210 research outputs found
Molecular dynamics studies of interactions between Arg9(nona-arginine) and a DOPC/DOPG(4:1) membrane
No full textIt has been known that the uptake mechanisms of cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) depend on the experimental conditions such as the concentration of peptides, lipid composition, and temperature. In this study, we investigate the temperature dependence of the penetration of Arg 9 s into a DOPC/DOPG(4:1) membrane using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations at two different temperatures, T = 310 K and T = 288 K. Although it is difficult to identify the temperature dependence because of having only one single simulation at each temperature and no evidence of translocation of Arg 9 s across the membrane at both temperatures, our simulations suggest that following are strongly correlated with the penetration of Arg 9 s: a number of water molecules coordinated by Arg 9 s and the electrostatic energy between Arg 9 s and the lipid molecules. We also present how Arg 9 s change a bending rigidity of the membrane and how a collective behavior between Arg 9 s enhances the penetration and the membrane bending. Our analyses can be applicable to any CPPs to investigate their interactions with various membranes using MD simulations. © 2020 Author(s).1
Global trends in raw materials consumption
No full textThis paper reviews movements in raw materials consumption over the past 30 years. Included in this review are all base metals and steel, and important agricultural raw materials. These primary commodities share the common characteristic that they are used as inputs in manufacturing and construction. Some metals and minerals, energy commodities, and timber products are not included in this review for various reasons. The period reviewed is from 1961 to 1988. A prominent characteristic of the metals market during the past 15 years has been its very slow growth. In some years consumption of several raw materials has even declined. Explaining the causes of this slowdown, in the face of moderate economic growth, has become a topical issue. The slowdown has important implications for a number of developing countries that rely heavily on exports of these materials. The severity and persistence of post-1973 declines in metals intensity per unit of GNP, prompted the conjecture that it may have been structural. This paper reviews the debate on this issue, including results of statistical tests. It also summarizes the trends in raw materials consumption and reviews the technological developments relating to raw materials consumption.Mining&Extractive Industry (Non-Energy),Montreal Protocol,Sanitation and Sewerage,Primary Metals,Environmental Economics&Policies
The precautionary demand for commodity stocks
No full textThis paper develops a theory of the precautionary demand for commodity stocks. It suggests that commodity stocks are held for precautionary purposes by producers, consumers, and intermediate processors, while speculators hold stocks on the expectation of capital gains from a subsequent price rise. Producer and consumer stocks usually account for the largest share of commercial stocks held at any point in time. For example, at the end of 1990, stocks held by producers and consumers of copper were 72 percent of all commercial stocks of the market economy countries. Yet, the theory explaining the behavior of this class of stocks has not progressed much beyond the concept of convenience yield, first introduced by Kaldor (1939). This paper proposes an alternative theory. Holding of stocks by producers and consumers is viewed as precautionary behavior towards output and price risks. As a theory of behavior towards risks, the precautionary stock demand model encompasses speculative demand by both producers and consumers. Furthermore, both stocks and futures are treated as precautionary instruments, in contrast to the dichotomy that only stocks provide convenience yield while futures are hedging instruments.Access to Markets,Markets and Market Access,Economic Theory&Research,Environmental Economics&Policies,Non Bank Financial Institutions
Empires of the Metoikoi : T.S. Eliot, Nishida Kitaro, Choe Chaeso
No full text本論考は,T.S.エリオットの「伝統と個人の才能」(1919年)が,帝国日本の思想家・西田幾多郎および植民地朝鮮の「親日派」・崔載瑞というふたりの知識人によって「誤読」された事例をめぐって,そもそもエリオットのmetoikos(居留外国人)的主体性に潜在していたイデオロギー素の解析から,この不気味な「誤読」を生んだ政治的・理論的ドラマの絡まり合いを解きほぐし,その過程で生産され抑圧された「問題」を明るみに出すThis article deals with the two uncanny "misreadings" of T. S. Eliot's "Tradition and the Individual Talent" (1919) by Nishida Kitaro, leading philosopher of the Japanese Empire, and Choe Chaeso, "pro-Japanese" intellectual of Colonial Korea. Analyzing the ideologemes inherent in Eliot's metic [i.e., metoikos] "Tradition", the author attempts to unweave the intertwined political and theoretical dramas involved in these unpredictable disseminations, and to uncover the unique "problems," or "problematics," produced and suppressed through the process.論説(Article)departmental bulletin pape
Structural changes in metals consumption
No full textFor 15 years the metals market has been characterized by slow growth - in some cases, even decline - in consumption. To test the proposition that structural changes in demand were the main cause of the slowdown, the author - drawing on U.S. data - uses an extended metals demand model that recognizes energy, labor, capital, and other materials as major inputs. The traditional model explains metals consumption in terms only of output and the prices of metal and its substitutes. It is inadequate to address the issue of structural change because it ignores other factors of production, such as energy, which have experienced dramatic changes. With the extended model, the null hypothesis of no structural change cannot be rejected for most metals. With the conventional model, the null hypothesis of no structural change is strongly rejected. Results with the extended model show that the downturn can be explained mostly by changes in the input variables, particularly such nonmetal inputs as capital and energy, which are much more important cost items than metals and have undergone drastic cost changes over the period.Environmental Economics&Policies,Economic Theory&Research,Montreal Protocol,Mining&Extractive Industry (Non-Energy),Primary Metals
Chronic unpredictable stress induces autophagic death of adult hippocampal neural stem cells
No full textChronic psychological stress is a critical factor for neurological complications like anxiety disorders, dementia, and depression. Our previous results show that chronic restraint stress causes cognitive deficits and mood dysregulation by inducing autophagic death of adult hippocampal neural stem cells (NSCs). However, it is unknown whether other models of psychological stress also induce autophagic death of adult hippocampal NSCs. Here, we show that chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) for 10 days impaired memory function and increased anxiety in mice. Immunohistochemical staining with SOX2 and KI67 revealed a significant reduction in the number of NSCs in the hippocampus following exposure to CUS. However, these deficits were prevented by NSC-specific, inducible conditional deletion of Atg7. These findings suggest that autophagic death of adult hippocampal NSCs is a critical pathogenic mechanism underlying stress-induced brain disorders. © The Author(s) 2024.TRUEsciescopu
Chronic restraint stress induces hippocampal memory deficits by impairing insulin signaling
No full textAbstract Chronic stress is a psychologically significant factor that impairs learning and memory in the hippocampus. Insulin signaling is important for the development and cognitive function of the hippocampus. However, the relation between chronic stress and insulin signaling at the molecular level is poorly understood. Here, we show that chronic stress impairs insulin signaling in vitro and in vivo, and thereby induces deficits in hippocampal spatial working memory and neurobehavior. Corticosterone treatment of mouse hippocampal neurons in vitro caused neurotoxicity with an increase in the markers of autophagy but not apoptosis. Corticosterone treatment impaired insulin signaling from early time points. As an in vivo model of stress, mice were subjected to chronic restraint stress. The chronic restraint stress group showed downregulated insulin signaling and suffered deficits in spatial working memory and nesting behavior. Intranasal insulin delivery restored insulin signaling and rescued hippocampal deficits. Our data suggest that psychological stress impairs insulin signaling and results in hippocampal deficits, and these effects can be prevented by intranasal insulin delivery
Variations in Commissural Input Processing Across Different Types of Cortical Projection Neurons
No full text© The Author(s) 2021. To understand how incoming cortical inputs are processed by different types of cortical projection neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex, we compared intrinsic physiological properties of and commissural excitatory/inhibitory influences on layer 5 intratelencephalic (IT), layer 5 pyramidal tract (PT), and layers 2/3 IT projection neurons. We found that intrinsic physiological properties and commissural synaptic transmission varied across the three types of projection neurons. The rank order of intrinsic excitability was layer 5 PT > layer 5 IT > layers 2/3 IT neurons. Commissural connectivity was higher in layers 2/3 than layer 5 projection neurons, but commissural excitatory influence was stronger on layer 5 than layers 2/3 pyramidal neurons. Paired-pulse ratio was also greater in PT than IT neurons. These results indicate that commissural inputs activate deep layer PT neurons most preferentially and superficial layer IT neurons least preferentially. Deep layer PT neurons might faithfully transmit cortical input signals to downstream subcortical structures for reliable control of behavior, whereas superficial layer IT neurons might integrate cortical input signals from diverse sources in support of higher-order cognitive functions.11Nsciescopu
Anisotropic in-plane thermal conductivity of black phosphorus nanoribbons at temperatures higher than 100 K
No full textabstract: Black phosphorus attracts enormous attention as a promising layered material for electronic, optoelectronic and thermoelectric applications. Here we report large anisotropy in in-plane thermal conductivity of single-crystal black phosphorus nanoribbons along the zigzag and armchair lattice directions at variable temperatures. Thermal conductivity measurements were carried out under the condition of steady-state longitudinal heat flow using suspended-pad micro-devices. We discovered increasing thermal conductivity anisotropy, up to a factor of two, with temperatures above 100 K. A size effect in thermal conductivity was also observed in which thinner nanoribbons show lower thermal conductivity. Analysed with the relaxation time approximation model using phonon dispersions obtained based on density function perturbation theory, the high anisotropy is attributed mainly to direction-dependent phonon dispersion and partially to phonon–phonon scattering. Our results revealing the intrinsic, orientation-dependent thermal conductivity of black phosphorus are useful for designing devices, as well as understanding fundamental physical properties of layered materials.The final version of this article, as published in Nature Communications, can be viewed online at: https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms957
A Study on the Representation of the Other in Choe Yuns Novels
No full text학위논문(석사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 인문대학 국어국문학과, 2024. 8. 손유경.This thesis aims to analyze how Choe Yuns works attempt to represent the Other. Her first work, There a Petal Silently Falls, is a testimony to the historical event of 5.18, but it also has a complex narrative. Thus, readers are forced to wander throughout the novel as if they are in a maze without an exit as they read this work. Why did she choose such a narrative structure? How does the problem of the Other and language, which the author frequently mentions, work in this labyrinthine narrative structure? These questions are the starting point of this thesis.
Throughout her works, Choe Yuns tries to represent the Other through the narration of a variety of characters. In this process, the (un)representability of the Other is revealed, and this (un)representability indicates the narrators perception of the Other while opening up new possibilities of representing the Other. This thesis analyzes the narrative of the Other in Choe Yuns novel through a narratological approach.
Chapter 2 first examines narratives that recall past events. These narratives of reminiscence proceed as they give meaning to past anecdotes that missed them at the time. This new meaning assignment also works when representing the Other in the reminiscence. In Grey Snowman, we can see that reminiscence through the narrators voice describe past events and the Other clearer than when in the present. This work shows the position of two female characters in the activist groups in the 1970s and the relationship that they have by caring for each other. On the other hand, the memory of the present I may be damaged or distorted, and may not be more accurate than the memory of the past I. Especially when recalling the Other, the distortion happens more easily as the subjective viewpoint of the person who recalls is involved. If the possibility of attributing new meaning to events that it did not have in the past points to the possibility of representing the Other brought by reminiscence, the distortion caused by the time lag of reminiscence can be said to be the impossibility of representing the Other through them. The possibility and impossibility of such representation of the Other can also be confirmed in The Last of Hanako. In this short story, the object to be represented is the Other named Hanako. A narrator who does not appear directly in the work describes the Other through the memory and viewpoint of a character who was in the position of the perpetrator in the past. At this time, a new meaning is given to the Other due to the time lag in reminiscence, but the representation is directly denied by Hanako herself. As it turns out, reminiscence that proceed with guilt in the heterosexual values fail without sufficient representation of the Other.
Chapter 3 examines the method of representing the Other through a narrative that indicates an object with a second-person pronoun. The narrator of Pandoras Bag tries to address the reader by calling the reader in the second person pronoun everyone. The fact that what the narrator wants to convey is not only his story, but also a story about the ethics of narrative that represents the Other is also suggestive. In the work, the narrator tries to show the appearance of the Other as himself with speaking to the reader in real time. On the other hand, in the short story The Poetry of Despair, the second person pronoun you is used, which refers to a specific character in the work. In the work, the purpose of the narrator is not to convey something to you, but to represent the Other you. While the narrator narrates about you, he also develops a narrative that overlaps you, the narrator, and the implied reader inherent in the text. In this narrative, we can also see that the Otherness of the narrator and that of the reader are overlapped. However, at the end of the story, the narrator feels the absolute Otherness of you again when facing the death of you, and describes the need for an ethical response to it.
In the works examined in Chapter 4, ethical concerns and responses to the Other are narrated through a montage narrative that moves beyond time and space. At this time, the narrator hopes that the reader will reassemble the complex structure while proceeding a narrative that moves between the past, the present, and the future. In the novel Parangdaemun, the narration of the two characters alternate in each chapter, confirming the structure of montage that moves between various time and space. This montage narrative begins with the miscarriage of a baby in which the protagonist was pregnant. It is proceeded in ethical concerns about the child as the Other of yet to come. However, in this novel, their actions only result in liquidation of the past and present events, and does not lead to ethical responses to an unspecified number of the Other. On the other hand, in Wars: A Child Scared of Home, a character who wants to implement an ethical response to the Other who has not yet been born in this world can be captured through a montage narrative. This work also has a montage format in which anecdotes about the Other faced in the past and narratives about the emotions that she feels are alternately inserted, but what is more eye-catching is the aspect of citation montage that inserts actual newspaper articles throughout the work. This citation montage provides a richer time of creation while inducing the readers attention to texts or events outside the story. Through various montage narratives such as these, the protagonist agonizes over an unspecified number of the Other and practices an ethical response to the future Other as a child at the end. Meanwhile, There a Petal Silently Falls can confirm all the characteristics of reincarnation, second person, and montage that this thesis has focused on. It is Choe Yuns first w that embodies what she thinks the novels can do, that is, verbalizing what cannot come to be in words. This can be seen as an attempt to contain the unrepresentable Other in the novel with a different format from the complete story. One can say that writing based on an awareness of the Other is what made Choe Yun into novelist and is the essence of Choe Yuns novel.
Choe Yuns works are often described as works about absence. Here, the word absence does not mean that it does not exist from the beginning. Rather, the absence in Choe Yuns novel refers to something that has been excluded from history or text that we have to pay attention to. Even if it cant been seen, The Other who has been excluded and absent may exist here and now, in the past, or in a future that has not yet arrived. In Choe Yuns novel, such descriptions of the Other is located not only in her narrative method, but also in the diachronic temporality of existence and absence. Thus, the complex narrative structure of Choe Yuns novel is essentially a method to depict the unrepresentable Other through a variety of ways.본고의 목표는 최윤 소설에서 타자의 재현이 어떻게 시도되고 있는지를 분석하는 데에 있다. 최윤의 등단작 「저기 소리 없이 한 점 꽃잎이 지고」는 5.18이라는 중대한 역사 사건을 증언하는 성격과 동시에 복잡한 서사 구조를 갖추고 있다. 이를 읽으면서 독자들은 마치 입구 없는 미로에 빠진 것처럼 소설 속에서 헤매게 된다. 작가는 대체 어떠한 이유로 이와 같은 서사 방식을 선택했을까. 이러한 미로 같은 서사 구조 속에서 작가가 빈번히 언급하는 타자와 언어에 대한 문제의식이 어떻게 작동하고 있는가. 이와 같은 물음은 본고의 출발점이 된다.
최윤 소설에서는 다양한 서술자에 의해 타자가 서사화되고 그에 대한 재현이 시도된다. 그 과정에서 타자 재현의 (불)가능성이 제시되는 한편, 그 (불)가능성은 서술자의 타자에 대한 인식을 드러내며, 타자 표상의 새로운 가능성을 열어주기도 한다. 본고는 이와 같은 최윤 소설의 타자에 대한 서사를 서사학적 접근법을 중심으로 분석한다.
먼저 2장에서는 과거의 사건을 회상하는 서사를 살펴본다. 이러한 회상의 서사는 과거의 일화에 그 당시에는 지니지 못했던 의미를 부여하면서 진행된다. 이와 같은 새로운 의미 부여는 회상 속에서 과거의 타자를 재현할 때도 작동한다. 「회색 눈사람」에서는 서술자의 목소리에 의한 회상이 과거의 사건과 타자를 더 명료하게 묘사하는 양상을 확인할 수 있다. 이는 과거 운동권에서의 두 여성 인물의 위치와 돌봄을 매개하여 그들이 맺은 관계성을 서사 속에서 부각시킨다. 한편, 현재의 나의 기억은 손상되거나 왜곡되고 과거의 나의 기억보다 정확하지 않을 수도 있다. 특히 타자에 관한 회상을 할 때, 회상하는 인물의 주관적인 시점이 개입되면서 그 왜곡이 더욱 쉽게 이루어진다. 회상으로 인해 과거에는 지니지 못했던 의미를 사건에 새롭게 부여할 수 있는 점이 바로 회상이 가져다주는 타자 재현의 가능성이라면, 회상의 시차로 인해 발생하는 왜곡은 회상을 통한 타자 재현의 불가능성이라고 할 수 있겠다. 이와 같은 타자 재현의 가능성과 불가능성은 「하나코는 없다」에서도 확인할 수 있다. 이 소설에서 재현이 시도되는 대상은 하나코라는 타자다. 소설에 직접 등장하지 않는 서술자가 과거에는 가해자의 입장에 있었던 인물의 기억과 시점을 통해 타자를 서술한다. 이때 회상의 시차로 인해 타자에게 새로운 의미가 부여되지만, 그 재현은 하나코 본인에게 직접 부인된다. 서술자의 회상 속에서 죄책감을 동반하면서 시도되는 타자의 재현은 결국 실패로 끝난다.
3장에서는 2인칭 대명사로 대상을 호명하는 서사가 가져다주는 타자 재현 방식을 검토한다. 「판도라의 가방」의 서술자는 여러분이라는 2인칭으로 독자를 호명하면서 독자에게 말을 건네려고 한다. 이때 서술자가 전하고자 하는 것은 자신의 이야기이자 타자를 재현하는 서술의 윤리에 관한 이야기라는 사실 또한 시사적이다. 소설 속에서 서술자는 독자를 호명하면서 실시간으로 말을 건네고 자신이라는 타자의 모습을 보여주고자 한다. 한편, 소설 「갈증의 시학」에서는 특정 작중 인물을 가리키는 너라는 2인칭이 사용된다. 여기서 서술자의 목적은 너에게 무엇을 전달하는 것이 아닌 너라는 타자를 표상하는 데에 있다. 이때 서술자는 서술 대상 너에 대해 서술하면서도 너와 서술자, 그리고 텍스트에 내재하는 내포독자가 겹치는 것과 같은 서술을 전개하기도 한다. 이러한 서사에서 서술자 자신과 독자 안에 있는 타자성의 겹쳐짐을 확인할 수 있다. 그러나 서술자는 소설 마지막에 너의 죽음이라는 파국을 맞이한 순간, 너의 절대적 타자성을 다시 느끼며 그에 대한 윤리적 응답의 필요성을 서술하게 된다.
4장에서 살펴보는 소설에서는 시공간을 오가는 몽타주적 서사를 통해 타자에 대한 윤리적 고민과 응답이 서사화된다. 이 때 서술자는 복잡한 구조를 내포독자가 다시 조립하기를 바라면서 과거와 현재, 그리고 미래를 오가는 서사를 진행하는 것이다. 장편 소설 『파랑대문』에서는 각 장마다 두 인물의 서술이 번갈아 진행되면서, 현재와 과거, 그리고 미래를 포함한 다양한 시공간을 오가는 몽타주 구조를 확인할 수 있다. 이러한 몽타주 서사는 주인공이 임신하던 아기의 유산을 계기로 시작하며, 아직 도래하지 않은 타자인 아이에 대한 윤리적 고민 속에서 전개된다. 그러나 결국 이 소설에서 그들의 행위는 과거와 현재의 사건을 청산하기에만 그쳤고 불특정다수의 타자에 대한 윤리적 응답으로 나아가지는 못한다. 한편, 「전쟁들: 집을 무서워하는 아이」에서는 몽타주 서사를 통해 아직 이 세상에 태어나지 않은 타자에 대해 윤리적 응답을 실행하고자 하는 등장인물의 모습을 포착할 수 있다. 이 소설 역시 과거에 마주했던 타자에 대한 일화, 그리고 그것이 현재의 지금-나에게 파급하는 감정에 대한 서사가 번갈아 삽입되는 몽타주 형식을 지니고 있으나, 보다 눈길을 끄는 것은 소설 곳곳에 실제 신문 기사가 삽입되고 인용 몽타주의 양상 또한 확인할 수 있다는 지점이다. 이러한 인용 몽타주는 소설 바깥 텍스트나 사건에 독자의 시선을 유도하면서 보다 풍부한 창작의 시간을 제공한다. 소설에서는 이와 같은 다양한 몽타주 서사를 통해 주인공이 불특정다수의 타자에 대해 윤리적으로 고민하여, 마지막에는 아이라는 미래의 타자에 대한 윤리적 응답을 실천하게 된다. 한편, 「저기 소리없이 한 점 꽃잎이 지고」에서는 본고가 문제로 삼은 회상, 2인칭, 몽타주의 모든 특징을 확인할 수 있다. 최윤의 소설가 데뷔작인 이 작품은 작가가 생각하는 소설이 해낼 수 있는 것, 즉 말로 되어질 수 없는 일을 언어화하는 것을 구현화한 작품이다. 이는 재현 불가능한 타자를 완결된 이야기와 다른 형식으로 소설 속에 담고자 하는 시도라고 환언할 수 있다. 바로 이러한 타자에 대한 문제의식에 기반한 글쓰기야말로 소설가 최윤을 존재하게 만든 것이며, 최윤 소설의 원류라고 할 수 있다.
최윤 소설은 자주 부재에 관한 소설로 거론된다. 여기서 부재라는 말은 처음부터 존재하지 않는 것을 뜻하는 것이 아니다. 오히려 최윤의 소설에 나타난 부재는 우리가 관심을 돌려야 하는, 대문자의 역사나 텍스트에서 배제되어온 것들을 가리킨다. 이처럼 배제되고 부재하게 된 타자는 우리 눈에 들어오지 않는 것일 뿐 지금-여기에 존재할 수도 있고, 이미 지나간 과거 속에 있을 수도 있으며, 아직 우리에게 도래하지 않은 미래에 있을 수도 있다. 최윤 소설에 있어서 이와 같은 타자의 형상은 그것이 요구하는 서사 방법뿐만 아니라, 결국 존재하면서도 부재하는 통시적 시간성 안에 위치하게 된다. 복잡하게 보이기도 하는 최윤 소설의 서사 구조는 재현 불가능한 타자의 모습을 소설에 담는 수많은 방식인 것이다.1. 서론 1
1.1. 연구사 검토 및 문제 제기 1
1.2. 연구의 시각 11
2. 기억 속 타자의 문학적 재현 23
2.1. 타자의 응답을 매개하는 돌봄의 기억 23
2.2 시차가 야기한 죄책감과 재현의 곤경 35
3. 타자를 호명하는 지금-여기의 이야기 48
3.1. 서술자-타자의 독자에게 말걸기 48
3.2. 서술자의 목소리로 중개되는 '너'의 파국 59
4. 도래할 타자와 서사의 윤리 67
4.1 독자가 조립하는 파편적 서사 67
4.2. 역사를 관통하는 '소녀'의 얼굴 88
5. 결론 100
참고 문헌 104
Abstract 109석
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