1,720,961 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Racial Subjectivity and the Economic Verse: Nicolás Guillén’s West Indies, Ltd. (1934) and Aimé Césaire’s Cahier d’un retour au pays natal (1939), and the Afro Caribbean Economic Malaise.
No full textA careful reading of the negrista verses of Guillén’s West Indies, Ltd. and the négritude poetic rhythms of Césaire’s Cahier d’un retour au pays natal highlights a profound feeling relatively to the way the Guillenian voices and the poetic descriptions of Cahier unfold in an environment of social frustration and depiction of a complex socioeconomic status that reveals not only the material but also the economic condition of the descendants of Africans in the Caribbean in this early 20th century. Racial sensitivity has been affecting the poetic imagination of writers of the Avant-Garde artistic and literary movements around the world. The analysis of these two works has made it possible to demonstrate how literature fills the void created by economic theory and history in this part of the world. This literature is presented as a counter-discourse to economic theory because it provides a different reality about the material condition of the descendants of Africans in the Antilles. The metaphorical dialogues or semiology and analogies between the poetic text and economic life are made at the formal and semantic level of the poets' writing. At the semantic level, I place the Afro-Caribbean poetic discourse, and that of West Indies and Cahier in particular, in a justified intention of denunciation against the economic conditions of blacks in the region. The themes, as well as the poetic form of the stanzas and poems, obey a certain intention to show inequality in economic sectors, injustice and the lack of morality in material questions, economic vices and yoke of which the black subjects of Cuba, Martinique, and other Caribbean countries are victims. At the formal level, the metaphor is the comparative instrument that I use to demonstrate the semiology between the verbal symbol (raw material of textual exchange) and merchandise (raw material of true economic exchange). The negrista poetry and the poetry of négritude react as an intellectual and cultural corpus where all the worrying issues of the existence of Afro-descendants are represented
Proprietes electrochimiques et photovoltaiques du poly(methyl-3 thiophene) electrolytique sur films polycristallins de sulfure de cadmium
No full textAvailable from INIST (FR), Document Supply Service, under shelf-number : T 83811 / INIST-CNRS - Institut de l'Information Scientifique et TechniqueSIGLEFRFranc
L’admission des conventions extra-statutaires dans le droit de l’OHADA
No full textThe revised uniform act governing the rights of commercial companies and economic interest groups did not create extra-statutory conventions. These existed well before its adoption. The OHADA legislator, wanting to prioritize the security of conventional relationships and the promotion of investments on African territory, proceeded to modify its uniform act of 1997 by adopting extra-statutory conventions. However, faced with the thorny question of the necessary respect for the principle of contractual freedom and the articulation between extra-statutory agreements, the provisions of the uniform act and the statutes, he finally ducked. Thus, he attempted to subtly embrace extra-statutory conventions through article 2-1 of his revised uniform act on commercial companies which came into force on January 30, 2014. Through his approach, he seems to want in an uncertain manner rectify an initial error or at least fill a legal void present in its old uniform act. It now establishes the supremacy of the legal provisions of the uniform act and the statutes over extra-statutory agreements and sets the legal requirements imposed on shareholders for the validity of their agreements. The review of theoretical and empirical literature made to article 2 of the uniform act on commercial companies, the OHADA legislator has not succeeded in removing the doubt on the determination of the law applicable to extra-statutory agreements, these still remain gorverned, to a large extent, by provisions relating to contract law. However, the reform is not without interest in the Senegalese business environment, it strengthens the already existing system for securing business and promoting investments.
Keywords : Conventions ; statutes ; associates ; freedom of contract ; shareholders
JEL Classification : K00, K2, K22
Paper type : Theoretical articleL’acte uniforme révisé portant droit des sociétés commerciales et du groupement d’intérêt économique n’a pas créé les conventions extra-statutaires. Celles-ci existent bien avant son adoption. Le législateur OHADA, en voulant privilégier la sécurité des rapports conventionnels et la promotion des investissements sur le territoire africain, a procédé à la modification de son acte uniforme de 1997 en adoptant les conventions extra-statutaires. Toutefois, devant l’épineuse question du nécessaire respect du principe de la liberté contractuelle et de l’articulation entre les accords extra-statutaires, les dispositions de l’acte uniforme et les statuts, il s’est finalement esquivé. Ainsi, il a tenté d’épouser subtilement les conventions extra-statutaires à travers l’article 2-1 de son acte uniforme révisé sur les sociétés commerciales entré en vigueur le 30 janvier 2014. À travers sa démarche, il semble vouloir de façon incertaine rectifier une erreur de départ ou du moins combler un vide juridique présent dans son acte uniforme ancien. Il consacre désormais la suprématie des dispositions légales de l’acte uniforme et des statuts sur les accords extra-statutaires et fixe les exigences légales qui s’imposent aux actionnaires pour la validité de leurs conventions. La revue de littérature théorique et empirique a permis de constater que malgré les modifications apportées à l’article 2 de l’acte uniforme sur les sociétés commerciales, le législateur OHADA n’a pas réussi à lever le doute sur la détermination du droit applicable aux conventions extra-statutaires, celles-ci restent encore régies, dans une large mesure, par des dispositions relevant du droit des contrats. Néanmoins, la réforme n’est pas sans intérêt dans l’environnement sénégalais des affaires, elle vient renforcer le dispositif déjà présent de sécurisation des affaires et de promotion des investissements.
Mots clés : Conventions ; statuts ; associés ; liberté contractuelle ; actionnaires.
Classification JEL : K00, K2, K22
Type du papier : Article théoriqu
L’admission des conventions extra-statutaires dans le droit de l’OHADA
No full textThe revised uniform act governing the rights of commercial companies and economic interest groups did not create extra-statutory conventions. These existed well before its adoption. The OHADA legislator, wanting to prioritize the security of conventional relationships and the promotion of investments on African territory, proceeded to modify its uniform act of 1997 by adopting extra-statutory conventions. However, faced with the thorny question of the necessary respect for the principle of contractual freedom and the articulation between extra-statutory agreements, the provisions of the uniform act and the statutes, he finally ducked. Thus, he attempted to subtly embrace extra-statutory conventions through article 2-1 of his revised uniform act on commercial companies which came into force on January 30, 2014. Through his approach, he seems to want in an uncertain manner rectify an initial error or at least fill a legal void present in its old uniform act. It now establishes the supremacy of the legal provisions of the uniform act and the statutes over extra-statutory agreements and sets the legal requirements imposed on shareholders for the validity of their agreements. The review of theoretical and empirical literature made to article 2 of the uniform act on commercial companies, the OHADA legislator has not succeeded in removing the doubt on the determination of the law applicable to extra-statutory agreements, these still remain gorverned, to a large extent, by provisions relating to contract law. However, the reform is not without interest in the Senegalese business environment, it strengthens the already existing system for securing business and promoting investments.
Keywords : Conventions ; statutes ; associates ; freedom of contract ; shareholders
JEL Classification : K00, K2, K22
Paper type : Theoretical articleL’acte uniforme révisé portant droit des sociétés commerciales et du groupement d’intérêt économique n’a pas créé les conventions extra-statutaires. Celles-ci existent bien avant son adoption. Le législateur OHADA, en voulant privilégier la sécurité des rapports conventionnels et la promotion des investissements sur le territoire africain, a procédé à la modification de son acte uniforme de 1997 en adoptant les conventions extra-statutaires. Toutefois, devant l’épineuse question du nécessaire respect du principe de la liberté contractuelle et de l’articulation entre les accords extra-statutaires, les dispositions de l’acte uniforme et les statuts, il s’est finalement esquivé. Ainsi, il a tenté d’épouser subtilement les conventions extra-statutaires à travers l’article 2-1 de son acte uniforme révisé sur les sociétés commerciales entré en vigueur le 30 janvier 2014. À travers sa démarche, il semble vouloir de façon incertaine rectifier une erreur de départ ou du moins combler un vide juridique présent dans son acte uniforme ancien. Il consacre désormais la suprématie des dispositions légales de l’acte uniforme et des statuts sur les accords extra-statutaires et fixe les exigences légales qui s’imposent aux actionnaires pour la validité de leurs conventions. La revue de littérature théorique et empirique a permis de constater que malgré les modifications apportées à l’article 2 de l’acte uniforme sur les sociétés commerciales, le législateur OHADA n’a pas réussi à lever le doute sur la détermination du droit applicable aux conventions extra-statutaires, celles-ci restent encore régies, dans une large mesure, par des dispositions relevant du droit des contrats. Néanmoins, la réforme n’est pas sans intérêt dans l’environnement sénégalais des affaires, elle vient renforcer le dispositif déjà présent de sécurisation des affaires et de promotion des investissements.
Mots clés : Conventions ; statuts ; associés ; liberté contractuelle ; actionnaires.
Classification JEL : K00, K2, K22
Type du papier : Article théoriqu
Trade economy and taxation : the question of customs in Senegambia, from the slave era to the colonial conquest 17th-19th century
No full textDe la longue période allant du XVIIe au XIXe siècle, c’est-à-dire de l’ère négrière à la conquête coloniale, l’économie de traite en Sénégambie est dominée par deux phases : la traite négrière (XVIIe-début XIXe siècle) et le commerce dit légitime (début XIXe siècle). Dès le XVIIe siècle, les Compagnies européennes de commerce s’installent le long des côtes sénégambiennes en accord avec les souverains qui leur accordent le droit de construire des forts, de pratiquer le commerce et de circuler librement sur les cours d’eau de leurs États. Ces accords donnaient lieu au versement régulier par les commerçants européens de redevances plus souvent en nature qu’en espèces, régies par des règles plus ou moins stabilisées, à des taux forts variables en fonction des contextes économiques, politiques et sociaux. Ces redevances dénommées coutumes étaient de deux types : les coutumes annuelles et les coutumes casuelles ou de traite. Les coutumes ont eu des impacts importants sur la politique, l’économie et les sociétés des États de la Sénégambie. Elles ont permis aux Européens de commercer librement en Sénégambie. Ainsi, à partir de Saint-Louis, premier établissement français fixe en Afrique construit en 1659, les Français entretiennent avec les souverains de la Sénégambie des relations commerciales basées sur le commerce des esclaves, de l’or, de la gomme, de l’ivoire, des vivres, de l’arachide, des peaux et d’autres produits de consommation. Jusqu’au XIXe siècle, il était quasi impossible pour les Européens de commercer sans payer les coutumes. Celles-ci représentaient le symbole de la souveraineté des États de la Sénégambie. Cependant, dans la seconde moitié du XIXe, les conflits et les abus répétitifs liés aux coutumes ainsi que le non-respect des engagements des chefs locaux qui devaient assurer aux commerçants européens la sécurité contribuèrent à la politique de suppression des coutumes initiée par le gouverneur Faidherbe en 1854.From the long period from the 17th to the 19th century, from the slave era to the colonial conquest, Senegambia's trading economy is dominated by two phases: the slave trade (17th-early 19th century) and legitimate trade (early 19th century). As early as the 17th century, European trading companies established themselves along the Senegalese coast in agreement with the sovereigns who granted them the right to build forts, to engage in trade and move freely on the rivers of their States. These agreements gave rise to the regular payment of taxes by European merchants more often in kind than in cash, governed by more or less stable rules, at highly variable rates depending on the economic, political and social context. These royalties, known as customs, were of two types: annual customs and casual or trade customs. Customs have had significant impacts on the politics, economy and societies of the States of Senegambia. They allowed Europeans to trade freely in Senegambia. Thus, from Saint-Louis, the first permanent French settlement in Africa built in 1659, the French maintained trade relations with the sovereigns of Senegal based on the trade in slaves, gold, gum, ivory, food, peanuts, hides and other consumer products. Until the 19th century, it was almost impossible for Europeans to trade without paying the customs. These represented the symbol of the sovereignty of the States of Senegambia. However, in the second half of the 19th century, the repeated conflicts and abuses linked to customs and the failure of local chiefs to respect commitments to provide security for European traders contributed to the policy of suppressing customs initiated by Governor Faidherbe in 1854
L’admission des conventions extra-statutaires dans le droit de l’OHADA
No full textThe revised uniform act governing the rights of commercial companies and economic interest groups did not create extra-statutory conventions. These existed well before its adoption. The OHADA legislator, wanting to prioritize the security of conventional relationships and the promotion of investments on African territory, proceeded to modify its uniform act of 1997 by adopting extra-statutory conventions. However, faced with the thorny question of the necessary respect for the principle of contractual freedom and the articulation between extra-statutory agreements, the provisions of the uniform act and the statutes, he finally ducked. Thus, he attempted to subtly embrace extra-statutory conventions through article 2-1 of his revised uniform act on commercial companies which came into force on January 30, 2014. Through his approach, he seems to want in an uncertain manner rectify an initial error or at least fill a legal void present in its old uniform act. It now establishes the supremacy of the legal provisions of the uniform act and the statutes over extra-statutory agreements and sets the legal requirements imposed on shareholders for the validity of their agreements. The review of theoretical and empirical literature made to article 2 of the uniform act on commercial companies, the OHADA legislator has not succeeded in removing the doubt on the determination of the law applicable to extra-statutory agreements, these still remain gorverned, to a large extent, by provisions relating to contract law. However, the reform is not without interest in the Senegalese business environment, it strengthens the already existing system for securing business and promoting investments.
Keywords : Conventions ; statutes ; associates ; freedom of contract ; shareholders
JEL Classification : K00, K2, K22
Paper type : Theoretical articleL’acte uniforme révisé portant droit des sociétés commerciales et du groupement d’intérêt économique n’a pas créé les conventions extra-statutaires. Celles-ci existent bien avant son adoption. Le législateur OHADA, en voulant privilégier la sécurité des rapports conventionnels et la promotion des investissements sur le territoire africain, a procédé à la modification de son acte uniforme de 1997 en adoptant les conventions extra-statutaires. Toutefois, devant l’épineuse question du nécessaire respect du principe de la liberté contractuelle et de l’articulation entre les accords extra-statutaires, les dispositions de l’acte uniforme et les statuts, il s’est finalement esquivé. Ainsi, il a tenté d’épouser subtilement les conventions extra-statutaires à travers l’article 2-1 de son acte uniforme révisé sur les sociétés commerciales entré en vigueur le 30 janvier 2014. À travers sa démarche, il semble vouloir de façon incertaine rectifier une erreur de départ ou du moins combler un vide juridique présent dans son acte uniforme ancien. Il consacre désormais la suprématie des dispositions légales de l’acte uniforme et des statuts sur les accords extra-statutaires et fixe les exigences légales qui s’imposent aux actionnaires pour la validité de leurs conventions. La revue de littérature théorique et empirique a permis de constater que malgré les modifications apportées à l’article 2 de l’acte uniforme sur les sociétés commerciales, le législateur OHADA n’a pas réussi à lever le doute sur la détermination du droit applicable aux conventions extra-statutaires, celles-ci restent encore régies, dans une large mesure, par des dispositions relevant du droit des contrats. Néanmoins, la réforme n’est pas sans intérêt dans l’environnement sénégalais des affaires, elle vient renforcer le dispositif déjà présent de sécurisation des affaires et de promotion des investissements.
Mots clés : Conventions ; statuts ; associés ; liberté contractuelle ; actionnaires.
Classification JEL : K00, K2, K22
Type du papier : Article théoriqu
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