1,721,001 research outputs found
Sort of cool, or stigma? A sociological study about youth, smoking and identity
No full text-Arbeidet handler om hvordan røykere beskriver og begrunner egen røyking i en sosial og kulturell sammenheng. Analysen fokuserer på hvordan røyking får betydning for opplevelse og utforming av identitet.
Røykeidentitet
Analysene er basert på dybdeintervjuer med 21 røykere mellom 18 og 23 år, i tillegg til en spørreundersøkelse om av og til-røyking med ca 2500 ungdommer mellom 16 og 19 år.
I intervjuene ble røykeridentitet ofte knyttet til individualitet, opposisjon og tøffhet. De unge røykerne snakket også om røyking som trøst, avslapning og avkobling. Disse fortellingene stemmer overens med hva røyking tradisjonelt har betydd og blitt brukt til.
Røyking i et tobakksnegativt klima
Samtidig oppstår nye fortellinger i et mer tobakksnegativt sosialt klima. Røykerne skaper disse både for å yte motstand og forhandle med samfunnet rundt. Å røyke i kontrollerte former – bare av og til, og på bestemte måter – ble for eksempel gjort til noe annet og mer akseptabelt enn røyking generelt. I analysen forstås dette som å skape en røykeridentitet som ikke handler om å være avhengig eller sosialt marginalisert.
Studien ser på røyking som en handling med sentral betydning i ungdoms hverdagsliv. Samtidig peker analysen på at den meningen røyking har er skapt innenfor bestemte sosiale og kulturelle rammer, og kan endres.While the research literature on youth smoking is extensive and has identified important risk factors for tobacco use, it has until recently paid little attention to the significance of the social meaning of smoking in the context of people’s everyday life. Instead, smoking has primarily been seen as individual level health behaviour or as the result of individual problems. An understanding of smokers’ self-definition in relation to tobacco use is important in order to understand more about how factors correlated with smoking are important.
In this study, young adult smokers’ accounts of their experiences with smoking are analyzed with a view to exploring the positioning of smoking in constructions of identity. How young adults who smoke talk about themselves as smokers, and the meanings they construct in relation to their smoking have been of particular interest, together with the context in which these meanings and identity constructions appear. Possible implications of the findings for the design of health promotion approaches targeting young smokers are also discussed.
The thesis consists of four papers and an introduction that summarises empirical, theoretical and methodological issues related to all four papers. Paper 1 is based on a survey (N=2484) among adolescents aged 16 to 19, the three other are based on in-depth interviews with 21 male and female smokers aged 18-23.
Paper 1 shows how adolescent occasional smokers differ from daily smokers in educational choices and in cultural identification and -preferences. In each area, daily smokers tend to make choices that correlate with lower cultural capital levels. Occasional smokers also show greater confidence in ability to quit smoking, and in the belief that they will not be smokers by age 25. Occasional smoking is interpreted as a means to construct an identity of control and of difference from daily smoking.
Paper 2 explores young smokers’ accounts of continuing to smoke, in a context of increasing structural and symbolic pressure to quit. It shows how the interviewees described themselves in various ways as ‘in control’ of their smoking, discursively rejecting addiction. They also spoke about control in accounts of calculation of risk of ill health, and of compensating for smoking by other health promoting lifestyles. At the same time the interviewees talked about smoking in a way that opposed this rational discourse, highlighting pleasure and an emotional and metaphysical side of smoking.
Paper 3 discusses the role of cigarette brands and cigarette package design in young smokers' constructions of smoker identities. Brand choice was described as enabling the communication of personal characteristics, social identity and positions in hierarchies of status. The cigarette package appeared as an important element in these brand images. The paper concludes that branding and package design appears to function to promote tobacco products by means of similar principles that make advertising effective: by creating preferences, differentiation and identification.
Paper 4 describes three key identities that were read out of the interviewees’ accounts: the performative smoker, a construction related mainly to smoking initiation, the defensive smoker and the negotiating smoker. The smoker identities as constructed by young adult smokers in this study appeared to be characterized by considerable contradiction: a ‘split vision’ of classical positive meanings of smoking as a symbol of freedom, courage and individuality together with conflicting yet parallel meanings positioned by a strong discourse of smoking as stigma, immoral and undistinguished.
Theoretical perspectives on identity, distinction and self-monitoring are applied to explore young adults’ accounts of smoking in this work. The analysis points to how the visibility of smoking can make it a useful medium for communicating messages of identity to others, as well as to oneself
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Virksom uvirksomhet? Pauser som arenaer for følelsesmessig berøring og biografisk bevegelse
Full text linkNoe av det som karakteriserer pauser er at de er situasjoner der vi i utgangspunktet ikke gjør noe. ââ¬ÂPausingââ¬Â handler om uvirksomhet: Det vi ofte kaller tom tid. I denne artikkelen vil vi belyse situasjoner der klienter og personale på en behandlingsinstitusjon for rusmiddelmisbrukere tar pause fra den terapeutiske virksomheten. Vi beskriver hvordan pausene de tar sammen kan vise seg å være rike, mektige og terapeutisk betydningsfulle situasjoner. Med utgangspunkt i Goffmans og Collinsââ¬â¢ mikrointeraksjonisme og en omvendt versjon av Beckers stemplingsteori analyseres hvordan ââ¬Âpausingââ¬Â innenfor rammene av en behandlingsinstitusjon for rusmiddelmisbrukere kan arte seg som stemplingsprosesser med en positiv karriereretning som kan bevege folk inn i nye og alternative identiteter
Perceptions of relative risk of disease and addiction from cigarettes and snus
Full text linkThe public is largely unaware of the lower global risk associated with snus compared to that of cigarettes, but little is known of perceptions of relative risks for specific diseases. Inveterate, daily and non-daily smokers’ perceptions of the relative snus/cigarette risk of cardiovascular disease, and of cancer of the lung, stomach, and oral cavity, and perceptions among smokers, snus users and dual users of the relative risk of nicotine addiction, was studied in a pooled sample from annual national surveys (2008-2011) performed by Statistics Norway.
The total sample included 2661 ever smokers and snus users aged 15-79 years old. 53 per cent were men, and the average age was 46.1 years. Compared to medical consensus, all smoker groups overestimated the relative risks of diseases from snus use, and inveterate smokers overestimated them significantly more than other groups.
For all diseases except lung cancer, the majority of smokers thought snus users were running a higher or equal risk. For lung cancer, 22 per cent believed that snus use gave a higher or equal risk. Smokers, snus users and dual users tended to think that snus and cigarettes were equally addictive products, while a somewhat higher proportion of those who had quit both products thought that cigarettes were more addictive. Increased knowledge of the relative health risks might give smokers an incitement to switch to snus, and prompt current dual users to stop smoking completely. Awareness could be improved by tailoring information at targeted groups, for example via the health care system
Evaluering av forbud mot synlig oppstilling av tobakksvarer
No full textNummer: 2-2011 Tilknyttede prosjekter Tobak
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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