1,721,002 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Learning to learn to expand freedom in choices
No full textLearning is related to knowledge that is shared between teacher and students. Whatever the use of traditional or modern teaching-learning methods, the students learn: they have access to new information and can therefore acquire or modify knowledge stored in memory. The goal of this opinion paper is to present what we know about the consequences of this internal change and how this could affect the students' choices. Recent works concerning the influence of knowledge stored in long-term memory (LTM) on the perception of the environment highlight that acquired knowledge could directly and automatically influence our perception of the events in the environment. Indeed, perception is therefore based on acquired knowledge: basically, we perceive what we already know. It is now of the utmost importance to ask how teaching-learning activities chosen by teachers or universities influence the knowledge acquisition and what the consequences of learning are for students' choices. - See more at: http://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00780/full#sthash.NINCvegB.dpu
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Exploration of non-conscious mechanisms involved in speech perception: Evidence from behavioral and electroencephalographic studies
No full textAlthough a lot of information is available from our environment at every moment, only a small part gives rise to a conscious percept. It is then legitimate to wonder which mechanisms are involved in the perception phenomenon. On the basis of which processes will a sensory stimulation be perceived consciously? What happens to the stimulations that are not consciously perceived? The work presented in this thesis aims to bring some elements of response to these two questions in the auditory modality. Through different behavioral and electroencephalographic studies, we suggest that knowledge could have a top-down facilitatory influence on high-level as well as on low-level (like detection) processing of complex auditory stimulations. The stimulations we have some knowledge about (phonologic or semantic) are more easily detected than the stimulations that contain neither phonologic nor semantic information. We also show that the activation of the knowledge influences the perception of subsequent stimulations, even when the context is not perceived consciously. This is evidenced by a subliminal semantic priming effect and by modifications of the neural oscillations in the beta frequency band associated with lexical processing of stimulations that were not consciously categorized. Hence, auditory perception can be considered as the product of the continuous interaction between the context set by the environment and the knowledge one has about specific stimuli. Such an interaction would lead listeners to preferentially perceive what they already know.Tandis que de nombreuses informations sont disponibles dans notre environnement à chaque instant, toutes ne donnent pas lieu à une perception consciente. Il est alors légitime de se demander quels mécanismes entrent en jeu dans le phénomène de perception. Sur la base de quels processus une stimulation sensorielle sera-t-elle perçue de façon consciente ? Que deviennent les stimulations qui ne sont pas perçues consciemment ? Ce présent travail de thèse vise à apporter des éléments de réponse à ces deux questions dans la modalité auditive. À travers plusieurs études utilisant des approches comportementales mais aussi électroencéphalographiques, nous suggérons que les connaissances pourraient exercer une influence top-down facilitant les hauts comme les bas niveaux de traitement (comme la détection) des stimulations auditives complexes. Les stimulations pour lesquelles nous avons des connaissances (phonologiques et sémantiques) sont mieux détectées que les stimulations ne contenant ni caractéristique phonologique ni caractéristique sémantique. Nous montrons également que l'activation des connaissances influence la perception des stimulations ultérieures, et ce, même lorsque le contexte n'est pas perçu consciemment. En effet nous avons pu mettre en évidence un effet d'amorçage sémantique subliminal et nous avons observé des modifications neuronales oscillatoires dans la bande de fréquence bêta concomitante au traitement lexical de stimulations non catégorisées consciemment. L'ensemble des perceptions auditives ne serait alors que le produit d'une interaction permanente entre le contexte environnemental et les connaissances, ce qui nous conduirait à percevoir préférentiellement ce que nous connaissons déjà
Semantic representations involvement during degraded speech perception
No full textThe perceptual clarity of speech is not entirely dependent on the acoustic quality of the sound. Other resources, such as linguistic representations, are involved during degraded speech perception. For example, presentation of the written version of a degraded sentence before hearing it will enable prior knowledge on the exact speech content, which will make the degraded sentence seems clearer. This phenomenon has been explained by top-down influence of phonological and lexical representations on acoustic processing. Another example is the influence of semantic representations on the intelligibility of degraded speech: degraded sentences are better reported if they are meaningful than meaningless. The question now is whether the semantic representations could further influence the perceptual clarity of degraded speech for both normal-hearing (NH) and hearing-impaired (HI) listeners. In the reported set of three experiments, grammatically correct Swedish spoken sentences were presented at different sound quality levels, from clear to unintelligible. The sound quality levels were manipulated by using noise vocoding (NV) method in which the number of bands reflects intelligibility: more bands for more intelligibility. HI listeners were provided with amplification according to the Cambridge formula. The sentences had either high (e.g. “His new clothes were from France.”) or low (e.g. “His red school was from the newspaper”) semantic coherence and were matched at the word level. The written version of each spoken word (matching text) or a string of consonants (non-matching text) was presented 200 ms beforehand in a rapid serial visual paradigm. The task of the listeners was to rate the clarity of each spoken sentence on a 7-point Likert scale. Results revealed significant interactions between coherence and text for both groups, showing a benefit of coherence with matching and non-matching text for NH listeners but only with matching text for HI listeners. Significant three-way interactions including sound quality level modified this finding to some extent. Indeed, NH listeners benefitted from semantic coherence with non-matching text at 6 and 12 band NV (but not 3 band) while HI listeners benefitted at 12 band (but not 3 and 6 band). Preliminary fMRI results obtained for NH listeners indicated that processing of semantic coherence with non-matching text is supported by right middle temporal gyrus. The overall pattern of results suggest that NH listeners successfully utilize semantic representations in spoken sentences that are moderately degraded and when no prior knowledge is available. What prevents HI listeners to do the same?</p
- …
