1,720,956 research outputs found
The Last of Them: Investigating the Palaeogeography of the Last Neanderthals in Europe (Marine Isotopic Stage 3)
No full textNeanderthal (Homo neanderthalensis) is an endemic species of Eurasia. Appearing in the archaeological record about 350 kilo years Before Present (ky BP), it is associated with the Middle Palaeolithic period and the Mousterian archaeological culture. It occupied a vast territory, extending from Europe to the Middle East and as far East as the Altai region. Although Neanderthals display behavioral and adaptive diversity, the last palaeoanthropological and archaeological evidence of their presence in Western Europe dates to 40 ky BP. Their gradual decline and eventual disappearance took place during a period of great climatic instability, namely Marine Isotope Stage 3 (MIS 3; 60 to 27 ky BP), which also saw the arrival of the first anatomically modern humans (Homo sapiens) in Europe. It therefore appears necessary to investigate the impact of these factors in order to understand Neanderthal extinction. One of the main challenges is to correlate known archaeological data (chronological and spatial) with high resolution palaeoenvironmental data. Here, we present a methodology that assigns archaeological layers to a cold (stadial) or warm (interstadial) phase of MIS 3. This approach allows us to approach the palaeogeography of the last Neanderthals from a new perspective and provides a novel basis for modelling the influence of the abrupt climatic changes of this period on the resilience of this population
Going New Places: Dispersal and Establishment of the Aurignacian Technocomplex in Europe During the Marine Isotopic Stage 3 (MIS 3)
No full textThe first Anatomically Modern Human (AMH) populations to disperse into and across Europe during the climatically unstable period that is Marine Isotope Stage 3 (MIS 3) lived through relatively rapid stadial and interstadial oscillations. The Aurignacian technocomplex, including the Protoaurignacian and the Early Aurignacian, is associated with this phenomenon. A primordial step in understanding the relationship between humans and these fluctuations is to establish a chronologically robust set of archaeological data across the European continent which can be confidently associated with climatic conditions. This paper suggests a classification of Aurignacian archaeological layers across Europe into GICC05 cycles based on a critical review of published dates and environmental studies. The resulting classification allows new diachronic observations on population dynamics and demography for the Aurignacian AMH groups in relation to the drastic environmental changes taking place in Europe at this time
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Portée de l’exploitation du lapin (Oryctolagus cuniculus) par les humains au Dernier Maximum Glaciaire dans la Péninsule Ibérique : intégration de la Optimal Foraging Theory avec la Modélisation à Base d’Agents
Get PDFL’introduction de petites faunes au sein du régime alimentaire humain dans le passé constitue un sujet de recherche essentiel dans la compréhension des modes de subsistance des chasseurs-cueilleurs, notamment au Paléolithique supérieur. Durant cette période, et notamment au Dernier Maximum Glaciaire, le lapin de garenne (Oryctolagus cuniculus) domine les assemblages fauniques de nombreux sites archéologiques de la Péninsule Ibérique. Plusieurs hypothèses ont été avancées afin de comprendre le rôle que ce petit gibier a pu jouer dans la subsistance des groupes humains. Néanmoins, la multitude et la variété de ces hypothèses reflètent, d’un côté, le manque de consensus quant à la portée de l’exploitation du lapin dans la subsistance durant cette période dans la Péninsule Ibérique, et elles soulignent d’un autre côté que l’appréhension des implications économiques, technologiques, environnementales et sociales de son exploitation est une tâche complexe.
A partir de ce double constat, j’ai dès lors établi comme problématique d’explorer les potentielles motivations liées à la chasse du lapin et d'appréhender le rapport entre les humains et cette espèce de petite taille, et ce dans l’objectif d’obtenir une meilleure compréhension des modes de subsistance adoptés pendant cette période en Ibérie. L’approche développée dans cette thèse repose sur la proposition que l’explication du pourquoi les humains exploitaient le lapin doit être traitée par une compréhension du comment les humains chassaient ce petit gibier. Si nous voulons analyser le régime alimentaire humain dans le passé, nous devons effectivement comprendre comment les humains prenaient leurs décisions cynégétiques. A cette fin, un des cadres théoriques principalement utilisé en archéologie, la Optimal Foraging Theory, a été employé, en complément de la modélisation à base d’agents. La problématique a été répartie en trois questions de recherche distinctes et complémentaires, chacune faisant l’objet d’une publication. Dans le premier article, l’application du Diet Breadth Model issu de la Optimal Foraging Theory a permis d’observer que l’exploitation d’une garenne est optimale lorsque plusieurs individus capturent un minimum de 7 lapins à l’aide de filets au cours du Dernier Maximum Glaciaire dans la Péninsule Ibérique. Dans le second article, nous avons mené des expériences de simulation à travers le développement d’un modèle à base d’agents pour évaluer les implications de ce type d’exploitation dans un cadre plus réaliste au sein duquel les humains interagissent, avant de l'intégrer, dans le troisième article, dans différents contextes socio-économiques qui lui sont associés et observés dans le registre ethno-historique.
Nos résultats montrent que la composition du régime alimentaire humain et, par-là, le retour énergétique quotidien, sont influencés par l'organisation sociale entre les membres d'un groupe, la stratégie de chasse et la technologie associée afin d’exploiter une garenne. Particulièrement, la rentabilité de l’exploitation des ressources est encore plus grande si les femmes, les enfants et les ainés sont impliqués dans l’exploitation des garennes à travers des battues et/ou l’aide de filets. Par conséquent, cette thèse expose que le développement de formations socio-culturelles optimales basées sur une division des tâches de subsistance selon l’âge et/ou le sexe (et de la technologie qui leur est associée) a pu permettre aux groupes humains de s'adapter aux environnements de la Péninsule Ibérique au Dernier Maximum Glaciaire. Finalement, le lapin ayant probablement été un complément alimentaire important pendant cette période, cette thèse souligne la nécessité de considérer son exploitation (et celle de petites faunes en général) lors de l’interprétation du registre zooarchéologique car des changements d’un point de vue économique, technologique mais aussi socio-culturel dans les modes de subsistance adoptés dans le passé peuvent être ainsi appréhendés.The introduction of small fauna into the human diet in the past is an essential research topic in the understanding of hunter-gatherer subsistence patterns, particularly in the Upper Paleolithic. During this period, and particularly during the Last Glacial Maximum, the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) dominates the faunal assemblages of many archaeological sites in the Iberian Peninsula. Several hypotheses have been proposed to understand the role played by this small game in the subsistence of past human groups. Nevertheless, the number and diversity of these hypotheses first reflect a lack of agreement as to the extent to which rabbits played a role in subsistence during this period in the Iberian Peninsula. Secondly, they underline the complexity of understanding the economic, technological, environmental, and social implications of rabbit exploitation.
From these observations, I established as the problematic to explore the potential motivations behind rabbit hunting, and to apprehend the relationship between humans and this small game, with the aim of providing a better understanding of the subsistence patterns adopted during this period in Iberia. The approach developed in this thesis is based on that the explanation of why humans exploited rabbits must be addressed by an understanding of how humans hunted them. If we are to analyze human diet in the past, we must indeed understand how humans made their hunting decisions. To this end, one of the theoretical frameworks mainly used in archaeology, the Optimal Foraging Theory, has been adopted, complemented by Agent-Based Modeling. I divided the problematic into three distinct and complementary research questions, each the subject of a publication. In the first article, the application of the Diet Breadth Model derived from the Optimal Foraging Theory enabled us to observe that the exploitation of a warren is optimal when several individuals capture a minimum of 7 rabbits using nets during the Las Glacial Maximum in the Iberian Peninsula. In the second paper, we carried out simulation experiments through the development of an Agent-Based Model to assess the implications of this type of exploitation in a more realistic environment in which humans interact, before integrating it, in the third paper, into different socio-economic contexts related to it and observed in the ethno-historical record.
Our results show that the composition of the human diet and, consequently, the daily energetic return are influenced by the social organization between group members, the hunting strategy and the associated technology employed for exploiting a warren. In particular, the energetic efficiency of resource exploitation is even greater if women, children, and elders are involved in exploiting warrens through net hunting and/or drives. Consequently, this thesis argues that the development of optimal socio-cultural group configurations based on an age and/or gender-based division of labor (and their associated technology) may have enabled human groups to successfully adapt to the environments of the Iberian Peninsula during the Last Glacial Maximum. Finally, as rabbit was probably an important energetic source during this period, this thesis highlights the need to consider its exploitation (and that of small game in general) when interpreting the zooarchaeological record, as not only economic and technological, but also socio-cultural changes in subsistence patterns adopted in the past can be apprehended
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
- …
