as participants, and the Delphi method was utilized as a tool by which the participants could reveal their different opinions and ideas. They were surveyed in order to visualize an organic rice system called the ‘desirable system.’ Nevertheless, such a system must be built simultaneously with certain components, the attributes of which can enable the system to withstand all kinds of change that can take place across spatial and temporal scales. The resilience literature, which is related to agro-ecological systems, had been published online during the seven previous years, and was applied to formulate questions, which were specifically aimed at establishing components that were focused upon coping and adaptive strategies. It was discovered that the inclusion of a group discussion, which had taken place with two rounds of the Delphi method, had provided a valuable means for exchanging information and responding with feedback. Given that the processes had been entirely conducted through group discussions, the voices of a few participants were, however, lost. They were dominated by the innate power expressed by other members within the group, especially the leaders. Despite this, the Delphi method was able to achieve an adequate degree of consensus among participants and was able to lead in the direction of building resilience with a significant level of confidence, which was capable of overcoming the social-ecological complexities of organic rice production. This was evidenced by the discovery of 21 social-ecological resilience indicators, which had been constructed by the engagement. Moreover, the indicators had indeed been reliable. With the support of the consensus of the participants’ judgements, which were based on their actual contexts of organic rice production in the central portion of Northeastern Thailand, the indicators were able to be validated by statistical analyses, consisting of arithmetic means (x), standard deviations (sd), and interquartile ranges (R)
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