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The Adopted Experience and it's Effect on the Henceforth Life
No full textArmastus ja turvatunne on inimeste põhivajadused. Kui need vajadused jäävad rahuldamata, siis ei suuda inimesed mõelda enesearengule, karjäärile ega eneseteostusele. Perekond on iga lapse loomulik kasvamise ja arengu keskkond, kus ta peaks omandama vajalikud oskused iseseisvaks eluks, toetudes vanemate abile. Aeg-ajalt võib siiski tekkida vajadus laps eraldada päritoluperest ja paigutada kasuperre tema heaolu tagamiseks. Kasupere peaks pakkuma lapsele võimalikult sarnast elukeskkonda nagu pärispere ning olema ajutine lahendus. Kahjuks aga jäävad kasuperre suunatud lapsed sageli sinna kuni täiskasvanuks saamiseni.
Antud lõputöös autor keskendus lapsendatute kogemusele ning sellele, kuidas see mõjutab nende vaimset tervist läbi koguelu. Lapsendatud laps kogemus võib olla keeruline protsess, mis nõuab aega ja ressursse, et laps saaks sellest protsessist terveneda. Uurimises kaasati erinevate süsteemide efekte, kombineerides Urie Bronfenbrenneri ökoloogilise süsteemiteooria ja Maslow motivatsiooniteooria. Maslow teooria aitab selgitada, kuidas motivatsioon ja jõud mängivad olulist rolli lapsendatud lapse käitumises ning kuidas laps soovib armastust, turvatunnet ja tunnustust. Bronfenbrenneri teooria kohaselt on lapse heaolu tagamiseks oluline, et kõik teda ümbritsevad süsteemid toimiksid omavahel koostöös.
Lõputöö eesmärgiks on välja selgitada lapsendatud lapste arvamus lapsendamisest teadasaamise ajast läbi isikliku kogemuse ja selle efekt vaimsele tervisele. Uuringu läbiviimiseks kasutas autor kvalitatiivset meetodit – poolstruktureeritud intervjuud, mis viidi läbi 2024 aastal märtsis, intervjuus osales kaheksa lapsendatud last, kes tänaseks päevaks on täiskasvanud. Autoril õnnestus enda suhtlusringkonnas leida kaheksa lapsendatud last, kes on nii eeskostel olevad, kui ka lapsendatud ning kes olid nõus enda kogemust ja lugu jagama. Kvalitatiivne meetod võimaldas suhelda lapsendatud lastega avameelselt veebikeskkonnas video vahendusel ja silmast-silma kohtudes ning suunata vestlust ettevalmistatud küsimuste abil. Meetod jättis vabaduse vestluse kulgu muuta ning vaadelda probleeme laiemalt. Lõputöös olid püstitatud uurimisülesanded, mis aitasid autoril antud teemat uurida ning seatud uurimisküsimustele vastata.
Intervjuude käigus selgus, et lapsendamine ei pruugi alati toimuda lapse varajases eas, kuid vastajad väljendasid tänulikkust selle üle, et neid valiti kasuperre. Vastustest võis järeldada, et lapse vajadust hoolitsuse ja armastuse järele. Intervjuudest ilmnes, et lapsendatud või eeskostel olev laps sai teada lapsendamisest tavaliselt viiendal või kuuendal eluaastal. Analüüs näitas, et enamasti mõistab laps ise, et on lapsendatud. Intervjuudest jäi kõlama vastajate rõõmsameelsus, uhkus ja rahulolu, kuna neile selgitati nende lapsendamisprotsessi ja kuidas tema elu hakkab edaspidi kulgema. Uuringu käigus ilmnes, et lapsendamisest teadasaamine oli individuaalne kogemus igale lapsendatud lapsele. Enamik lapsendatud lapsi mõistis oma olukorda väga noores eas, mõnel juhul selgitasid kasupered olukorda kohe arusaadavalt. Teisel juhul toodi välja, et nende vanemad olid surnud. Enamus uuringus osalejatest oli oma kasuperede üle õnnelikud ja uhked, hoolimata sellest, kuidas nad lapsendamisest teada said. Lapsendatud laste nägemus oli, et nende kasuvanemad tegid nende heaks parima, pakkudes armastust, hoolitsust, turvatunnet ja kodu. Intervjueeritavate vastustest selgus, et nende emotsionaalne regulatsioon oli pigem negatiivsem kui positiivsem, kui said teada, et nad on lapsendatud. Vastajad tõid välja, et arusaam turvalisest ühiskonnast ja usalduslikest suhetest oli puudulik. Intervjueeritavad mõistsid põhjuseid, miks nad perest eraldati samas oli neil endil raske emotsioonidega raske toime tulla ja põhjustasid neile turvatunde kadumist. Intervjuu käigus toodi kahel korral välja konkreetselt iseendal süü tundmine. Enamike intervjuu vastustest jäi traumakogemus tugevalt kõlama. Perest eraldamise kogemus sundis vastajaid ennast alavääristama või mõtlema selle peal endas, mida nad valesti tegid, et ei väärinud bioloogiliste vanematega üles kasvamist. Uuring näitas, et vaid ühe vastaja puhul suuri emotsioone ei olnud. Kahe intervjueeritava puhul jäid kõlama aga positiivsed emotsioonid. Ühel juhul uuringu käigus selgus, et käitumismustrist kumab läbi, et ta tundis ennast armastatuna juhul, kui talle osteti materiaalseid asju.
Uurimises selgus, et lapsendatud lapsed oleks soovinud lapsendamisest teada kohe algselt või alles vanuse vahemikus 16-18 eluaastat. Toodi välja väga konkreetseid põhjuseid enda soovidele. Autor pidas neid põhjuseid väga mõistlikuks või loogiliseks. Kahe intervjuu vastustest selgus, et tihti ei tahtnud pärioluperekonna küsimustele vastata ning põigeldi vastustest kõrvale. Avastati, et antud situatsioon mõjutas vastajaid, tekitades neis tõrjutuse tunde. Kahel juhul ilmnes soov saada teada oma lapsendamisest vanuses 16 või vanemana, arvestades, et siis oleks nad piisavalt küpsed ja suutelised selle infoga piisavalt hästi toime tulema.
Intervjuudest ilmnes, et lapsendatud laste huvi oma mineviku ja eelneva elu vastu varieerub oluliselt individuaalselt. Enamikul intervjueeritavatel puudub suhtlus bioloogiliste vanemate, nende õdede ja vendadega ning neil pole soovi suhelda, kuna puudub usaldus ja side, mida nad peavad kõige olulisemaks. Uurimise tulemused näitavad, et vastajatele on elus abiks olnud tugev side nende kasuperega ning mitmed neist ei soovinud suhelda oma bioloogiliste vanematega. Intervjueeritavate seisukohalt on väga oluline teada, kust nad pärit on ja, kes olid nende bioloogilised vanemad ning selle info saamine oli neile olulisem kui otseste suhete loomine bioloogiliste vanematega.
Uuringus ilmnes, et lapsendatud lapsed on väga rahul sellega, et neid just lapsendati. Selgelt tuli välja, kuidas intervjueeritavad väljendasid rahulolu enda kasupere üle ning arvasid, et kui nad oleksid jäänud bioloogiliste vanemate juurde või lastekodusse, oleks nende elu palju raskem ning nende vaimne tervis oleks veelgi enam kannatanud. Enamik vastanutest ei tundnud lapsendamisega seoses tõrjutust. Kahe vastaja hulgas oli aga neid, kes tundsid end tõrjutuna, üks neist pigem väljaspool kodusüsteemi ning teine kasupere peresüsteemis. Samas selgus asjaolu, et osad neist tundsid puudust isafiguurist. Samas tõid nad positiivse vaatenurgast välja, et neil oli olemas vend, kes osales üritusel, kus pidanuks osalema isa.
Uuringu käigus ilmnes oluline asjaolu, et kui vastaja eestkostjaks oli Kohalik Omavalitsus, siis lapsendatud laps tundis puudust ulatuslikust toest selles kontekstis, sealhulgas oluliste eluvalikute tegemisel. Samuti mainiti, et võib-olla polnud vastajatel alati üht kindlat inimest, kellele oma muresid jagada.
Uuringu intervjuude vastustest selgus, et enamasti on lapsendatud laste vaimne tervis on olnud lapsepõlves halvem kui täiskasvanueas. Ühel juhul tuli välja, et vaimne tervis on olnud halb kogu elu, põhjustades erinevaid vaimse tervise häireid. Intervjueeritavad tõid välja, et vaimse tervise abi osutati neile juba lapsepõlves pärast perest eemaldamist ja kasuperes elamist. Vastustest toodi välja, et tugiteenuseid oleks võinud olla rohkem. Uuringus ilmnes, et osalenud inimeste seas, teadsid kuus kaheksast vaimse tervise teenustest ja nende kättesaadavusest. Selgus, et tasulised teenused võiksid olla odavamad, et inimesed saaksid endale lubada erinevaid teraapiaid. Lisaks uuringu tulemusena selgus, et enamik lapsendatud lapsi, kes osales uuringus on saanud elu jooksul abi, kuid tunnistavad, et õige abistaja leidmine on olnud keeruline. Intervjuude tulemusena selgus, et lapsendatud lapsed oleksid lapsepõlves vajanud rohkem vaimse tervise toetamiseks süsteemsemat tuge. Uuringi käigus ilmnes veel, et täiskasvanueas aitaks lapsendatud lapsi süsteemsem ja soodsamatel tingimustel vaimse tervise abi kättesaadavus.
Käesolev lõputöö ning töö raames läbiviidud intervjuud aitasid täita lõputöö eesmärgi ning vastata seatud uurimisküsimustele. Käesoleva uurimistöö tulemuste põhjal võib kokkuvõtvalt öelda, et perekond on lapse jaoks parim kasvukeskkond. Kui aga lapse bioloogiline pere ei suuda talle pakkuda armastust ja turvatunnet, siis tuleks laps suunata võimalikult kiiresti kasuperre. Kasupere on kindlasti kõige lähedasem võimalus kogeda ka bioloogilisest perest eraldatud lapsel pereelu ning lähedasi peresuhteid ning saada vajalikku toetust ka vaimsele tervisele. Lisaks jäävad kasuperes loodud suhted kestma ka peale täiskasvanuks saamist ning vajadusel saavad lapsendatud lapsed tuge perelt ka edaspidi.Care and love are important for every child, and the family provides an ideal environment for their development and sense of security. However, sometimes it may be necessary to place a child in foster care for their well-being. Foster families should create a homely and supportive environment for the child and provide a temporary solution that allows them to grow up safely and get the help they need. There are about 700 children living in foster care in Estonia, and about 300 children are separated from their biological families every year. Often these children remain in a foster family where they can grow into adults and in some cases are adopted.
In this work, the author focused on "The adopted experience and it's effect on the henceforth life" because adoption is a complex issue that can significantly affect the lives of adopted children and their families in many ways. Children may experience identity issues and emotional challenges that can affect their mental health and self-esteem. It is important to provide children and adults with support and, if necessary, professional help to solve their mental health challenges and ensure their well-being.
To fulfill the objective, the following research tasks have been set:
• analyze the mental health of an adopted child as an adult based on systems theory;
• get an overview at what age they would have liked to know about their adoption;
• get an overview of adopted children's further communication with their biological parents after adoption;
• analyze the need for mental health assistance of an adopted child in adolescence and independent life, and its availability.
The thesis consists of four chapters. The purpose of the thesis, the description of the problem related to adoption and its topicality are outlined in the introduction. The first chapter provides an overview of the theoretical starting points of the thesis " The adopted experience and it's effect on the henceforth life". The second chapter provides an overview of the adoption process in Estonia. The third chapter describes the aim, methodology and sample of the thesis. The fourth chapter describes the results of the study and their analysis.
The author uses systems theory to explore issues related to adoption. The hierarchy of human needs has been described in great detail by Abraham Maslow, therefore his theory of motivation became the second theoretical basis.
To conduct the research, the author used a qualitative method - a semi-structured interview, which was conducted in March 2024, eight adopted children participated in the interview. The author managed to find eight adopted children in her social circle, both foster and adopted, who were willing to share their experience and story. The qualitative method made it possible to communicate openly with the adopted children in the online environment via video and face-to-face meetings, and guide the conversation using prepared questions. The method left the freedom to change the course of the conversation and look at the problems more broadly.
An adopted or foster child found out about the adoption usually at the age of five or six. Most of the adopted children understood their situation at a very young age, in some cases the foster families immediately explained the situation in an understandable way. In another case, it was pointed out that their parents were dead. Adopted children's view was that their foster parents did the best for them by providing love, care, security and a home. The responses of the interviewees revealed that their emotional regulation was more negative than positive when they found out they were adopted. The study showed that the adopted children would have liked to know about the adoption right from the beginning or only between the ages of 16 and 18. In two cases, there was a desire to learn about their adoption at the age of 16 or older, considering that then they would be mature enough and able to deal with this information well enough.
Most of the interviewees do not have any communication with their biological parents or their siblings and do not want to communicate because of the lack of trust and connection, which they consider most important. The results of the research show that the respondents have been helped in life by a strong bond with their foster family.
The study revealed that, in most cases, the mental health of adopted children was worse in childhood than in adulthood. In one case, it turned out that mental health had been poor throughout life, leading to various mental health disorders. The survey revealed that among the people who participated, six out of eight knew about mental health services and their availability. In addition, as a result of the study, it was revealed that most of the adopted children who participated in the study have received help throughout their lives, but admit that finding the right helper has been difficult. In the course of the study, it was also revealed that the availability of mental health care in a more systematic and favorable condition would help adopted children in adulthood.
The thesis and the interviews conducted within it helped to answer the research questions and highlighted that the family is the best growing environment for a child. If the biological family cannot provide love and a sense of security, it is important to quickly direct the child to a foster family, where they can experience family life and the necessary support for mental health as well. Relationships created in a foster family often last into adulthood, and adopted children can receive support from the family in the future
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Utilising stimulated raman scattering microscopy to study intracellular distribution of label-free ponatinib in live cells
Full text linkDespite advancements in the drug discovery process, drug attrition rate in the late
stages of clinical trials still remains high. Better understanding of drug efficacy in the
pre-clinical stage would potentially translate into increased clinical trial success rate
and reduce the economic burden of failed trials. However, visualising intracellular
drug uptake and distribution at high resolution to improve the pre-clinical drug
discovery process is still a challenge for scientists.
Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy represents a powerful imaging tool
for visualising drug molecules inside cells with high resolution, without the need for
additional labels, or nanoparticle sensors as used in many other optical imaging
technologies. It provides Raman imaging with minimal spectral distortion and a
quantitative output, allowing accurate determination of intracellular drug
concentrations.
Ponatinib is a clinically approved tyrosine kinase inhibitor that targets BCR-ABL and
is used to treat chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML). Drug resistance is a widespread
problem in CML treatment, where ponatinib resistant patients have very limited
treatment options. Ponatinib has an alkyne moiety in its structure that makes it
inherently Raman active in the cellular silent region of the Raman spectrum. In this
thesis, SRS microscopy was used to image intracellular ponatinib label-free with high
sensitivity and specificity in live human CML cell lines, in the context of ponatinib
resistance.
SRS imaging of ponatinib was optimised in Chapter 3, enabling ponatinib imaging at
nanomolar treatment concentrations as well as determination of absolute ponatinib
concentrations in both ponatinib sensitive and resistant CML cells. In Chapter 4, it
was determined that ponatinib is sequestered into the lysosomes, with a higher
lysosomal concentration found in drug resistant cells. This was associated with
increased lysosome biogenesis. Target engagement studies showed that treatment
with chloroquine reduced ponatinib accumulation in lysosomes, but did not resensitise cells to ponatinib, confirming a BCR-ABL independent resistance
mechanism in this CML cell model.
To demonstrate further utility of SRS microscopy, it was applied to spheroid imaging
in Chapter 5. CML cell lines formed three-dimensional (3D) cell ‘aggregates’ rather
than spheroids with tight cell-cell contacts, and could not be used for SRS imaging. However, spheroid growth was successfully optimised in a breast cancer cell line
T47D; and live T47D spheroids were imaged using SRS microscopy
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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