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Studies on the Effectiveness of Spinosad Bait Attracting the Oriental Fruit Fly at Three Orchards in Chiayi Region
No full text東方果實蠅(Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel))在嘉義地區普遍發生，危害芒果及柑桔等重要果樹。本試驗於2007年5~6月間在芒果園以0.02%賜諾殺濃餌劑稀釋8倍進行誘殺東方果實蠅，結果顯示在處理區可誘殺及降低果實蠅雌蟲數，雌蟲密度僅為雄蟲之20.5%。施用賜諾殺餌劑處理區之被害果率及被害度皆顯著較無處理對照區為低，平均防治率達86.5%。由2007年9~12月間在柳橙園之試驗結果，即施用賜諾殺餌劑處理與正常施藥且無誘殺之對照區，所偵測到之蟲數皆甚低，平均僅為0.4~1.2隻，而兩區之平均被害果率也只有0.03%。2007年12月～2008年1月間在茂谷柑園之誘殺結果亦與柳橙園相類似，即施用賜諾殺餌劑處理及正常施藥之對照區所誘到之蟲數僅為0~1.2隻，而被害果率則皆為0%。另由茂谷柑園之落果調查可知，在施以賜諾殺餌劑處理後可顯著降低果實蠅產卵所引發之果腐病率。綜合上述試驗結果，在面積約0.3~0.4公頃於不同季節之不同果園以賜諾殺餌劑誘殺東方果實蠅，與無處理區相較皆有良好之防治效果，將來在大面積果園或有機果園中頗具應用之潛力。
The Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) is commonly occurred in Chiayi region and damages the important fruit orchards such as mango and citrus. The attracting result of the 0.02% Spinosad bait diluted 8-fold applying in a mango orchard through May to June, showed that the female adult number was significantly decreased in the treated plot, and the density of female was only 20.5% of the male. The percentage of fruit damage and the degree of fruit infested of mango in the Spinosad treated plot were both significantly lower than in the no bait (CK) treatment and the averaged control rate was 86.5%. The result in an orange orchard through Sept. to Dec. showed that the number of monitored adult were very low in both the Spinosad treated and the no bait but chemicals were used (CK) plots, the averaged numbers were 0.4-1.2 and the percentage of fruit damage were only 0.03% in both treatments. The attracting result in a Murcott tangor orchard through Dec. to Jan. showed the similarity as the orange orchard, that the average monitored numbers were only 0-1.2 in the Spinosad treated and the no bait but with chemicals plots, and the percentage of fruit damage were zero in both treatments. In addition, the investigation from dropping fruits in Murcott tangor orchard showed the Spinosad bait treating could obviously decrease the fruit rot diseased rate which was due to the fruit fly oviposition. Summarized from the above results, the Spinosad bait applying at different seasons in the different small orchards with area about 0.3-0.4 hectare, all could get very good control efficacy comparing to the no bait (CK) treatments, so it has a potential extensively applied in the larger orchard or for the organic cultivation in the future
(56(4):298-306)Effects of Rootstocks on Tree Growth, Yield and Fruit Quality of ‘Murcott’ Tangor
No full text在嘉義及雲林的三個試區進行茂谷柑之八種砧木試驗，調查植株生長、產量與果實品質至定植後第六或第七年。生育正常植株之產量以廣東檸檬及粗皮檸檬較高，枳殼及Swingle枳柚中等，酸橘及酸橙較低。果實品質在三個試區的表現甚相近，砧木间的主要差異爲可溶性固形物及含酸量，根殼及其雜交種Troyer枳橙、Swingle枳柚之可溶性固形物及含酸量較高，酸橘及酸橙中等，雜交柚、廣東檸檬及粗皮檸檬最低。嘉義試區疫病與黃龍病發生嚴重，是影響植株生長與產量的主要因素，前者以酸橘及Troyer枳橙、後者以Swingle枳柚之感染率較高，是導致產量低的原因。In order to evaluated the effects of different species of rootstocks on fruit production of 'Murcott' tangor. Scions of 'Murcott' tangor were grafted on one year old seedlings of eight species of rootstocks and planted in the Chia-Yi Agricultural Experiment Station and two sites at Gu-Keng, Yunlin County. Tree growth, yield and fruit quality were investigated at the sixth and seventh year after transplanting. Accumulated yields of healthy plants were high on rough lemon and 'Rangpur' lime, intermediate on trifoliate, 'Swingle' citrumelo and 'Troyer' citrange, low on sour orange and Sunki. The fruit qualities were similar among most combination of the 'Murcott' tangor and rootstocks species. Total soluble solids and acid contents were high from 'Murcott' tangor grafted on trifoliate, 'Swingle' citrumelo and 'Troyer' citrange, intermediate on Sunki and sour orange, and low on 'Rangpur' lime and rough lemon. In Chia-Yi Agricultural Experiment Station low yield of 'Murcott' tangor on 'Swingle' was resulted from infection with Huanglongbing, whereas low yield on Sunki and 'Troyer' citrange was due to Phytophthora foot or root rot
(59(3):209-218)Effects of Rootstocks on Tree Growth, Yield and Fruit Quality of Tankan Tangor
No full text桶柑嫁接於7種砧木定植於苗栗獅潭，調查砧木種類對植株生長、產量與果實品質的影響。定植後4至5年間有40.0%酸橙砧與5.6%柚砧植株因衰弱而淘汰，第7年檢定萎縮病 (tristeza)，結果顯示以酸橙或柚作為砧木的植株為感病，但柚砧者較耐病，其他5 種類包括酸橘、美女橘、粗皮檸檬、Troyer 枳橙及Swingle 枳柚作為桶柑砧木，無論感染與否，外觀均無顯著差異，應屬於耐病或抗病。定植後第5至第10年之產量，Troyer 枳橙砧者最高，其次為美女橘與粗皮檸檬，Swingle枳柚與酸橙又次之，酸橘及柚最低。比較第8 至第10 年間之果實品質，處理間主要差異為，粗皮檸檬砧之果汁率、可溶性固形物含量及含酸量均最低，3年中分別有2年達顯著差異。品質特性之主要項目在其他6種砧木間之差異較小，其高低在各年之間也不一致。
Tankan tangors grafted on seven rootstocks were planted in an orchard located in Miaoli County. The effects of rootstocks on tree growth, yield and fruit quality were investigated. 40% of the trees grafted on sour orange and 5.6% of trees on pummelo declined during the fourth and fifth year after planting. Plants were indexed for tristeza by RT-PCR in the seventh year. The results showed that trees on sour orange and pummelo were susceptible to tristeza, however pummelo was relatively tolerant. Trees on the other 5 rootstocks including Sunki, Cleopatra, rough lemon, Troyer citrange and Swingle citrumelo were tolerant or resistant. Yield was examined from the fifth to tenth year. The highest yield was found in plants grafted on Troyer, followed by Cleopatra and rough lemon, Swingle and sour orange, and Sunki and pummelo. Fruit qualities were compared from the eighth to tenth year. The major differences in fruit quality among the rootstocks were that the juice content, total soluble solid and acid content were significantly lower from trees grafted on rough lemon than on the other six rootstocks. The differences in fruit qualities among the other six rootstocks were not significant and were not consistent during the three years of investigation
Efficiency of Spinosad Bait and Fruit Net-bag for Trapping the Oriental Fruit Fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), in Two Orchards
No full text比較賜諾殺濃餌劑與果實網袋包，在兩種果園中，對東方果實蠅(Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel))之誘殺效果，結果顯示在酪梨園每週平均所誘得之雌蟲數，賜諾殺餌劑與果實網袋包處理顯著較噴藥對照區為少，三處理依序分別各為6.7、5.7及10.8隻。賜諾殺處理之果實被害率與被害度皆顯著較網袋包處理為少，而兩者又皆顯著較噴藥對照區為低，三處理之平均被害度分別各為1.2、4.4及7.6%。而依據對照區求得之平均防治率，則賜諾殺餌劑與果實網袋包處理分別為70.7及39.9%。在柳橙園每週平均所誘得之雌蟲數，賜諾殺餌劑、果實網袋包及噴藥處理區分別僅各為2.2、3.3及2.9隻，在統計上差異不顯著，顯示三種處理皆能有效壓制此害蟲族群。而此三處理區調查所得之平均被害率僅分別為0.03、0.03及0.07%，在統計上並無顯著差異，亦即顯示三種處理在果實蠅密度較低之時期皆能有良好的防治效果。由此等試驗結果，對於東方果實蠅之防治將可採用賜諾殺餌劑或果實網袋包或噴施農藥，可依不同果園之不同果實期，由資材成本、人力可行性、防治效果及殘毒安全性等來作決定。
Results displayed the efficiency of two baits for trapping the Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), in two orchards. The average females trapped weekly in the avocado orchard after Spinosad bait, fruit net-bag or chemical treating were 6.7, 5.7 and 10.8, respectively. Both the percentage of fruit damage and degree of fruit infested were significantly less in the Spinosad bait treatment than the fruit net-bag treatment, the two treatments were significantly less than chemical spraying control. The averaged degree of fruit infested after Spinosad bait, fruit net-bag or chemical treating were 1.2, 4.4 and 7.6%, respectively. The calculated control rate against B. dorsalis by Spinosad bait or fruit net-bag treatments were 70.7 and 39.9%, respectively. The average females trapped weekly in the orange orchard after Spinosad bait, fruit net-bag or chemical treating were 2.2, 3.3 and 2.9, respectively. The percentages of fruit damage after Spinosad bait, fruit net-bag or chemical treating were 0.03, 0.03 and 0.07%, respectively. Both results showed excellent control against B. dorsalis in the orange orchard by the three treatments during low population stage. Applicable control measures against B. dorsalis can be selected among these three treatments based on different orchards, fruit stages, labor and material cost, control efficiency and pesticide residue
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
[[alternative]]A Study of Nongraded Elementary School
No full text[[abstract]] 本研究旨在探討無年級小學興起的原因、意義、發展及理論基礎；並
分無年級小學的組織結構、課程教學和其他相關實務；最後歸納美國各州
無年級小學實施概況及個案，期提供國內年級小學制度變革的參考。本研
究以文獻分析法，探究國內外資料，並去函美國各州索閱相關資訊，以為
參照佐證。經本研究結果，獲致以下結論：1.美國無年級學校運動的目的
在於適應兒童個別差異的需要2.美國無年級小學的推展,目前傾向全州性
幼小銜接學制的建立3.美國無年級小學課程教學主要內涵包括[田園教學
].[個別化教學]. [整全語言教學]及[主題式統整課程]4.無年級學校依
兒童的[特質]從事分組教學5.無年級學校教育的實施有賴教師的合作及家
長的參與6.無年級小學的班級環境佈置,結合[學習角]與[多元智力理論
]7.無年級小學以[質]的評量結果作為學生連續性晉級的依據基於上述結
論,本研究提供以下建議:壹.對我國小學教育的建議1.教育改革的訴求應
著重兒童個別差異的適應2.調整部分國小複式型態為混齡班級並對外招收
幼稚園生3.整合國內開放教育課程和教學的優點4.班級教學分組宜採[異
質]彈性分組5.各項教育實驗計畫應事先取得教師及家長的配合6.改變傳
統教室佈置為操作性或活動式的學習區域7.學生評量方式多元化;學科晉
級程序化貳.對後續研究者的建議1.無年級學校的課程教學尚待研究2.無
年級學校計畫的模式尚待確立
The main purposes of this study are to explore these causes of
rise,significances,development,theeoretical backgrounds of non-
graded elementary schools. And analyse their practical issues,
including schoolorganizations,pedagogies,and other spheres.
Atlast, through investigating the sistuations and cases of non-
gradedness in U.S.A. After exploring the research,I got some
inclusions and recommendations as follows:1.the main purpose of
nongradedness movement is gear to indi- vidual differences of
children.2.The implenmentation of nongradedness in U.S.A.is to
establish the system of "Primary Unit". 3.The main pedagogical
ingredients of nongraded elementary schools in U.S.A. including
"field trip","individualized teaching","whole language",and
"inttegration of subjects".4.the groupings of nongradedness is
according to the "differences" between pupils.5.The
implenmentation of nongradedness must get positive involvement
from teachers and parents.6.The settingg arrangements of
nongraded classroom are to combine the ideas of "learning
center" and "Multi-intelligences".7.Pupils in nongraded schools
can progress continuously according to the results of
"qualitative assessment".
The main purposes of this study are to explore these causes of
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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