101,946 research outputs found
Geological map of the San Venanzo volcano (Central Italy): explanatory notes.
No full textThe volcanics of the San Venanzo area (Terni) were erupted from three local vents that built up small asymmetric pyroclastic structures associated with lava flows: San Venanzo-maar to the north; Pian di Celle tuff-ring, less than one kilometre south of San Venanzo; and Celli lapilli-cone, about 500 metres east of Pian di Celle. The volcanic morphologies, and the maar-diatreme crater structures in particular, are fairly well preserved. Explosive activity produced about 6X106 m3 of pyroclastic material, mostly lapilli-sized, whereas more than 1x106 m3 of lava was outpoured. The overall sequence shows that the initial crater-forming explosions were followed by strombolian activity. The San Venanzo eruptions caused progressive widening and deepening of the craters, which remained set in the sedimentary substratum. The initial products of San Venanzo volcano consist of breccias containing large accessory-blocks coming from the sedimentary substratum. Late products consist of mainly lapilli-sized juvenile deposits. Pyroclastic surge and minor pyroclastic flow are the main depositional mechanisms. The presence of nucleated, concentric-shelled glassy "lapilli" formed in subvolcanic conditions is typical and is associated with the mobilisation and eruption of diatremic breccia (tuffisite). The juvenile fraction of the pyroclastic rocks contains large amounts of calcite up to 50% in vol., whose composition and texture are suggestive of a magmatic origin. Numerous levels of fine-grained primary calcite, with volcanic-sedimentary structures, are considered as products of the fall of carbonatite ash
IMPACT AND DISTRIBUTION OF CLIMATIC DAMAGES: A METHODOLOGICAL PROPOSAL WITH A DYNAMIC CGE MODEL APPLIED TO GLOBAL CLIMATE NEGOTIATIONS
No full textThe UNFCCC Parties Paris Agreement entered into force on 4 November 2016 represents a step forward in involving all countries in mitigation actions, even though still based on a voluntary approach and lacking the involvement of some major polluting countries. The underinvestment in mitigation actions depends on market and policy failures and the absence of market signals internalizing the economic losses due to climatic damage contributes to underestimating potential benefits from global action. We highlight how crucial is the vulnerability of a country to climate change in defining the threat and action strategies. A dynamic climate-economy CGE model is developed by including a monetary evaluation of regional damages associated with climate change. By considering alternative damage estimations, results show that internalizing climatic costs changes the bargaining position of countries in climate negotiations. Consequently, damage costs should be given greater importance when defining the implementation of a global climate agreement
Climate cooperation from Kyoto to Paris: What can be learnt from the CDM experience?
No full textThe mitigation of greenhouse gas concentration has become a first-order issue for decision making in environmental sustainability. Countries can meet their mitigation commitments and environmental objectives through multiple instruments. A key role is played by cooperative mechanisms, such as the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), under the Kyoto Protocol, and a similar mechanism established by the Paris Agreement (Art. 6), whose implementation rules are still under negotiation. However, another form of cooperation was already established under the different framework of the Official Development Assistance (ODA), potentially sharing abatement purposes. This paper aims to compare the mitigation actions implemented either as CDM or ODA projects. We conduct a multi-criteria econometric analysis, based on an originally created, harmonised dataset that merges renewable energy CDM projects and comparable ODA projects to investigate the role of the institutional framework in influencing the effectiveness of reducing emissions worldwide. Results show that the Kyoto Protocol had a positive impact in terms of cost-effectiveness for renewable energy projects and that it stimulated policy actions for environmental sustainability. Accordingly, in view of the implementation of Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, it is extremely important both to look to the past to draw lessons from Kyoto’s successes and failures and to apply multi-criteria decision-making approaches for the design of environmental policies
Interpreting bargaining strategies of developing countries in climate negotiations. A quantitative approach
No full textDespite the efforts made during the last climate conferences (COPs), countries participating in the negotiation process are still far from reaching an agreement on the implementation of a new Post-Kyoto climate regime. The growing role played by developing countries in negotiations is one of the main causes behind the deadlock. Further attention should therefore be paid to the composition of the alliances formed by developing countries in order to better understand the key structural features driving their bargaining positions. By applying a cluster analysis, this paper aims to investigate the role played by heterogeneity in specific characteristics of developing countries in explaining divergent costs and benefits associated with alternative climate negotiation outcomes. By clustering developing countries according to their economic, geographic, environmental, energy, and social characteristics, the paper presents some considerations on climate political economy strategies in these countries with respect to existing bargaining coalitions
The climate-conflicts nexus and the role of geographical spillovers
No full textThe chapter reviews the literature on the pathways through which climate change leads to armed conflict. These are pressures on agriculture, resource scarcity, factors that result in the resource curse, and migration. There is evidence, especially from Africa, that climate change has worked through all of these to varying degrees to increase armed conflict. The questions being addressed are as follows: what scale is appropriate for the analysis and over what time period do variations in climate make an impact? On the first, most studies focus on region- or country-specific case studies. Recent research has been shifting toward a much more geographically disaggregated level of analysis that captures local factors shaping conflict dynamics. This also allows an assessment to be made of the spillover effect of conflict in one locality on other localities nearby. Such spillovers are found to be important. On the time period over which climate change impacts are relevant, while most studies focus on yearly variations in temperatures and precipitation, some consider deviations from long-term averages and others take into account aspects like extreme temperature. Studies find links to conflict using all of these and as yet there is no conclusive view on what the right measure is
Indagine retrospettiva su 40 casi di mastocitoma cutaneo felino: aspetti diagnostici e prognostici.
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