118,908 research outputs found
A First- and Second-Order Motion Energy Analysis of Peripheral Motion Illusions Leads to Further Evidence of “Feature Blur” in Peripheral Vision
No full textAnatomical and physiological differences between the central and peripheral visual systems are well documented. Recent findings have suggested that vision in the periphery is not just a scaled version of foveal vision, but rather is relatively poor at representing spatial and temporal phase and other visual features. Shapiro, Lu, Huang, Knight, and Ennis (2010) have recently examined a motion stimulus (the “curveball illusion”) in which the shift from foveal to peripheral viewing results in a dramatic spatial/temporal discontinuity. Here, we apply a similar analysis to a range of other spatial/temporal configurations that create perceptual conflict between foveal and peripheral vision.To elucidate how the differences between foveal and peripheral vision affect super-threshold vision, we created a series of complex visual displays that contain opposing sources of motion information. The displays (referred to as the peripheral escalator illusion, peripheral acceleration and deceleration illusions, rotating reversals illusion, and disappearing squares illusion) create dramatically different perceptions when viewed foveally versus peripherally. We compute the first-order and second-order directional motion energy available in the displays using a three-dimensional Fourier analysis in the (x, y, t) space. The peripheral escalator, acceleration and deceleration illusions and rotating reversals illusion all show a similar trend: in the fovea, the first-order motion energy and second-order motion energy can be perceptually separated from each other; in the periphery, the perception seems to correspond to a combination of the multiple sources of motion information. The disappearing squares illusion shows that the ability to assemble the features of Kanisza squares becomes slower in the periphery.The results lead us to hypothesize “feature blur” in the periphery (i.e., the peripheral visual system combines features that the foveal visual system can separate). Feature blur is of general importance because humans are frequently bringing the information in the periphery to the fovea and vice versa
Interview of Beth Shapiro, deputy director of the Michigan State University Libraries, on her involvement in the the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) while an MSU student
No full textBeth Shapiro, deputy director of the Michigan State University Libraries, discusses her involvement in the the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) while an MSU student between 1967 and 1971. Shapiro talks about members of SDS, the Weathermen faction, surveillance by MSU and East Lansing police, the infiltration of SDS by law enforcement, the 1968 SDS convention, SDS leaders, and student demonstrations at the MSU ROTC and Union buildings. Shapiro says that she came to SDS from the civil rights movement, but never liked the violence that SDS advocated. She also talks about the shootings at Kent State University, the bombing of Cambodia, and the 1970 student strike and says that her high school civil rights activism in Boston, MA prepared her for her activism at MSU. Shaprio is interviewed by graduate student Kenneth Heineman
Michael J. Shapiro, “Cinematic Geopolitics”
No full textRecensione del volume di Micheal J. Shapiro, "Cinematic Geopolitics
The separation of monocular and binocular contrast
No full textThe contrast asynchrony is a stimulus configuration that illustrates the visual system's separable responses to luminance and luminance contrast information (Shapiro, 2008; Shapiro et al., 2004). When two disks, whose luminances modulate in phase with each other, are each surrounded by a disk, one light and one dark, observers can see both the in-phase brightness signals and the antiphase contrast signals and can separate the two. Here we present the results of experiments in which observers viewed a similar stimulus dichoptically. We report that no asynchrony is perceived when one eye is presented with modulating disks and the other eye is presented with the black and white surround rings, nor is an asynchrony perceived in gradient versions of the contrast asynchrony. We also explore the "window shade illusion" (Shapiro, Charles, & Shear-Heyman, 2005) dichoptically and find that when a modulating disk is presented to one eye and a horizontally split black/white annulus is presented to the other, observers perceive a "shading" motion up and down the disk. This shading can be seen in either direction in the binocular condition, but it is almost always seen as moving towards low contrast in the monocular condition. These findings indicate the presence of separable retinal and cortical networks for contrast processing at different temporal and spatial scales
Accn 998, Interviews with Jews in Utah, Joel Shapiro
No full textTranscript (127 pages) of interview by Leslie Kelen with Joel Shapiro on May 26, 1982 for the Interviews with Jews in Utah Oral History Project.Shapiro (b. 1922) discusses his family, his father\u27s background in Russia, the Jewish community in Salt Lake City, congregation Montefiore, relations with Mormons, the evolution of the downtown area from a business to a professional district, various ethnic groups in Salt Lake, civil rights, and integration. He also relates stories about growing up, high school, dating in the 1940s, and his experiences in the army. Other topics covered include Hitler and World War II, the liberation of Dachau, how his army experiences changed him, the National Luggage Dealers Association, McCarthyism and the Right Wing political movement, the Anti-Defamation League, and discrimination. 127 pages
Turbulence Modeling for Oscillatory Pipe Flow
No full textOscillating pipe flows, with zero mean velocity, are common in engineering systems and particularly in Stirling-based engines and heat pumps, e.g. pulse-tube cryogenic coolers. These flows are particularly challenging to model because their flow state depends on both the Reynolds number and the dimensionless frequency or Womerlsey number. A central challenge in modeling these systems is that the Reynolds number varies greatly within the cycle, often crossing from laminar to turbulent flow regimes. Indeed, flows that have super-critical Reynolds numbers may pass between states a total of four times; two laminar-turbulent transitions and two turbulent-laminar transitions. Contrary to a steady flow in which the transition between the laminar and the turbulent regimes is affected only by the Reynolds number, for oscillating flow the transition is affected by a combination of Reos and a dimensionless frequency-based number such as Womersley (Wo). The objective of this work is to develop and validate a computational method that solves the incompressible oscillating flow equations for different combinations of Reos and Wo
Trade Beads Excavated from a European/Konyag Contact Site on Kodiak Island, Alaska
No full textTrade Beads Excavated From A European/Konyag Contact Site On Kodiak Island, Alaska, By Elizabeth G. Shapiro (1988, 13:7-12
Barbara Shapiro & Robert G. Frank Jr., English Scientific Virtuosi in the 16th and 17th Centuries
No full textBarbara Shapiro & Robert G. Frank Jr., English Scientific Virtuosi in the 16th and 17th Centuries. In: Revue d'histoire des sciences, tome 35, n°4, 1982. pp. 357-358
On <em>Q</em>-Deformations of Postnikov-Shapiro Algebras
No full textFor any given loopless graph G, we introduce Q - deformations of its Postnikov-Shapiro algebras counting spanning trees and forests. We determine the total dimension of the algebras; our proof also gives a new proof of the formula for the total dimensions of the usual Postnikov-Shapiro algebras.Pour tout graphe sans boucles G, nous introduisons Q - déformations de ses algèbres de Postnikov-Shapiro comptant les arbres et les forêts. Nous déterminons la dimension totale des algèbres; notre preuve donne aussi une nouvelle preuve des dimensions des algèbres usuelles de Postnikov-Shapiro.</p
Functional imaging reveals working memory and attention interact to produce the attentional blink
No full textCopyright @ 2012 Massachusetts Institute of Technology PressIf two centrally presented visual stimuli occur within approximately half a second of each other, the second target often fails to be reported correctly. This effect, called the attentional blink (AB; Raymond, J. E., Shapiro, K. L., & Arnell, K. M. Temporary suppression of visual processing in an RSVP task: An attentional blink? Journal of Experimental Psychology, Human Perception and Performance, 18, 849-860, 1992], has been attributed to a resource "bottleneck," likely arising as a failure of attention during encoding into or retrieval from visual working memory (WM). Here we present participants with a hybrid WM-AB study while they undergo fMRI to provide insight into the neural underpinnings of this bottleneck. Consistent with a WM-based bottleneck account, fronto-parietal brain areas exhibited a WM load-dependent modulation of neural responses during the AB task. These results are consistent with the view that WM and attention share a capacity-limited resource and provide insight into the neural structures that underlie resource allocation in tasks requiring joint use of WM and attention.This research was supported by a project grant (071944) from the Wellcome Trust to Kimron Shapiro
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