579 research outputs found
Data for: The non-democratic roots of mass education: Evidence from 200 years
No full textThis is an Annotation for Transparent Inquiry (ATI) data project. The annotated article can be viewed on the publisher's website.
Project Summary
This project assesses the impact of democratization on primary school enrollment rates using quantitative data from 1820 to 2010 to estimate difference-in-differences and interrupted time series models of the impact of democratization. It finds that, on average, there is little evidence to support the claim that democratization led to the expansion of primary schooling. The study then unpacks this average result to explain what lies behind the null effect. It finds that democracy can lead to the expansion of primary schooling, but the key condition under which it does—when a majority of the population lacked access to primary schooling before democratization—rarely holds. Indeed, the study documents that, among countries that experienced democratization, the average primary school enrollment rate was already 70% before transitioning to democracy. Although the project does not seek to provide a conclusive answer to why there was so much provision of primary education under non-democracies, the section titled “Primary School Systems Under Non-Democracies” explores several possible answers to help readers entertain the possibility that the provision of primary education may have been high under non-democracies—because this is a counterintuitive finding given the previous literature in political science and economics. With that modest goal in mind, this section surveys existing research in history, sociology, political science, and economics to parse out four common arguments for the provision of primary schooling under non-democratic regimes; provides exploratory quantitative tests for these arguments; and, using online annotations, provides qualitative evidence that illustrates these arguments.
Data Generation and Analysis
The gathering of qualitative evidence focused on either the founding period of primary education systems or the period of fastest expansion of primary schooling in six non-democratic regimes chosen to have variation across space and over time: Prussia (1750s and 1760s), France (1830s), Chile (1860s), Argentina (1880s), USSR (1930s), and China (1950s). For each case, the author gathered primary and secondary sources in English, Spanish, or French that provided evidence about the rationales used by non-democratic regimes to expand access to primary education. On average five sources per country were analyzed, including: speech transcripts by presidents, ministers of education, and congressmen from parliamentary debates; newspaper and magazines articles, letters, books, memoirs, and other documents written by politicians who participated in education debates; reports written by official government missions from foreign countries that traveled to learn about the selected education systems; official education laws and regulations; books and PhD dissertations specializing on the history of education of these cases. All sources analyzed were obtained from Stanford Libraries, UCSD Libraries, HathiTrust, the Biblioteca Nacional del Maestro in Argentina, or the Biblioteca Nacional de Chile. Language limitations implied a greater ability to consult primary sources from Argentina, Chile, and France than from Prussia, the USSR, and China, where reliance on secondary sources was greater.
For each source, the author extracted citations that provided evidence of the rationales espoused by non-democratic regimes to provide primary education. Each citation was classified using a common coding scheme based on the type of argument being made for the provision of primary education: molding political values and behaviors, industrialization, military strength, promoting the social mobility of the lower classes, responding to parental demand, staying in vogue with global ideas, or other reasons. A set of 45 citations (out of 150) were identified as “strong” evidence for three types of common arguments for primary education provision under non-democratic regimes: molding political values and behaviors, industrialization, and military strength. The other theorized arguments appeared less often and either lacked strong evidence in the sampled sources (staying in vogue with global ideas, promoting social mobility) or had strong evidence against them (responding to parental demand).
Logic of Annotation
Online annotations were used to illustrate those arguments for which strong qualitative evidence was found. The citations included in the annotations were chosen so as to provide as clear an illustration of a theoretical argument as possible within a relatively short amount of space (i.e., without requiring readers to read an entire book or parliamentary debate transcript). Analytic notes were used in almost all annotations to offer additional context about a source and its author, and to specify the interpretations made from a citation or set of citations.</p
Pengaruh Budaya Organisasi dan Motivasi Kerja Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan pada Restoran Srikandi (Leseshan Keluarga) Medan Marelan.Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis
No full textDiharapkan dengan adanya budaya organisasi dan motivasi kerja yang
diterapkan di Restoran Srikandi (Lesehan Keluarga) Medan Marelan akan dapat
mempengaruhi kinerja karyawan secara keseluruhan. Maka penulis berkeinginan
melakukan penelitian dengan judul “Pengaruh Budaya Organisasi dan Motivasi
Kerja terhadap Kinerja Karyawan pada Restoran Srikandi (Lesehan Keluarga)
Medan Marelan”.
Tujuan dari penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh dari setiap variabel
yang penulis teliti dan yang menjadi manfaat dalam penelitian ini adalah untuk
memperluas pengetahuan penulis tentang sumber daya manusia, khususnya
tentang budaya organisasi, motivasi kerja dan kinerja karyawan pada Restoran
Srikandi (Lesehan Keluarga).
Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah karyawan di Restoran Srikandi (Lesehan
Keluarga) Medan Marelan jumlah sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah 41 orang.
Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah sumber data primer dan
teknik instrumen yang digunakan adalah melalui angket serta teknik anallisi data
dalam penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan alat ukur uji
statistik Partial Least Square (PLS) Program SmartPLS 3.2.
Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa:1). Pengaruh Budaya Organisasi
terhadap Motivasi Kerja adalah positif dan signifikan; 2). Pengaruh Budaya
Organisasi terhadap Kinerja Karyawan adalah positif dan tidak signifikan; 3).
Pengaruh Motivasi Kerja terhadap Kinerja Karyawan adalah positif dan tidak
signifikan; 4). Pengaruh Budaya Organisasi terhadap Kinerja Karyawan dimediasi
oleh Motivasi `Kerja
AGUSTINA BESSA-LUÍS E O BRASIL: DIÁRIO DE VIAGEM
Get PDFAgustina Bessa-Luís e o Brasil: diário de viagem. Este trabalho analisa Breviário
do Brasil (1991), relato que é fruto de viagem empreendida ao Brasil em 1988, por
ocasião do ciclo Os portugueses ao encontro da sua história. O trabalho aborda o
gênero do relato de viagens no contexto da prolífera obra da autora e suas impressões no
contexto do tema do simpósio, a saber: relações luso-brasileiras: entre o ressentimento e
o fascínio.
Abstract
Agustina Bessa-Luís and Brazil: dairy of a journey. This article analyses Breviário
do Brasil (Brazilian Breviary) (1991), book that is the result of a trip of the author to
Brazil in 1998, by the occasion of the cycle The Portugueses meet their history. The
analyses studies the genre of traveling report within the large work of Agustina Bessa-
Luís and her impressions of Brazil within the context of the theme of this symposium,
resentment and fascination
The form and use of everyday streets
No full textEveryday streets facilitate various activities and movements, both indoors and outdoors. The second section of this book addresses the following question: What is the relationship between the urban form of everyday streets and the activities that occur on them?Urban Desig
ASAS LEX SPECIALIS DEROGAT LEGI GENERALI DALAM PENEGAKAN HUKUM PIDANA
No full textThe principle of lex specialis (fully stated as lex specialis derogat legi generali), as
stipulated in Article 63 (2) of Indonesian Penal Code, becomes a guidelines in dealing with
criminal offenses which are concurrent in nature, violating the provisions regulated in both
general and special penal law at the same time. The practice of criminal law enforcement shows
the existence of an offense amounting to the violation of two distinct offenses stipulated in two
different acts, i.e. violating the Forestry Act and Corruption Eradication Act, or violating
Banking Act and Corruption Eradication Act at the same time. The criminal procedure of this
kind of offense shows inconsistency and discrimination, for in several cases, the perpetrators
were only charged with violation of Banking Act or Forestry Act, while in other cases the
perpetrators were charged with violation of both acts. Such implementation arouses injustice and
legal uncertainty, as well as adverses the effort to eradicate corruption. The issues which are
going to be discussed are: 1) the concept of special penal law in Indonesian criminal law system,
2) the implementation of the principle of lex specialis in Indonesian criminal law enforcement, 3)
the concept of special penal law in Indonesian criminal law system in the future. This research is
a normative juridical research which applies principle, statute, historical, and comparative
approach respectively. The study of the concept and history of special penal law is conducted by
comparing to those of the Dutch special penal law. In Indonesian criminal law system, special
penal law is understood as the legislations apart from the Penal Code, penalizing certain offenses
or applied for certain group of people, and concerning substantive and procedural rules distinct
from those of the general criminal law. With regards to Article 63 (2) of Indonesian Penal Code,
the special penal law provision is regarded as a special criminal provision logically and
systematically/juridically. The criminal provision regulating qualified offenses (gequalifiseerde
delict) and petty misdemeanor (geprivilegieerde delict) is a provision logical to the criminal
provision regulating the principal offense. The criminal provisions in the statutes apart from the
Penal Code are understood as a special criminal provisions systematical to those in the Penal
Code. The statutes regarded as special penal laws are divided into two categories, that is first, the
statutes concerning state authority to forbid and penalize (criminal laws), and the statutes
concerning state authority to regulate certain objects and set certain criminal punishment of
people who violate these laws (administrative penal law). This condition is different with that of
the Dutch, of which the special penal law is that of the latter. Out of fourty Supreme Court
judgments examined, only three of those stating explicitly the implementation of lex specialis
principle, while in other judgments the implementation of it was implicitly derived from the
model of the indictment and the provisions charged or implemented upon the accused. The
models of the charges applied were those of subsidiary (special provision into primary
indictment) and cumulative nature (special provision into first indictment). The re-examination
of the implementation of lex specialis principle were conducted based on the examination of four
criminal cases that unite two special criminal provisions systematically. Based on the doctrinal
aspects of the Dutch Supreme Court jurisprudence of 1932, the lex specialis principle was not
applied in such kind of case. Both special penal law provisions shall be charged upon the
accused, until it is stated proven by the judge. In Indonesian criminal law system in the future,
the concept of special penal law will be that of administrative penal law. For the sake of
equitable, fruitful and certain law enforcement, there need to be guidelines on the
implementation of lex specialis principle for law enforcement officers, concerning the offenses
and the phases of its application, the indictment model, and the charging
Introduction to Everyday Streets
No full textEveryday streets are both the most used and the most undervalued of cities’ public spaces. They constitute the inclusive backbone of urban life – the chief civic amenity – though they are challenged by optimisation processes. Everyday streets are as profuse, rich and complex as the people who use them; they are places of social aggregation, bringing together those belonging to different classes, genders, ages, ethnicities and nationalities. They comprise not just the familiar outdoor spaces that we use to move and interact and the facades that are commonly viewed as their primary component but also urban blocks, interiors, depths...Urban Desig
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