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Comprehensive Evaluation of Electricity Market Design Elements for the Strategic Integration of Renewable Energies
Full text linkUna delle sfide principali della transizione energetica verso un sistema energetico decarbonizzato è il bilanciamento del sistema energetico con una quota crescente di risorse decentralizzate e intrinsecamente fluttuanti. Tale bilanciamento è generalmente distinto da due approcci: il bilanciamento attivo e il cosiddetto bilanciamento passivo. Da un lato, il bilanciamento attivo implica l'attivazione esplicita delle risorse controllabili, mentre il bilanciamento passivo descrive l'approccio implicito intorno a schemi di prezzi di sbilanciamento per risorse controllabili e non controllabili. Mentre entrambi gli approcci hanno potenzialmente lo stesso effetto, il dibattito accademico sulla loro efficacia e sugli effetti collaterali è vivace. Insieme a questo, le adozioni normative dei rispettivi schemi variano ancora notevolmente tra i diversi paesi europei.
Gli studi presentati in questa tesi mirano a contribuire al dibattito sugli elementi dei meccanismi di bilanciamento per accelerare l'integrazione delle risorse energetiche rinnovabili e decentralizzate (DER) nei sistemi elettrici e nei mercati connessi. Lo studio si basa sulla seguente triade: punti di vista teorici come discussi nel contesto accademico, sviluppi del quadro normativo come introdotto a livello europeo, e risultati empirici che emergono da ampie analisi numeriche di dati del mercato italiano.
Una prima serie di studi indaga le implicazioni dell'integrazione del bilanciamento attivo per le DER. Il progetto italiano UVAM su larga scala con più di 1.000 MW di nuovi asset decentralizzati aggiunti al mercato dei servizi di dispacciamento è rivisto. I casi di studio indagano le opportunità di business emerse per le DER in questo contesto. Analizzando la fornitura di bilanciamento attivo dal punto di vista di un parco eolico e di una batteria, si quantifica il potenziale economico e si evidenziano le sfide in termini di fattori locali, strategie di prezzo adeguate e le implicazioni degli incentivi concomitanti.
Una seconda serie di studi si concentra invece sugli elementi per l'integrazione del bilanciamento passivo. Confrontando otto diversi schemi di prezzi di sbilanciamento con diverse regole di prezzo e prodotti, lo studio completo affronta un ampio spettro di elementi come attualmente applicati in Europa. Un ulteriore punto focale riguarda il dimensionamento delle aree di prezzo di sbilanciamento, un elemento per il quale sono state fornite finora poche prove empiriche. I risultati suggeriscono l'implementazione di aree di prezzo di sbilanciamento locali per trasmettere un incentivo di bilanciamento mirato. Il dimensionamento dinamico aumenta ulteriormente l'efficienza, mentre le grandi macro-aree diluiscono significativamente i segnali di prezzo locali e impongono oneri ingiustificati ai singoli partecipanti di mercato.
Un'ultima serie di studi combina i casi di studio precedenti e indaga l'approccio dell'integrazione completa del bilanciamento. Attraverso l'impilamento del valore dei componenti di bilanciamento attivo e passivo, viene evidenziata l'interazione tra diverse integrazioni di bilanciamento per le DER. In un'ottimizzazione multiperiodale e multistadio di una centrale virtualmente aggregata composta da un'unità fotovoltaica e da un'unità power-to-gas, viene simulato il pieno potenziale di flessibilità con disposizioni di servizio esplicite e implicite. I risultati suggeriscono che il value stacking può fornire maggiori ricavi del 40-100% rispetto alle pure interazioni del mercato day-ahead, ma evidenziano anche la complessità e le conseguenti sfide delle operazioni di mercato intrecciate. Inoltre, consentendo le sinergie dietro il contatore (virtuale), le unità precedentemente anelastiche si fondono con i complementi controllabili e diventano in somma sensibili al prezzo. Così l'apertura per il bilanciamento completo con il bilanciamento attivo e passivo combinato darebbe un ulteriore impulso alla necessaria integrazione delle DER.One of the overarching challenges of the energy transition towards a decarbonized power system is balancing the power system with an increasing share of decentralized and inherently fluctuating resources. Such balancing is generally distinguished by two approaches: active and so-called passive balancing. On the one hand, active balancing implies the explicit activation of controllable resources, while passive balancing, on the other hand, describes the implicit approach around imbalance pricing schemes for both controllable and non-controllable resources. While both approaches potentially have the same effect, the academic debate about their effectiveness and side effects is vivid. Along with that, regulatory adoptions of imbalance pricing still vary notably among different European power systems.
The studies presented in this thesis aim to contribute to the debate on market design elements of balancing mechanisms to step up the successful integration of renewable and decentral energy resources (DERs) in power systems and connected markets. The study is based on the following triad: theoretical viewpoints as discussed in the academic discourse, regulatory framework developments as introduced at the European level, and empirical findings emerging from extensive numerical analyses of Italian market data.
A first set of studies investigates the implications of active balancing integration for DERs. The large-scale Italian UVAM project with more than 1,000 MW of new capacity from decentral assets added to the ancillary services market is critically reviewed. While the project's economic performance left space for improvement in the first 18 months of operation, subsequent case studies investigate the business opportunities that emerged for DERs under this framework. Analyzing active balancing provision from the perspective of a wind farm and a utility-scale battery energy storage unit quantifies the economic potential and highlights the challenges in terms of locational factors, adequate pricing strategies, and the implications of concurrent incentives.
A second set of studies focuses on market design elements for passive balancing integration instead. By comparing eight different imbalance pricing schemes with varying pricing rules and balancing products being considered, the comprehensive study confronts a broad spectrum of design elements as currently applied in Europe. An additional focus point concerns the sizing of imbalance pricing areas, a design element for which little empirical evidence has been provided so far. Findings suggest implementing local imbalance price areas to transmit a purposeful balancing incentive. Dynamic sizing further increases efficiency, whereas large macro-areas dilute local price signals significantly and impose unjustified burdens on individual market participants. Welfare analysis of exemplary wind farm and PV operators underline the detrimental effects and complement the set of studies.
A last set of studies combines previous case studies and investigates the third approach of full balancing integration. Through value stacking of both active and passive balancing components, the interplay between different balancing integrations for DERs is highlighted. In a multi-period and multi-stage optimization of a virtually aggregated plant consisting of a PV and power-to-gas unit, the full flexibility potential with explicit and implicit service provisions is simulated. Findings suggest that value stacking can provide enhanced revenues of 40-100% compared to pure day-ahead market interactions but also highlight the complexity and resulting challenges of intertwined market operations. Furthermore, by enabling synergies behind the (virtual) meter, previously inelastic units merge with controllable complements and turn in sum price sensitive. Thus the opening for full balancing with combined active and passive balancing would demonstrably further boost the necessary integration of DERs
Concurrent control of MV and LV networks for ancillary services provision
No full textIn many countries, in the last years, there has been a wide spread of Distributed Generation (DG) from renewable sources at MV and LV level. The distribution network is eventually changing from a passive structure to an active protagonist of a dynamic, low carbon and reliable energy market. On the other hand, this change could lead to a power quality depletion and to threats to the safety of the network itself. In this work, a concurrent control strategy is proposed to coordinate the prosumers with the aim of improving the reliability of the distribution network. The control scheme is based on an adaptive-area-based method and a multi-conductor Power Flow. In this way, it is possible to monitor the voltage unbalance among the phases while managing voltage and current magnitudes
Integration of Flexibility from Distributed Energy Resources: Mapping the Innovative Italian Pilot Project UVAM
Full text linkIn light of the advancing energy transition and an increasing amount of intermittent renewable energy to be integrated, flexibility from distributed energy resources will be key. In this paper, the Italian UVAM (Unità Virtuali Abilitate Miste, i.e., virtually aggregated mixed units) project, one of the biggest pilots in Europe to serve this purpose, is critically reviewed and mapped after two years of operation. The pilot is analyzed on a global level as well as the individual participant level. Based on the extensive analysis of actual market data, different strategies of participating companies to obtain capacity in accordance with the pilot project’s design are identified. Furthermore, the specific bidding strategies of individual participating units on the balancing market are outlined. Alongside this, the overall pilot project’s market integration, in terms of offered and accepted bids, is depicted. The thorough data analysis, therefore, serves as an input and fundamental building block for future electricity market modeling. Comprehending specific data from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, provides insights for future high renewable-energy scenarios. Based on the analysis findings, valuable deliverables are devised for both policy-makers and decision-makers who aim to leverage the flexibility potential of distributed resources
Opening the Ancillary Service Market: New Opportunities for Energy Storage Systems in Italy
Full text linkIn this work a new approach is proposed to evaluate the economic potential of battery storage systems in the Italian ASM. Moving from a two-year dataset, a bidding strategy and the Italian balancing market are modeled. An accurate representation of market constraints and timeframes provide deterministic economic results of a battery storage bidding on either balancing market only or on both intraday energy market and services market, assessing the current structure of the UVAM project as well.openEmbargo temporaneo per motivi di segretezza e/o di proprietà dei risultati e/o informazioni sensibil
The impact of the generation mix on electricity market prices: a comparative analysis at European level
Full text linkThe goal of this thesis is to investigate the impact of non-programmable renewable energy generation mix on Italian and Spanish electricity markets by studying electricity price in the spot electricity market. Specifically, to investigate whether different energy sources have a different impact on the price, whether and or how much this is varying from different market zones and whether the impact is on general, daily-basis or maybe rather on an hourly basis.ope
L'apertura del mercato del dispacciamento in Italia alle fonti rinnovabili: il caso studio di un parco eolico
Full text linkL'apertura del mercato del dispacciamento a nuove tecnologie a seguito del progetto pilota di Terna: UVAM. Cause e conseguenze dell'apertura, procedure già attuate e in attuazione . Analisi del comportamento di un parco eolico in tale mercato.ope
End-users aggregation: a review of key elements for future applications
No full textFostered by recent regulatory framework enhancements and a considerable innovation push, the formerly abstract end-user aggregation is becoming reality in an increasing number ofEuropean energy marketsthrough the digital connection of distributed energysystems. This paper gives an overview of conceptual implementation models forenergy aggregators in the European contextand how they integrate intothe current market structure. To highlight and explain the resulting opportunitiesof such, a generic energy aggregator business model canvas is elaboratedand confronted with the respective business models of three different actually implemented energy aggregators. Based on these, effects on energy markets and their present participants are derived as well askey elements for future application presented
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
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