19,881 research outputs found
Axial Variations and Entry Effects in a Pressure Screen
No full textPressure screens are used for contaminant removal and fibre length fractionation in the production of pulp and paper products. Axial variations and entry effects in the screen are known to occur and these variations have not been adequately quantified. This thesis describes a fundamental study of the axial variations of several factors that occur within an industrial pressure screen; namely, pulp consistency, fibre length distribution, rotor pressure pulse, and feed annulus tangential velocity.
Axial variations of pulp consistency in the screen annulus and the accept chamber of the screen were studied using an internal radial sampling method. Localised pulp samples were taken and evaluated and common measures of screen performance such as fibre passage ratio and fractionation efficiency were calculated along the screen. Consistency generally increased along the length of the screen although under certain conditions the consistency toward the front of the screen was lower than the feed consistency. A two passage ratio model that incorporated forward and reverse passage ratio was derived to elucidate the flow of both fibre and fluid through the screen and their effects on overall screen performance. The passage of fibre through the screen decreased with screen length which generally had a positive effect on the fractionation efficiency toward the back of the screen. The passage of individual fibre length fractions was also studied and it was found that long fibre had a much lower passage than short fibre which caused the average fibre length in the annulus to increase.
Rotor induced pressure pulse variations along the screen length were also investigated. The magnitude of the pressure pulse was significantly lower (up to 40 %) at the rear of the screen. The variation in pressure caused by the rotor is due to a Venturi effect and the shape of the rotor. The relative velocity of the fluid and the rotor, called the slip factor, also directly affects the size of the pressure pulse in the annulus. The slip factor decreases along the length of the screen due to the increase in tangential velocity of the fluid. Pressure pulse data was also used to estimate the instantaneous aperture velocity and back-flush ratio. The instantaneous aperture velocity was calculated to vary considerably from the superficial aperture velocity by up to 5 m/s in the forward direction and 10 m/s in the reverse direction.
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) was used to model tangential velocity changes in simplified screen annuli with axial through flow. For a smooth screen rotor the mean tangential velocity increased over the entire length of the annulus without reaching a maximum value. A step and bump rotor were modelled and the shape of the pressure pulses showed good agreement with experimentally measured pulses. The mean tangential velocity and the entrance length were found to be heavily dependant on the screen rotor used
Kajaanilaisten 7.-luokkalaisten ruutuaika ja heidän näkemyksiään ruutuajan terveysvaikutuksista
No full textNuoret viettävät yhä enemmän aikaa ruutulaitteiden äärellä. Ruutulaitteita ovat esimerkiksi älypuhelin, tietokone, televisio, tablet-laite ja erilaiset pelikonsolit. Ruutulaitteet ovat tänä päivänä tärkeitä sosiaalisen vuorovaikutuksen, opiskelun ja harrastamisen välineitä. Ruutulaitteet ja liiallinen ruutuaika vaikuttavat väistämättä nuorten hyvinvointiin. Tämän opinnäytetyön tavoitteena oli selvittää kajaanilaisten 7.-luokkalaisten käsityksiä ruutuajasta ja sen vaikutuksista hyvinvointiin. Tarkoituksena oli kuvata nuorten ruutukäyttäytymistä ja ruutuaikaan liittyviä terveyskäsityksiä. Lisäksi opinnäytetyössä haluttiin kuvata nuorten huoltajien roolia ruutuajan säätelyssä. Opinnäytetyön toimeksiantajana toimi Kajaanin kaupungin kulttuuri- ja opetuspalvelut.
Opinnäytetyön tutkimusprosessi toteutettiin määrällistä tutkimusmenetelmää käyttäen. Aineistonkeruu toteutettiin Webropol-ohjelman sähköisellä kyselylomakkeella syksyn 2020 ja talven 2021 aikana. Kyselylomakkeen kohderyhmänä oli Kajaanin yläasteiden 7.-luokkalaiset (n=208). Kyselyn vastausprosentti oli 59. Määrällinen aineisto analysoitiin Webropol-ohjelman avulla. Avoimiin tekstikenttiin annetut vastaukset analysoitiin luokittelemalla.
Tutkimusongelmat olivat seuraavat:
1. Minkä verran kajaanilaiset 7.-luokkalaiset viettävät ruutuaikaa?
2. Millä laitteilla nuoret viettävät ruutuaikaa?
3. Miten nuoret uskovat ruutuajan vaikuttavan hyvinvointiin?
4. Millaisia vaikutuksia nuoret ovat havainneet?
5. Miten huoltajat vaikuttavat nuorten ruutuaikaan?
Tuloksista ilmeni, että vain 5 % nuorista vietti ruutuaikasuosituksen mukaisesti 1-2 tuntia ruutuaikaa päivässä. Alle 20 % nuorista arvioi 1-2 tunnin päivittäisen ruutuajan sopivaksi. Enemmistö piti sopivana 3-4 tunnin päivittäistä ruutuaikaa. Vain puolet vastaajista oli kuullut ruutuajasta ja sen terveysvaikutuksista kerrottavan koulussa, mutta lähes kaikki kokivat tietävänsä aiheesta edes jonkin verran. 76 % vastaajista oli havainnut ruutuaikaan ja ruutulaitteiden käyttöön liittyviä terveyshaittoja. Puolella vastaajista ei ollut lainkaan ruutuaikaan ja ruutulaitteiden käyttöön liittyviä sääntöjä kotona. Tulosten mukaan nuoret olivat hyvin tietoisia ruutuajan vaikutuksesta uneen, aktiivisuuteen sekä mielenterveyteen. Ruutuajan vaikutuksista fyysiseen terveyteen tiedettiin vähemmän. Tietoa liiallisesta ruutuajasta ja sen terveysvaikutuksista tulisi tarjota yhä enemmän sekä nuorille että heidän huoltajilleen. Liialliseen ruutuaikaan sekä ruutuajan negatiivisten vaikutusten ehkäisyyn tulisi kiinnittää aiempaa enemmän huomiota nuorten terveyden ja hyvinvoinnin edistämiseksi. Jatkossa aihetta voisi tarkastella myös huoltajien näkökulmasta. Millaisena nuorten huoltajat kokevat nuorten ruutukäyttäytymisen, ruutuajan määrän ja ruutuaikaan liittyvät säännöt?Today’s adolescents spend an increasing amount of time using mobile phones, computers, televisions, tablets, and gaming devices. Screen devices have become important tools for hobbies, studying and maintaining social relationships. Screen devices and excessive screen time inevitably affect adolescents’ health and well-being, impacting especially their physical activity, sleep, musculoskeletal health, and mental well-being. The official screen time recommendation suggests that adolescents' screen time should be limited to a maximum of 2 hours a day.
This thesis was commissioned by the education and culture services of the city of Kajaani. The purpose of this thesis was to describe 7th -graders’ views on screen time and its effects on health and well-being at four upper comprehensive schools in the city of Kajaani. The purpose of this thesis was to examine the adolescents’ screen behaviour and their guardians’ role in regulating excessive screen time and the use of screen devices. This thesis aimed to provide the commissioner with data on adolescent’s screen behaviour and their need for information and guidance regarding screen time and its effects on health and well-being. The research questions were as follows: what was the amount of screen time spent daily by 7th -graders in Kajaani; what devices did the adolescents use to spend screen time on; what were the adolescents’ views on the effects screen time could have on health and well-being; what kind of effects had the adolescents noticed; and did guardians regulate adolescents' screen time and the use of screen devices?
This thesis was conducted using the quantitative research method. The data were collected with an electronic questionnaire of 23 questions generated on Webropol. Altogether 208 pupils answered the questionnaire making the answer percentage 59. The quantitative data was analyzed using Webropol Analytics and qualitative data using the inductive analysis method.
The results suggested that the majority of 7th -graders in Kajaani exceeded the daily screen time recommendation of 2 hours. Only about 5% of the adolescents spent less than 2 hours on screen a day. The adolescents’ views on the appropriate amount of daily screen time differed significantly from the official screen time recommendation: the majority considered screen time of 3 to 4 hours a day appropriate. Nearly all of the adolescents saw that they knew at least something about screen time and its effects on health and well-being. The results showed that adolescents were well aware of the effects screen time had on sleep, physical activity, and mental well-being. 76% of the adolescents had noticed adverse effects of screen time and screen devices. Only half of the adolescents had rules regarding screen time and use of screen devices at home.
In conclusion it can be stated that adolescents and their guardians should be provided with more information about screen time, the use of screen devices and the official screen time recommendation. Professionals working with adolescents should be taking more notice of excessive screen time and its adverse effects in order to promote adolescents’ health and well-being. Further studies could investigate adolescents’ screen time from their guardians’ point of view: what are their opinions on adolescents’ screen time, screen behaviour and rules regarding screen time
Screen printed layers of cds for solar cells
No full textIt is generally accepted nowadays that a significant cost reduction in terrestrial solar cell application could be brought about by investigating alternative fabrication techniques for solar cells. It is believed that screen printing (or the so called thick film technique) is one such technique which promises a potentially low cost method for fabricating flexible, large area solar energy conversion cells. The active research on this technique started in 1976 in Japan. However, it was not until 1983, that wide interest developed when the Matsushita group in Japan reported an efficiency of 12.8% for their entirely screen printed CdS/CdTe solar cells. This was the highest reported efficiency for any thin film solar cell. However, the details of the fabrication processes of these cells were not reported and several scientific groups in the world started to explore this technique. The first published report was in 1985. In the last few years these groups have reported results on various aspects of this technique. Nevertheless there are still major parameters to be investigated. This thesis represents a concise reference for the application of the screen printing technique to solar cells. In the course of this study many new investigations have been made which supplement the previous work by other groups. Starting with a pure CdS powder with suitable grain size and distribution is a prerequisite for achieving the best morphological and electrical behaviour of screen printed layers of CdS. Careful paste mixing is of uppermost importance which can override any other parameters involved in the fabrication processes. It is essential to impose restricted sintering conditions for adequate utilization of the doping and fluxing function of the CdCl(_2) material. Standardization of the printing, preparation and sintering conditions involved in the fabrication processes were necessary to ensure reproducible CdS layers. Good quality screen printed layers were fabricated on soda lime substrates. The significance of other substrate materials for CdS preparation was also investigated and optimum substrate choice is suggested. The properties of the CdS screen printed layers were investigated by forming simple Schottky devices and more complicated heterojunction solar cells. Good rectification behaviour of the Schottky diodes was achieved. The CdS/CdTe solar cells revealed a wide spectral response. However, the photovoltaic behaviour was relatively poor largely due to the high resistivity of the CdTe part of the cell structure
Arctic sea ice at 1.5 and 2 °c
No full textThis is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Springer Nature via the DOI in this recordIn the Paris Agreement, nations committed to a more ambitious climate policy target, aiming to limit global warming to 1.5 °C rather than 2 °C above pre-industrial levels. Climate models now show that achieving the 1.5 °C goal would make a big difference for Arctic sea ice
Kasvatus, toimijuus ja voimaantuminen : kasvatusantropologinen tutkimus andalusialaisten naisten arjesta
No full textTiedostavaan lähestymistapaan ja kasvatusantropologiseen tutkimusotteeseen tukeutumalla voidaan rakentaa kulttuurisensitiivistä tietoa, joka avaa tutkittavan ilmiön merkityskenttiä sen toimijoiden näkökulmasta. Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan, miten kasvatusantropologista utkimusotetta voidaan hyödyntää kasvatuksen ja koulutuksen tutkimuksessa huomioimalla sen vaihtuvat tarkastelukulmat ja epistemologiselta taustaltaan erilaiset käsitykset tutkittavasta ilmiöstä.
Tutkimus paikantuu Etelä-Espanjaan, andalusialaiseen urbaaniin kylään. Tutkimusaineisto tuotettiin kolme vuotta kestäneen etnografisen kenttätyön aikana. Tutkimusprosessi tukeutui refleksiiviseen ja dialogiseen tiedon tuottamisen tapaan sekä menetelmä-,aineisto- ja teoriatriangulaatioon. Tutkimusaineisto analysoitiin hyödyntäen etnografista lukutapaa sekä sisällön erittelyn ja temaattisen koodauksen keinoja. Tekstissä rakennetaan vuoropuhelua kulttuurin sisäisen ja teoreettisen viitekehyksen välille. Tutkimus koostuu avainkäsitteiden erittelystä sekä etnografisesta kontekstin, ilmiön ja tutkimusprosessin kuvauksesta.
Kontekstin aikuisikäisten naisten toimijuudet näyttäytyivät moninaisina ja jatkuvan neuvottelun kohteina. Kontekstissa vaikuttivat rinnakkain vahvat, historialliskulttuuriset naisten toimijuutta määrittävät perinteet sekä yhteiskunnalliset muutokset ja yksilölähtöiset muutostarpeet. Näistä edeltävät tukivat tapaistunutta, kodin ja perheen ympärille kietoutunutta toimijuutta. Kontekstissa vallalla olleet reunaehdot loivat kokemusta rajoittuneesta toimijuudesta. Muutokset ja muutostarpeet puolestaan tukivat neuvotteluja ammatillisesta ja aktiivisesta toimijuudesta.
Yhteisöllisellä tasolla muutostarpeisiin oli vastattu erilaisilla, aikuisille naisille suunnatuilla non-formaaleilla ja formaaleilla kasvatus- ja koulutustapahtumilla. Tekstissä lähestytään toteutettuja koulutuksellisia kokonaisuuksia voimaantumisen näkökulmasta. Kontekstin tarpeet ja haasteet huomioivat koulutukselliset tapahtumat edistivät naisten kriittistä ja tiedostavaa oman paikan, tarpeiden, mahdollisuuksien ja rajojen hahmottamista. Ne antoivat välineitä ja tukea vaikuttamiseen sekä muutoksen toteuttamiseen.
Tutkimusprosessin osallistuva, osallistava ja tiedostava tutkimusote aktivoi tutkimukseen osallistuneita naisia. Omista kokemuksista ja näkemyksistä puhuminen vahvisti tunnetta oman elämän merkityksellisyydestä.With a conscious, educational-anthropological research approach one can produceculturally sensitive information of the research phenomenon and its various meanings from the viewpoint of subjects in the field. In this study, it is evaluated how the anthropologicalapproach can be utilized in educational research by examining various analytical viewpoints and epistemologically diverse understandings about the research phenomenon.
The research was done in Southern Spain, in an urban Andalusian village. The research data were obtained during three years of ethnographic field work. The research process was based on reflective and dialogic ways of producing knowledge as well as on method, data, and theory triangulations. The data were analyzed by using ethnographic interpretation and thematic coding. The research report includes a dialogue between the culture-specific nd theoretical frameworks. The study consists of an analysis of key concepts, descriptions of the ethnographic context, phenomenon, and research process.
The adult women’s agency within the research context seemed manifold and target of constant negotiations. Strong historical-cultural traditions defining women’s agency appeared side by side with societal changes and individual-based needs for changes. The former supported routine based agency intertwined around home and family. Prevailing conditions provided women with a sense of limited agency. Changes and needs for change supported negotiations about professional and active agency.
At the communal level, needs for change were met with various non-formal and formal educational events aimed at adult women. The educational entities are analyzed from the point of view of empowerment. Events which took contextual needs and challenges into account enhanced women’s ability to conceive their place, needs, and opportunities critically and consciously. These events also provided women with the means and support to influence and realize change.
The participatory, participating, and conscious research approaches activated the research participants. Discussing their own experiences and opinions strengthened women’s sense of the meaningfulness of their lives.ei tietoa saavutettavuudest
A mosaic genetic screen for novel mutations affecting Drosophila neuroblast divisions
No full textBackground: The asymmetric segregation of determinants during cell division is a fundamental mechanism for generating cell fate diversity during development. In Drosophila, neural precursors (neuroblasts) divide in a stem cell-like manner generating a larger apical neuroblast and a smaller basal ganglion mother cell. The cell fate determinant Prospero and its adapter protein Miranda are asymmetrically localized to the basal cortex of the dividing neuroblast and segregated into the GMC upon cytokinesis. Previous screens to identify components of the asymmetric division machinery have concentrated on embryonic phenotypes. However, such screens are reaching saturation and are limited in that the maternal contribution of many genes can mask the effects of zygotic loss of function, and other approaches will be necessary to identify further genes involved in neuroblast asymmetric division.
Results: We have performed a genetic screen in the third instar larval brain using the basal localization of Miranda as a marker for neuroblast asymmetry. In addition to the examination of pupal lethal mutations, we have employed the MARCM (Mosaic Analysis with a Repressible Cell Marker) system to generate postembryonic clones of mutations with an early lethal phase. We have screened a total of 2,300 mutagenized chromosomes and isolated alleles affecting cell fate, the localization of basal determinants or the orientation of the mitotic spindle. We have also identified a number of complementation groups exhibiting defects in cell cycle progression and cytokinesis, including both novel genes and new alleles of known components of these processes.
Conclusion: We have identified four mutations which affect the process of neuroblast asymmetric division. One of these, mapping to the imaginal discs arrested locus, suggests a novel role for the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) in the targeting of determinants to the basal cortex. The identification and analysis of the remaining mutations will further advance our understanding of the process of asymmetric cell division. We have also isolated a number of mutations affecting cell division which will complement the functional genomics approaches to this process being employed by other laboratories. Taken together, these results demonstrate the value of mosaic screens in the identification of genes involved in neuroblast division
Simulated Atmospheric Response to Regional and Pan-Arctic Sea-Ice Loss
No full textThis is the final version of the article. Available from American Meteorological Society via the DOI in this record.The loss of Arctic sea-ice is already having profound environmental, societal and ecological
impacts locally. A highly uncertain area of scientific research, however, is whether such Arctic
change has a tangible effect on weather and climate at lower latitudes. There is emerging
evidence that the geographical location of sea-ice loss is critically important in determining
the large-scale atmospheric circulation response and associated mid-latitude impacts.
However, such regional dependencies have not been explored in a thorough and systematic
manner. To make progress on this issue, this study analyses ensemble simulations with an
atmospheric general circulation model prescribed with sea-ice loss separately in nine regions
of the Arctic, to elucidate the distinct responses to regional sea-ice loss. The results suggest
that in some regions sea-ice loss triggers large-scale dynamical responses whereas in other
regions sea-ice loss induces only local thermodynamical changes. Sea-ice loss in the Barents-
Kara Sea is unique in driving a weakening of the stratospheric polar vortex, followed in time
by a tropospheric circulation response that resembles the North Atlantic Oscillation. For
October-to-March, the largest spatial-scale responses are driven by sea-ice loss in the
Barents-Kara Sea and Sea of Okhotsk; however, different regions assume greater importance
in other seasons. The atmosphere responds very differently to regional sea-ice losses than to
pan-Arctic sea-ice loss, and the latter cannot be obtained by linear addition of the responses
to regional sea-ice losses. The results imply that diversity in past studies of the simulated
response to Arctic sea-ice loss can be partly explained by the different spatial patterns of sea-
ice loss imposed.This work was supported
by Natural Environment Research Council grants NE/J019585/1 and NE/M006123/1
The missing Northern European winter cooling response to Arctic sea ice loss
No full textThis is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available on open access from the publisher via the DOI in this recordObservational data sets were provided by the NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory and Met Office Hadley CentreReductions in Arctic sea ice may promote the negative phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation
(NAO-). It has been argued that NAO-related variability can be used an as analogue to predict the
effects of Arctic sea ice loss on mid-latitude weather. Since NAO- events are associated with colder
winters over Northern Europe, a negatively-shifted NAO has been proposed as a dynamical
pathway for Arctic sea ice loss to cause Northern European cooling. This study uses large-ensemble
atmospheric simulations with prescribed ocean surface conditions to examine how seasonal-scale
NAO- events are affected by Arctic sea ice loss. Despite an intensification of NAO- events,
reflected by more prevalent easterly flow, sea ice loss doesn’t lead to Northern European winter
cooling, and daily cold extremes actually decrease. The dynamical cooling from the changed NAO
is “missing” because it is offset (or exceeded) by a thermodynamical effect owing to advection of
warmer air masses.Natural Environment Research Council grants
NE/J019585/1, NE/M006123/1 and NE/P006760/
Tekoäly työkaluna keramiikan lasitetutkimuksessa: vaaleanpunainen lasite tina- ja kromioksidilla
No full textThis empirical study developed a pink ceramic glaze using the AI-based tool ChatGPT 4o to support design and analysis.
Starting from the June Perry Pink glaze recipe, modifications were made through several test series to adapt it for oxidation firing at approximately 1240 °C. The effects of tin oxide (SnO₂) and chromium oxide (Cr₂O₃) on color and surface quality were tested on white casting porcelain and stoneware clay bodies.
The goal was to create a technically sound and visually appealing pink glaze, while evaluating AI's potential in glaze research. ChatGPT was especially helpful in recipe modification, Seger formula calculations, test planning, and troubleshooting. However, limitations emerged in accuracy and reliability, including the risk of confidently delivered false information (hallucination). AI suggestions required critical review and expert comparison.
Ethical use of AI followed guidelines by Aalto University and the Finnish National Board on Research Integrity: AI was used as a tool, not a co-author, and its role is transparently disclosed.
The most successful result was achieved with 4% tin oxide and 0.1% chromium oxide. A second series performed poorly due to chemical imbalance and incorrect material ratios. The study shows that when used responsibly and critically, AI can support ceramic research without replacing empirical testing or material expertise.Tässä empiirisessä tutkimuksessa kehitettiin vaaleanpunainen keramiikkalasite käyttämällä suunnittelun ja analyysin tukena tekoälypohjaista ChatGPT 4o -ohjelmaa.
Tutkimuksen lähtökohtana oli June Perry Pink -lasiteresepti, jota muokattiin useiden testisarjojen avulla sopivaksi korkeampaan, noin 1240 °C:n hapettavaan polttolämpötilaan. Lasitetesteissä tutkittiin tinaoksidin (SnO₂) ja kromioksidin (Cr₂O₃) määrien vaikutusta lasitteen väriin ja rakenteeseen kahdella eri savipohjalla: valkoisella valusavella sekä kivitavarasavella.
Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli kehittää teknisesti toimiva ja esteettisesti onnistunut vaaleanpunainen lasite, sekä arvioida tekoälyn käyttökelpoisuutta lasitetutkimuksen välineenä. Tekoäly osoittautui hyödylliseksi erityisesti reseptien muokkauksessa, Segerin kaavojen laskemisessa, testiohjelman suunnittelussa ja ongelmanratkaisussa. Samalla se paljasti rajoitteensa erityisesti matemaattisessa tarkkuudessa ja koostumuslaskennassa. Ongelmaksi muodostui niin kutsuttu hallusinointi, eli tekoälyn itsevarmasti antama virheellinen tieto ja kyvyttömyys arvioida sen tuottaman sisällön järkevyyttä. Tekoälyn tuottamat ehdotukset vaativat käyttäjältä valppautta niiden arvioinnissa: on tärkeää arvioida ehdotuksia kriittisesti ja verrata tuloksia asiantuntijatietoon.
Tutkimuksen aikana pohdin myös tekoälyn käytön eettisiä ulottuvuuksia opiskelussa ja tutkimustyössä. Tekoälyn käyttöä ohjasivat Aalto-yliopiston ja Tutkimuseettisen neuvottelukunnan antamat ohjeistukset: tekoälyä käytettiin vain apuvälineenä, ei kirjoittajana, ja sen rooli tutkimusprosessissa on esitetty läpinäkyvästi.
Ensimmäisen koesarjan paras lopputulos saavutettiin reseptillä, jossa oli 4 % tinaoksidia ja 0,1 % kromioksidia. Toisen koesarjan tulokset jäivät selkeästi heikommiksi erityisesti reseptin kemiallisen epätasapainon ja raaka-aineiden virheellisten suhteiden vuoksi. Tutkimus osoittaa, että ChatGPT voi toimia hyödyllisenä apuna keramiikan tutkimuksessa, kun sen käyttö on vastuullista, läpinäkyvää ja kriittisesti ohjattua. Tekoäly ei korvaa empiiristä testausta tai materiaalien syvällistä tuntemusta, mutta voi toimia tukena tutkimusprosessin eri vaiheissa
Influence of Arctic Sea-Ice Loss in Autumn Compared to that in Winter on the Atmospheric Circulation (dataset)
No full textThis dataset contains the simulated sea ice concentration, sea ice thickness, surface air temperature, sea level pressure, zonal wind speeds, and polar cap heights that occur in response to year-round and autumn-only sea-ice loss.The article associated with this dataset is located in ORE at: http://hdl.handle.net/10871/36526This is the dataset used for the Blackport & Screen (2019) article "Influence of Arctic Sea-Ice Loss in Autumn Compared to that in Winter on the Atmospheric Circulation" published in Geophysical Research Letters.Natural Environment Research Counci
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