1,720,964 research outputs found
Consolidating Power: Technology, Ideology, and Philadelphia\u27s Growth in the Early Republic
Get PDFConsiders how during the 1780\u27s-1820\u27s wealthy Philadelphians adopted the British institutional structure of the corporation for purposes of organizing Philadelphia\u27s economic and political life and how the corporate form was used to reconstruct and consolidate economic and political power. The corporation was part of a variety of nexus technologies that included canals and markets. These new social technologies allowed the coordination of physical and financial activities across greater distances, without relying on older forms of face-to-face control and coordination, thus permitting new elites to gain power as older, local patrician elites were displaced. These new corporate forms needed the legal sanctioning and financial support of state government. Corporate leaders lobbied for laws benefiting corporations and employed libertarian and republican rhetoric to gain public support
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Officers of Early Republic Philadelphia Corporations
No full textA large and representative but not exhaustive compilation of the elected and appointed officers of Philadelphia-area business corporations from the 1780s through the 1830s. It includes the officers of banks, insurance companies, turnpike companies, bridge companies, canal companies, river navigation companies, and railroad companies
A study in seasons: Disease, crop failure, and hunger c. 1774-1800
No full textThe chapter discusses four seasons: winter, the campaigning season of summer and autumn, spring, and the rainy season in Sierra Leone, where formerly enslaved colonists migrated. Weather and climate acted upon soldiers, civilians, Native Americans, and people of African descent, who in turn reacted. In springtime people learned about crop failures the previous autumn, hoarded food and gouged prices, and migrated in search of better options. Summer, autumn, and the rainy season fostered malaria, yellow fever, meat spoilage, cattle deaths, insect pests, and hurricanes. People responded with campaigns of crop destruction and animal theft, and by rioting. Wintertime made apparent scurvy and salt shortages. Soldiers and Native Americans relocated to forts, Indigenous peoples ate more famine foods, and everyone suffered from the sense of isolation that arose from a dearth in news. Throughout the revolution, people suffered from the smallpox, mutinies, and self interest that challenged humans’ resilience
Diseases, ecology, and environmental disruption
No full textThe chapter discusses four seasons: winter, the campaigning season of summer and autumn, spring, and the rainy season in Sierra Leone, where formerly enslaved colonists migrated. Weather and climate acted upon soldiers, civilians, Native Americans, and people of African descent, who in turn reacted. In springtime people learned about crop failures the previous autumn, hoarded food and gouged prices, and migrated in search of better options. Summer, autumn, and the rainy season fostered malaria, yellow fever, meat spoilage, cattle deaths, insect pests, and hurricanes. People responded with campaigns of crop destruction and animal theft, and by rioting. Wintertime made apparent scurvy and salt shortages. Soldiers and Native Americans relocated to forts, Indigenous peoples ate more famine foods, and everyone suffered from the sense of isolation that arose from a dearth in news. Throughout the Revolution, people suffered from the smallpox, mutinies, and self-interest that challenged humans’ resilience
Little Founders on the Small Screen: Interpreting a Multicultural American Revolution for Children’s Television
Get PDFFrom 2002 to 2004, the children’s animated series Liberty’s Kids aired on the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS), the United States’ public television network. It runs over forty half-hour episodes and features a stellar cast, including such celebrities as Walter Cronkite, Michael Douglas, Yolanda King, Whoopi Goldberg, Billy Crystal, Arnold Schwarzenegger, Liam Neeson, and Annette Bening. Television critics generally loved it, and there are now college students who can trace their interest in the American Revolution to having watched this series when they were children. At the turn of the twenty-first century, it is the most extended and in-depth encounter with the American Revolution that most young people in the United States are likely to have encountered, and is appropriately patriotic and questioning, celebratory and chastening. Although children certainly learn a great deal about multiculturalism from popular culture, the tropes and limitations of depicting history on television trend toward personification, toward reduced complexity and, for children, toward resisting examining the darker sides of human experience. As this essay suggests, the genre’s limits match the limits of a multicultural history in its attempt to show diversity and agency during a time when ‘‘ liberty and justice for all ’’ proved to be more apt as an aspiration at best and an empty slogan at worst than as an accurate depiction of the society that proclaimed it. This essay is not an effort to be, as Robert Sklar put it, a ‘‘ historian cop,’’ policing the accuracy of the series by patrolling for inaccuracies. Rather, it is a consideration of the inherent difficulties of trying to apply a multicultural sensibility to a portrayal of the American Revolution
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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