1,720,996 research outputs found
Difficulties in mid-infrared selection of AGNs in dwarf galaxies
Full text linkWhile massive black holes (MBHs) are known to inhabit all massive galaxies, their ubiquitous presence in dwarf galaxies has not been confirmed yet, with only a limited number of sources detected so far. Recently, some studies proposed infrared emission as an alternative way to identify MBHs in dwarfs, based on a similar approach usually applied to quasars. In this study, by accurately combining optical and infrared data taking into account resolution effects and source overlapping, we investigate in detail the possible limitations of this approach with current ground-based facilities, finding a quite low (∼0.4 per cent) fraction of active MBH in dwarfs that are luminous in mid-infrared, consistent with several previous results. Our results suggest that the infrared selection is strongly affected by several limitations that make the identification of MBHs in dwarf galaxies currently prohibitive, especially because of the very poor resolution compared to optical surveys, and the likely contamination by nearby sources, although we find a few good candidates worth further follow-ups. Optical, X-ray, and radio observations therefore still represent the most secure way to search for MBH in dwarfs
An emerging population of BL Lacs with extreme properties: Towards a class of EBL and cosmic magnetic field probes?
Full text linkHigh-energy observations of extreme BL Lac objects, such as 1ES 0229+200 or 1ES 0347-121, recently focused interest both for blazar and jet physics and for the implication on the extragalactic background light and intergalactic magnetic field estimate. However, the number of these extreme highly peaked BL Lac objects (EHBL) is still rather small. Aiming at increase their number, we selected a group of EHBL candidates starting from the BL Lac sample of Plotkin et al. (2011), considering those undetected (or only barely detected) by the Large Area Telescope onboard Fermi and characterized by a high X-ray versus radio flux ratio. We assembled the multiwavelength spectral energy distribution of the resulting nine sources, profiting of publicly available archival observations performed by Swift, GALEX, and Fermi satellites, confirming their nature. Through a simple one-zone synchrotron self- Compton model we estimate the expected very high energy flux, finding that in the majority of cases it is within the reach of present generation of Cherenkov arrays or of the forthcoming Cherenkov Telescope Array
Estimating black hole masses: Accretion disk fitting versus reverberation mapping and single epoch
No full textWe selected a sample of 28 Type 1 active galactic nuclei for which a black hole mass has been inferred using the reverberation mapping technique and single epoch scaling relations. All 28 sources show clear evidence of the “Big Blue Bump” in the optical-UV band whose emission is produced by an accretion disk (AD) around a supermassive black hole. We fitted the spectrum of these sources with the relativistic thin AD model KERRBB in order to infer the black hole masses and compared them with those from Reverberation mapping and Single epoch methods, discussing the possible uncertainties linked to such a model by quantifying their weight on our results. We find that for the majority of the sources, KERRBB is a good description of the AD emission for a wide wavelength range. The overall uncertainty on the black hole mass estimated through the disk fitting procedure is ∼0.45 dex (which includes the uncertainty on fitting parameters such as e.g., spin and viewing angle), comparable to the systematic uncertainty of reverberation mapping and single epoch methods; however, such an uncertainty can be ≲0.3 dex if one of the parameters of the fit is well constrained. Although all of the estimates are affected by large uncertainties, the masses inferred using the three methods are compatible if the dimensionless scale factor f (linked to the unknown kinematics and geometry of the Broad Line Region) is assumed to be larger than one. For the majority of the sources, the comparison between the results coming from the three methods favors small spin values. To check the goodness of the KERRBB results, we compared them with those inferred with other models, such as AGNSED, a model that also accounts for the emission originating from an X-ray corona: using two sources with a good data coverage in the X band, we find that the masses estimated with the two models differ at most by a factor of ∼0.2 dex
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Radio-loud active galactic nuclei at high redshifts and the cosmic microwave background
Full text linkThe interaction between the emitting electrons and the cosmic microwave background (CMB) affects the observable properties of radio-loud active galactic nuclei (AGN) at early epochs. At high redshifts z, the CMB energy density [UCMB ∝ (1 + z)4] can exceed the magnetic one (UB) in the lobes of radio-loud AGN. In this case, the relativistic electrons cool preferentially by scattering off CMB photons, rather than by synchrotron emission. This makes more distant sources less luminous in radio and more luminous in X-rays than their closer counterparts. In contrast, in the inner jet and the hotspots, where UB > UCMB, synchrotron radiation is unaffected by the presence of the CMB. The decrease in radio luminosity is thus more severe in misaligned (with respect to our line of sight) high-z sources, whose radio flux is dominated by the extended isotropic component. These sources can fail detection in current flux-limited radio surveys, where they are possibly underrepresented. As the cooling time is longer for lower energy electrons, the radio luminosity deficit due to the CMB is less important at low radio frequencies. Therefore, objects not detected so far at a few GHz could be picked up by low-frequency deep surveys, such as Low-Frequency Array and Square Kilometre Array. Until then, we can estimate the number of high-z radio-loud AGN through the census of their aligned proxies, i.e. blazars, since their observed radio emission arises in the inner and strongly magnetized compact core of the jet and it is not affected by inverse Compton scattering off CMB photons
The power of relativistic jets is larger than the luminosity of their accretion disks
No full textTheoretical models for the production of relativistic jets from active galactic nuclei predict that jet power arises from the spin and mass of the central supermassive black hole, as well as from the magnetic field near the event horizon. The physical mechanism underlying the contribution from the magnetic field is the torque exerted on the rotating black hole by the field amplified by the accreting material. If the squared magnetic field is proportional to the accretion rate, then there will be a correlation between jet power and accretion luminosity. There is evidence for such a correlation, but inadequate knowledge of the accretion luminosity of the limited and inhomogeneous samples used prevented a firm conclusion. Here we report an analysis of archival observations of a sample of blazars (quasars whose jets point towards Earth) that overcomes previous limitations. We find a clear correlation between jet power, as measured through the γ-ray luminosity, and accretion luminosity, as measured by the broad emission lines, with the jet power dominating the disk luminosity, in agreement with numerical simulations. This implies that the magnetic field threading the black hole horizon reaches the maximum value sustainable by the accreting matter
- …
