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The Study Of Interactions Between Birds And Flowers In The Neotropics: A Matter Of Point Of View
No full textBirds are among the main components for plant reproduction in tropical ecosystems, with hummingbirds being the most important vertebrate pollinators in the Neotropics. Flower-visiting birds of another groups (the perching birds) are often considered as parasites of the flower-hummingbird relationships. These birds do not present a high degree of specialization for nectarivory, although nectar should be a very important component of the diet of some groups. Birds usually also visit non-ornithophilous flowers, as they look for resources in flowers adapted to pollination by other animals as well. However, very few studies have focused on non-ornithophilous flowers, which means looking at the whole group of species visited by birds, from the bird's point of view- the resource approach. While visiting non-ornithophilous flowers, birds (usually hummingbirds) may act merely like robbers, thieves or even co-pollinators. Therefore, when the aim of the study is pollination, one should not only look for ornithophilous flowers, but also for other possible bird pollinated species, from the flower's point of view-the pollination approach. Studies focusing on this last approach are even scarcer at the community level. It is important to realize that the set of ornithophilous species are inside the wider set of pollinated species by birds, and this one is contained inside the set of visited species by birds. Studies that only pick up ornithophilous species from a community are not focussing on pollinated species by birds, but rather on a subset of that. Another problem of point of view is that most studies in the Neotropics are ground based, which may reduce sampling of canopy species information. Observation positions within the canopy greatly enhance this kind of study and should be used more often. As flowers pollinated by perching birds may be more common in the canopies of Neotropical forests, perching bird flowers and their visitors and pollinators are underestimated in communities sampled only from the ground, which means that the majority of the studies on bird-flower interactions in Neotropical forests present good lists of bird and plant species, but very incomplete interaction networks. After putting together these different approaches to study the bird-flower interaction network, we could maybe build-with the help of other animal-flower networks-a picture of a combined model of nested compartments to the whole community, connecting all animal-flower networks by interactions of co-pollination or just visits, reinforcing the idea of communities displaying high connectance. © 2010 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. 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Ornithophilous Canopy Species In The Atlantic Rain Forest Of Southeastern Brazil
No full textIn tropical ecosystems, birds play a relevant role in plant reproduction. Although hummingbirds are regarded as the most important vertebrate pollinators in the Neotropics, the possible role of perching birds as pollinators has been neglected. From 2003 to 2005, we observed 68 species of plants visited by birds in an Atlantic rainforest in southeastern Brazil, including three canopy species: Spirotheca rivieri (Malvaceae, Bombacoidea), Schwartzia brasiliensis (Marcgraviaceae), and Psittacanthus dichrous (Loranthaceae). Flowers of these three species were visited by 15 different species of perching birds and by hummingbirds. The flowers of these three plants are colorful, ranging from deep red or purple to orange. Spirotheca rivieri blooms during the austral winter and Schwartzia brasiliensis during the summer. The flowers of these two species produce copious amounts of dilute nectar in easily accessible structures and both species appear to depend primarily on perching birds as pollinators, with hummingbirds being secondary or minor pollen vectors. The tubular, narrow flowers of P. dichrous are produced during the austral summer and are visited primarily by hummingbirds. Perching birds also visit the flowers, but destroy them. Our results suggest that previous estimates of the number of perching birds that feed on nectar may be too low and that flowers pollinated by perching birds may be more common in the canopy of Neotropical forests than previously thought. ©2008 Association of Field Ornithologists.792130137Agostini, K., Sazima, M., Sazima, I., Bird pollination of explosive flowers while foraging for nectar and caterpillars (2006) Biotropica, 38, pp. 674-678. , andAraujo, A.C., Sazima, M., The assemblage of flowers visited by hummingbirds in the "capões" of Southern Pantanal, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil (2003) Flora, 198, pp. 427-435. , andAraujo, A.C., Fischer, E.A., Sazima, M., Floração seqüencial e polinização de três espécies de Vriesea (Bromeliaceae) na região da Juréia, sudeste do Brasil (1994) Revista Brasileira de Botânica, 17, pp. 113-118. , andBarbosa, A.A.A., Hortia brasiliana Vand. 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The Assemblage Of Flowers Visited By Hummingbirds In The "capões" Of Southern Pantanal, Mato Grosso Do Sul, Brazil
No full textFlower species visited by hummingbirds were studied over 13 months in 52 forested patches ("capões") in the seasonally flooded plains of Southern Pantanal, western Brazil. The size of the surveyed capões ranged from 0.2 to 3.8 ha and the total sampled area measured 51.6 ha. We recorded 21 plant species, mainly herbs and climbers, whose flowers were visited by hummingbirds. Most of these plant species are regarded as non-ornithophilous (71.4%). The flowering peaks of the hummingbird-visited plants occurred at the end of the dry season and during the rainy season. The density of ornithophilous and non-ornithophilous flowers was higher during the rainy season and the dry season, respectively. Helicteres guazumaefolia is the most frequent ornithophilous species, bearing flowers throughout the year. Four hummingbird species were observed in the capões. Their mean visiting rates for ornithophilous flowers (x = 0.019 ± 0.01 visits.min -1.number of flowers-1) did not differ (P = 0.09, Kruskal-Wallis) from those for non-ornithophilous flowers (x = 0.025 ± 0.06 visits.min-1.number of flowers-1). The most frequent visitor, Hylocharis chrysura was the only hummingbird recorded every month. It visited 20 plant species, 75% of which were non-ornithophilous, and seems to be the major pollinating bird in the capões. The availability of H. guazumaefolia flowers throughout the year may favor the residence of this hummingbird in the study area.1986427435Araujo, A.C., (1996) Flores Exploradas Por Beija-flores Numa Area de Planície Costeira, Litoral Norte de São Paulo, 69p. , MSc thesis. Universidade Estadual de CampinasAraujo, A.C., (2001) Flora, Fenologia de Floração e Síndromes de Polinização em Capões do Pantanal Sul Mato Grossense, 109p. , PhD thesis. 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Buckley, (eds.): Washington, DCStouffer, P.C., Bierregaard Jr., R.O., Effects of forest fragmentation on understory hummingbirds in Amazonian Brazil (1995) Conserv. Biol., 9, pp. 1085-1094Waser, N.M., Chittka, L., Price, M.V., Williams, N.M., Ollerton, J., Generalization in pollination systems, and why it matters (1996) Ecology, 77, pp. 1043-1060Wolf, L.L., The impact of seasonal flowering on the biology of some tropical hummingbirds (1970) Condor, 72, pp. 1-14Wolf, L.L., Stiles, F.G., Hainsworth, F.R., Ecological organization of a tropical highland hummingbird community (1976) J. Animal Ecol., 32, pp. 349-37
The Pollination Of Stenorrhynchos Lanceolatus (aublet) L. C. Rich. (orchidaceae: Spiranthinae) By Hummingbirds In Southeastern Brazil
No full textHummingbird pollination is documented for a natural population of Stenorrhynchos lanceolatus Aublet. L. C. Rich. occurring in Rio de Janeiro State, southeastern Brazil. At the study site the plants are pollinated by Phaethornis eurynome (Phaethorninae), Thalurania glaucopis (females only) and Leucochloris albicollis (Trochilinae). The plants offer nectar as a reward and the pollinaria become stuck to the surface of the hummingbird's bill while it is probing the flowers. The orchid population received a few (0-4) hummingbird visits per day, with about 83% of the flowers being pollinated. In spite of the low frequency of visits, the granular structure of the pollinarium plus the behaviour of the most frequent pollinators, which tend to visit all the fresh-looking flowers of each inflorescence, a very high fruiting success was promoted. Experimental evidence suggests that the pollinaria may remain up to 6.30 hours on the hummingbird's bill, enhancing the chances of cross-pollination and long-distance pollen flow.22303/04/15221227Ackermann, J.D., (1995), An orchid flora of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Mem. of New York Bot. Gard. Bronx 73. New YorkAckermann, J.D., Rodriguez-Robles, J.A., Melendez, E.J., A meager offering of nectar by an epiphytic orchid is better than nothing (1994) Biotropica, 26, pp. 44-49Balogh, P., Generic redefinitions in the subtribe Spiranthinae (Orchidaceae) (1982) Am. J. Bot., 69, pp. 1119-1132Catling, R.M., Notes on the breeding system of Sacoila lanceolata (Aublet) Garay (Orchidaceae) (1987) Ann. Miss. Bot. Gard., 74, pp. 58-68Cocucci, C.A., Fertilizacion en orquideas. Anales de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas (1981) Buenos Aires, 33, pp. 1-47Dressler, R.L., (1981), The orchids: natural history and classification. Harvard Univ. Press, CambridgeDressler, R.L., (1993), Phylogeny and classification of the orchid family. Dioscorides Press, PortlandGaletto, L., Bernardello, G., Rivera, G.L., Nectar, nectaries, flower visitors and breeding systems in five terrestrial Orchidaceae from Central Argentina (1997) J. Plant Res., 110, pp. 393-403Hoehne, F.C., Orchidaceas (1945), Hoehne F. C. (ed.) Flora Brasilica. Vol. XII. Instituto de Botanica, Sao PauloJohnson, S.D., Bird pollination in South African species of Satyrium (Orchidaceae) (1996) Plant Syst. Evol., 203, pp. 91-98Miller, D., Warren, R., (1996), Orquideas do Alto da Serra. Salamandra Editora, Rio de JaneiroNeiland, M.R., Wilcock, C.C., Fruit set, nectar reward, and rarity in the Orchidaceae (1998) Am. J. Bot., 85 (12), pp. 1657-1671Nilsson, L., Rabakonandrianina, A., Razananarivo, E., Randriamanindry, R., Long pollinia on eyes: Hawkmoth pollination of Cynorkis uniflora Lindl. (Orchidaceae) in Madagascar (1992) Bot. J. Linn. Soc., 109, pp. 145-160Van der Pijl, L., Dodson, C.H., (1966), Orchid Flowers: their pollination and evolution. University of Miami Press, Coral GablesRasmussen, F.N., The gynostemium of the neottioid orchids (1982) Opera Bot., 65, pp. 1-96Sazima, I., Buzato, S., Sazima, M., An assemblage of hummingbird-pollinated flowers in a montane forest in southeastern Brazil (1996) Bot. Acta., 109, pp. 149-160Singer, R.B., Sazima, M., The pollination mechanism in the 'Pelexia alliance' (Orchidaceae: Spiranthinae) (1999) Bot. J. Linn. Soc., 131 (3), pp. 249-26
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Quantity Versus Quality: Identifying The Most Effective Pollinators Of The Hummingbird-pollinated Vriesea Rodigasiana (bromeliaceae)
No full textAlthough hummingbirds are considered the major bromeliad pollinators, different species may contribute differently to pollination. This study analyses the importance of different hummingbirds to pollination of Vriesea rodigasiana (Bromeliaceae), based on visitation frequency (a quantity component) and germinated pollen load per visit (a quality component) in the Atlantic rainforest of southeastern Brazil. This bromeliad flowers for 3-4 months with a peak in March. Its yellow, tubular flowers last about 13 h and demonstrate approach herkogamy. During flowering peak, Thalurania glaucopis visited more flowers than Ramphodon naevius, whereas by the end of the flowering season the latter visited more. Differences in hummingbird bill length resulted in different pollen placement and stigma contact. The short-billed T. glaucopis received pollen on the top of its head, depositing it on the center of the stigma, while the long-billed R. naevius received it on the proximal part of its bill, depositing it on the lower lobe of the stigma. Flowers visited by T. glaucopis had six times more pollen tubes than those visited by R. naevius. Our results suggest that this functional group of hummingbirds may be split into even smaller groups, namely short-billed and long-billed hummingbirds, based on different sites of pollen placement. Although both species were pollen vectors of V. rodigasiana, the short-billed T. glaucopis was its most effective pollinator in the area supporting Stebbin's principle, linking floral features and good pollinators. © 2012 Springer-Verlag.299197105Araujo, A.C., Fischer, E.A., Sazima, M., Floração seqüencial e polinização de três espécies de Vriesea (Bromeliaceae) na região da Juréia, sudeste do Brasil (1994) Rev Bras Bot, 17, pp. 113-118Arizmendi, M.C., Dominguez, C.A., Dirzo, R., The role of an avian nectar robber and of hummingbird pollinators in the reproduction of two plant species (1996) Funct Ecol, 10, pp. 119-127Bawa, K.S., Plant-pollinator interactions in Tropical Rain Forests (1990) Ann Rev Ecol Evol Syst, 21, pp. 399-422Begon, M., Townsend, C.R., Harper, J.L., (2006) Ecology-from Individuals to Ecosystems, , Oxford: Blackwell PublishingBenzing, D.H., (2000) Bromeliaceae: Profile of an Adaptative Radiation, , Cambridge: Cambridge University PressBuzato, S., Sazima, M., Sazima, I., Hummingbird-pollinated floras at three Atlantic forest sites (2000) Biotropica, 32, pp. 824-841Campbell, D.R., Waser, N.M., Price, M.V., Lynch, E.A., Mitchell, R.J., Components of phenotypic selection: pollen export and flower corolla width in Ipomopsis aggregata (1991) Evolution, 45, pp. 1458-1467Canela, M.B.F., Sazima, M., Aechmea pectinata: a hummingbird-dependent bromeliad with inconspicuous flowers from the rain forest in Southeastern Brazil (2002) Ann Bot, 92, pp. 731-737Dafni, A., (1992) Pollination Ecology-a Practical Approach, , Oxford: Oxford University PressEndress, P.K., Syncarpy and alternative modes of escaping disadvantages of apocarpy in angiosperms (1982) Taxon, 31, pp. 48-52Endress, P.K., (1994) Diversity and Evolutionary Biology of Tropical Flowers, , Cambridge: Cambridge University PressEngel, E.C., Irwin, R.E., Linking pollinator visitation rate and pollen receipt (2003) Am J Bot, 90, pp. 1612-1618Faegri, K., van der Pijl, L., (1979) The Principles of Pollination Ecology, , 3rd edn., Oxford: Pergamon PressFeinsinger, P., Coevolution and pollination (1983) Coevolution, pp. 282-310. , D. 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Husband (Eds.), Ontario: EnviroquestGentry, A.H., Flowering phenology and diversity in tropical Bignoniaceae (1974) Biotropica, 6, pp. 64-68Gentry, A.H., Dodson, C.H., Diversity and biogeography of Neotropical vascular epiphytes (1987) Ann Missouri Bot Gard, 74, pp. 205-233Grant, K.A., Grant, V., (1968) Hummingbirds and Their Flowers, , New York: Columbia University PressGrantsau, R., (1989) Os Beija-Flores Do Brasil, , Rio de Janeiro: Editora Expressão e CulturaHerrera, C.M., Components of pollinator "quality": comparative analysis of a diverse insect assemblage (1987) Oikos, 50, pp. 79-90Herrera, J., Pollination relationships in southern Spanish Mediterranean shrub lands (1988) J Ecol, 76, pp. 274-287Herrera, C.M., Pollinator abundance, morphology, and flower visitation rate: analysis of the "quantity" component in a plant-pollinator system (1989) Oecologia, 80, pp. 241-248Horvitz, C.C., Schemske, D.W., Spatiotemporal variation in insect mutualists of a Neotropical herb (1990) Ecology, 71, pp. 1085-1097Inouye, D.W., Gill, D.E., Dudash, M.R., Fenster, C.B., A model and lexicon for pollen fate (1994) Am J Bot, 81, pp. 1517-1530Johnson, S.D., Pollinator-driven speciation in plants (2006) Ecology and Evolution of Flowers, pp. 295-310. , L. 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Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Pollination by hummingbirds and bees in eight syntopic species and a putative hybrid of Ericaceae in Southeastern Brazil
Get PDFWe report on flowering phenology, floral morphology, pollinators, and nectar for eight species and a putative natural hybrid belonging to Agarista, Gaultheria and Gaylussacia that occur syntopically in a montane area. The campanulate to tubular flowers of eight out of nine Ericaceae taxa are primarily pollinated by either hummingbirds or bees. Flowering overlaps in all species but slight differences of floral shape, colour, and nectar characterize pollination by each pollinator group. Differences in floral traits are not large enough to exclude secondary pollinators. Thus, either the main pollinators of a species belonging to its syndrome, or secondary pollinators of a species belonging to different syndromes, may allow for inter-specific crosses.Fil: Freitas, L.. Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botanico Do Rio de Janerio;Fil: Galetto, Leonardo. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; ArgentinaFil: Sazima, M.. Universidade Estadual de Campinas; Brasi
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