250 research outputs found
Pengaruh Ekspektasi, Persepsi, dan Motivasi Diri dari Anggota MLM terhadap Kepuasan dan Loyalitas Anggota MLM dengan Menggunakan Model Expectation-Confirmation Theory (ECT) dan Self-Determination Theory (SDT)
No full textDalam beberapa tahun terakhir, muncul sistem perdagangan baru di Indonesia yang dikenal dengan multi-level marketing (MLM) yang menjanjikan keuntungan besar dalam waktu yang relatif singkat. Maraknya kasus penipuan berkedok sistem jaringan, membuat banyak masyarakat Indonesia resah. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini berfokus pada ekspektasi, persepsi kinerja, dan motivasi diri dari anggota MLM terhadap kepuasan dan loyalitas selama menjadi anggota MLM menggunakan integrasi model Expectation-Confirmation Theory dan Self-Determination Theory. Dalam penelitian ini, penulis menggunakan dua jenis penelitian yaitu jenis penelitian deskriptif serta verifikatif. Dari kuesioner yang disebar secara online, didapatkan 131 responden yang merupakan anggota MLM XYZ berdomisili di Surabaya dengan usia minimal 16 tahun. Partial-Least Square Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) digunakan dalam menguji model penelitian ini. Dari 12 hipotesis yang diajukan, 7 diantaranya diterima, dan faktor yang ditolak adalah faktor yang memengaruhi kepuasan adalah Konfirmasi Layanan serta pada loyalitas faktor yang memengaruhi adalah Regulasi yang Diidentifikasi, Regulasi yang Diproyeksikan, dan Regulasi Eksternal. Dari hasil penelitian, didapatkan bahwa loyalitas anggota MLM XYZ dapat ditingkatkan dengan membuat perasaan anggota MLM XYZ bahagia setelah bergabung dengan MLM XYZ. Penelitian ini juga memberikan saran untuk penelitian pada bidang MLM, khususnya untuk mengukur kepuasan dan loyalitas anggota di masa mendatang.
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In recent years, a new trading system has emerged in Indonesia known as multi-level marketing (MLM) that promises large profits in a relatively short time. The rise of cases of fraud under the guise of the network system, has left many Indonesian people bothered. Therefore, this research focuses on the expectations, work perceptions, and self-motivation of MLM members towards satisfaction and loyalty when become MLM members using the integration of expectationConfirmation Theory and Self-Determination Theory models. In this research, the author used two types of research, that is descriptive and verification research type. From the questionnaire distributed online, total of 131 respondents filled out the questionnaire who are members of MLM XYZ domiciled Surabaya with a minimum age of 16 years. Partial-Least Square Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) was used to test this research model. Of the 12 hypotheses proposed, 7 of them were accepted, and the factors that were rejected were the factors that influenced satisfaction were Service Confirmation and on the loyalty factors that influenced were Identified Regulations, Projected Regulations, and External Regulations. The results of this research concluded that the loyalty of MLM XYZ members can be increased by making MLM XYZ members happy after joining MLM XYZ. This research also provides suggestions for other researches in the topic of MLM, specifically to measure member satisfaction and loyalty in the future
Genetic diversity between improved banana diploids using canonical variables and the Ward-MLM method.
No full textThe objective of this work was to estimate the genetic diversity of improved banana diploids using data from quantitative analysis and from simple sequence repeats (SSR) marker, simultaneously. The experiment was carried out with 33 diploids, in an augmented block design with 30 regular treatments and three common ones. Eighteen agronomic characteristics and 20 SSR primers were used. The agronomic characteristics and the SSR were analyzed simultaneously by the Ward-MLM, cluster, and IML procedures. The Ward clustering method considered the combined matrix obtained by the Gower algorithm. The Ward-MLM procedure identified three ideal groups (G1, G2, and G3) based on pseudo-F and pseudo-t2 statistics. The dendrogram showed relative similarity between the G1 genotypes, justified by genealogy. In G2, 'Calcutta 4' appears in 62% of the genealogies. Similar behavior was observed in G3, in which the 028003-01 diploid is the male parent of the 086079-10 and 042079-06 genotypes. The method with canonical variables had greater discriminatory power than Ward-MLM. Although reduced, the genetic variability available is sufficient to be used in the development of new hybrids
Legal Aspects of Multi-level Marketing (MLM) and Pyramid Schemes: Overview of the Ethiopian Legal Framework
No full textThe Multi-level marketing (also known as Network Marketing) has evolved as an alternative marketing strategy, modeled on the basic idea of the classical direct selling-the door-to-door selling. The MLM design compensates the door-to-door sellers not just for the sales they personally generate but for the sales generated by the people they recruit. This compensation scheme in MLM brought it close to pyramid scheme in design; makes it prone to abuse in the form of pyramid scheme. Indeed, it has been abusively used for operating pyramidal schemes; Regulators have been plagued with the problem of distinguishing MLM from pyramid scheme and sanctioning the misuses. No careful legal drafting is likely to provide a simple solution but reduces the perplexity in the factual analysis and enforcement decision making. The author in this article examined, using the doctrinal research method, the position of Ethiopian law regarding network marketing and how it deals with potential manipulation of network marketing for operating pyramid scheme. Ethiopian law on pyramidal scheme is drafted so generically and briefly, and without even mention of network marketing – the very mask in which pyramidal schemes operate. The researcher found out that such a design of Ethiopian law has resulted in legal uncertainty about the implication of operating MLM. Essential parametrizations of what is within the legal limit and when it is out there in the pyramid scheme are either vague or omitted. The author recommended the need for further elaborate rules on pyramid schemes and inclusion of some guiding standards on network marketing
Diversidade genética de espécies do gênero Passiflora com o uso da estratégia Ward-MLM.
No full textO uso de espécies silvestres de maracujá tem resultado em progresso no melhoramento genético da cultura. No entanto, o uso dessas tem sido incipiente, devido à existência de poucas informações sobre a diversidade genética disponível. Tais atividades são essenciais para que os recursos genéticos do gênero Passiflora sejam utilizados com sucesso. Este trabalho objetivou quantificar a diversidade genética existente entre onze espécies do gênero Passiflora (Passiflora edulis, P. mucronata, P. setacea, P. pentagona, P. caerulea, P. gibertii, P. cincinnata, P. suberosa, P. micropetala, P. alata e P.coccinea). Foram utilizados descritores morfológicos qualitativos e quantitativos, sendo analisados conjuntamente por meio do procedimento Ward-MLM (Modified Location Model). Os acessos foram reunidos em cinco grandes grupos, sendo os caracteres relacionados às flores os que mais contribuíram para a diversidade genética dos acessos. O método de Ward-MLM possibilitou distinguir os subgêneros analisados, e houve uma clara separação entre as espécies. Vasta diversidade foi encontrada no gênero Passiflora, que pode ser explorada em programas de melhoramento do maracujazeiro
Quantification of the diversity among common bean accessions using Ward-MLM strategy Quantificação da diversidade entre acessos de feijoeiro-comum com uso da estratégia Ward-MLM
No full textThe present work aimed at evaluating the divergence among common bean accessions by their agronomic, morphological and molecular traits, based on the Ward-MLM procedure. A collection of 57 accessions from the gene bank of Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo was used in this study, from which: 31 were landraces belonging to the community Fortaleza, in the municipality of Muqui, ES, Brazil; 20 accessions were provided by Embrapa Trigo; and 6 were commercial cultivars. Five agronomic traits (plant cycle, number of seeds per pod, number of pods per plant, weight of 100 seeds, and grain yield), five morphological traits (growth habit, plant size, seed shape, seed color, and commercial group) and 16 microsatellite primers were evaluated. High genetic variability was detected considering morphological, agronomic and molecular traits in the 57 common bean accessions studied. The Ward-MLM procedure showed that the ideal number of groups was five, according to the pseudo F and pseudo t² criteria. The accessions from Andean origin had heavier seeds than others and formed a cluster. The Ward-MLM statistical procedure is a useful technique to detect genetic divergence and to cluster genotypes by simultaneously using morphological, agronomic and molecular data.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a divergência de acessos de feijoeiro-comum por suas características agronômicas, morfológicas e moleculares, com base no procedimento Ward-MLM. Uma coleção de 57 acessos do banco de germoplasma da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo foi utilizada neste estudo, dos quais: 31 acessos locais, pertencentes à comunidade Fortaleza, no Município de Muqui, ES; 20 acessos fornecidos pela Embrapa Trigo; e 6 cultivares comerciais. Foram avaliados cinco caracteres agronômicos (ciclo da planta, número de sementes por vagem, número de vagens por planta, peso de 100 grãos e produtividade de grãos), cinco caracteres morfológicos (hábito de crescimento, porte da planta, formato da semente, cor da semente e grupo comercial) e 16 iniciadores microssatélites. Detectou-se ampla variabilidade genética pelos dados morfológicos, agronômicos e moleculares nos 57 acessos de feijão. O procedimento Ward-MLM mostrou que cinco foi o número ideal de grupos, de acordo com os critérios do pseudo F e pseudo t². Os acessos de origem andina tiveram sementes mais pesadas do que os outros e ficaram em um mesmo grupo. O procedimento Ward-MLM é uma técnica útil para detectar divergência genética e agrupar genótipos pelo uso simultâneo de descritores morfológicos, agronômicos e moleculares
A corrected formulation of the Multilayer Model (MLM) for inferring gaseous dry deposition to vegetated surfaces
No full textThe Multilayer Model (MLM) has been used for many years to infer dry deposition fluxes from measured trace species concentrations and standard meteorological measurements for national networks in the U.S., including the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Clean Air Status and Trends Network (CASTNet). MLM utilizes a resistance analogy to calculate deposition velocities appropriate for whole vegetative canopies, while employing a multilayer integration to account for vertically varying meteorology, canopy morphology and radiative transfer within the canopy. However, the MLM formulation, as it was originally presented and as it has been subsequently employed, contains a non-physical representation related to the leaf-level quasi-laminar boundary layer resistance that affects the calculation of the total canopy resistance. In this note, the non-physical representation of the canopy resistance as originally formulated in MLM is discussed and a revised, physically consistent, formulation is suggested as a replacement. The revised canopy resistance formulation reduces estimates of HNO₃ deposition velocities by as much as 38% during mid-day as compared to values generated by the original formulation. Inferred deposition velocities for SO₂ and O₃ are not significantly altered by the change in formulation (<3%). Inferred deposition loadings of oxidized and total nitrogen from CASTNet data may be reduced by 10–20% and 5–10%, respectively, for the Eastern U. S. when employing the revised formulation of MLM as compared to the original formulation.One author (RS) performed this work with support from the U.S.Weather Research Program within the NOAA/OAR Office of Weather and Air Quality.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231014002416?via%3Dihu
Quantification of the diversity among common bean accessions using Ward-MLM strategy
No full textThe present work aimed at evaluating the divergence among common bean accessions by their agronomic, morphological and molecular traits, based on the Ward-MLM procedure. A collection of 57 accessions from the gene bank of Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo was used in this study, from which: 31 were landraces belonging to the community Fortaleza, in the municipality of Muqui, ES, Brazil; 20 accessions were provided by Embrapa Trigo; and 6 were commercial cultivars. Five agronomic traits (plant cycle, number of seeds per pod, number of pods per plant, weight of 100 seeds, and grain yield), five morphological traits (growth habit, plant size, seed shape, seed color, and commercial group) and 16 microsatellite primers were evaluated. High genetic variability was detected considering morphological, agronomic and molecular traits in the 57 common bean accessions studied. The Ward-MLM procedure showed that the ideal number of groups was five, according to the pseudo F and pseudo t2 criteria. The accessions from Andean origin had heavier seeds than others and formed a cluster. The Ward-MLM statistical procedure is a useful technique to detect genetic divergence and to cluster genotypes by simultaneously using morphological, agronomic and molecular data.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a divergência de acessos de feijoeiro-comum por suas características agronômicas, morfológicas e moleculares, com base no procedimento Ward-MLM. Uma coleção de 57 acessos do banco de germoplasma da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo foi utilizada neste estudo, dos quais: 31 acessos locais, pertencentes à comunidade Fortaleza, no Município de Muqui, ES; 20 acessos fornecidos pela Embrapa Trigo; e 6 cultivares comerciais. Foram avaliados cinco caracteres agronômicos (ciclo da planta, número de sementes por vagem, número de vagens por planta, peso de 100 grãos e produtividade de grãos), cinco caracteres morfológicos (hábito de crescimento, porte da planta, formato da semente, cor da semente e grupo comercial) e 16 iniciadores microssatélites. Detectou-se ampla variabilidade genética pelos dados morfológicos, agronômicos e moleculares nos 57 acessos de feijão. O procedimento Ward-MLM mostrou que cinco foi o número ideal de grupos, de acordo com os critérios do pseudo F e pseudo t2 . Os acessos de origem andina tiveram sementes mais pesadas do que os outros e ficaram em um mesmo grupo. O procedimento Ward-MLM é uma técnica útil para detectar divergência genética e agrupar genótipos pelo uso simultâneo de descritores morfológicos, agronômicos e moleculares
Genetic diversity between improved banana diploids using canonical variables and the Ward-MLM method
No full textThe objective of this work was to estimate the genetic diversity of improved banana diploids using data from quantitative analysis and from simple sequence repeats (SSR) marker, simultaneously. The experiment was carried out with 33 diploids, in an augmented block design with 30 regular treatments and three common ones. Eighteen agronomic characteristics and 20 SSR primers were used. The agronomic characteristics and the SSR were analyzed simultaneously by the Ward-MLM, cluster, and IML procedures. The Ward clustering method considered the combined matrix obtained by the Gower algorithm. The Ward-MLM procedure identified three ideal groups (G1, G2, and G3) based on pseudo-F and pseudo-t² statistics. The dendrogram showed relative similarity between the G1 genotypes, justified by genealogy. In G2, 'Calcutta 4' appears in 62% of the genealogies. Similar behavior was observed in G3, in which the 028003-01 diploid is the male parent of the 086079-10 and 042079-06 genotypes. The method with canonical variables had greater discriminatory power than Ward-MLM. Although reduced, the genetic variability available is sufficient to be used in the development of new hybrids
Genetic divergence on castor bean using the ward-mlm strategy
No full textThe objective of this work was to evaluate the genetic diversity in a segregating population F3 of castor bean in the Recôncavo Baiano using the Ward-MLM multivariate technique. The experiment was conducted at the Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia between April 2009 and March 2010. The 259 genotypes used were derived from crosses between the BRS 149 Nordestina, BRS 188 Paraguaçu, EBDA MPA-17, Sipeal 28 and Mirante 10 varieties. The design was in randomized complete blocks with four replicates in spacing of 3x1 m. The number of days to the appearance of the first female flower, plant height (cm), number of racemes emitted per plant, total length of the raceme (cm), raceme weight (g), fruit weight per plant (g), number of seeds per raceme, number of seeds per plant, weight of seeds per raceme (g), productivity (kg ha-1) and oil content in seeds (%) were evaluated. The formation of four groups occurred as follows: Group I with 84 genotypes, Group II with 142 genotypes, Group III with 15 genotypes and Group IV with 18 genotypes. The Ward-MLM strategy allows for an appropriate clustering between the genotypes, and the variables that contribute most to the divergence are: fruit weight per plant, weight of seed per raceme, raceme weight and productivity
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