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La conservación del artículo definido \u27al\u27 en las palabras españolas de origen árabe
No full textThe Spanish Language in Northern Morocco: One Hundred Years After the Rif War
No full textHace cien años, el final de la guerra del Rif marcó el inicio del control absoluto de España sobre el norte de Marruecos. Desde entonces, el uso de la lengua española ha pasado por varias etapas en la antigua zona del protectorado. Este trabajo examina dichas etapas y analiza los niveles de competencia y los rasgos que distinguen el español en la región. Basándonos en entrevistas con personas de diferentes edades llevadas a cabo en las ciudades de Tetuán, Tánger, Alhucemas y Nador, los resultados muestran que después del auge del español en la primera parte del siglo XX, la segunda parte del siglo vio una disminución en el uso del español por hablantes nativos y más uso por hablantes que lo aprendían a través del contacto con Ceuta y Melilla y los medios de comunicación españoles. Ya en el siglo XXI, el español se encuentra en desventaja frente al francés y el inglés, y cada vez hay menos personas en el norte de Marruecos que hablan español con fluidez, especialmente entre las nuevas generaciones.One hundred years ago, the end of the Rif War marked the beginning of Spain’s absolute control over northern Morocco. Since then, the use of the Spanish language has gone through several stages in the former protectorate area. This paper examines these stages and analyzes the levels of proficiency and the features that distinguish Spanish in this region. Based on interviews with people of different ages in the cities of Tétouan, Tangier, Al Hoceima and Nador, the results show that after the rise of Spanish in the first part of the 20th century, the second part of the century saw a decline in the use of this language by native speakers and more use by speakers who learned it through contact with Ceuta and Melilla and the Spanish media. In the 21st century, Spanish is lagging behind French and English, and there are fewer people in northern Morocco who speak Spanish fluently, especially among the younger generations
The Spanish Language Presence in Tangier, Morocco: A Sociolinguistic Perspective
Get PDFWhile research on the presence of the Spanish language outside Spain and the Americas has made considerable advances in recent years, it has concerned itself primarily with the Philippines (Quilis 1992, Lipski 2001), Equatorial Guinea (Granda 1991, Lipski 1985), and less frequently with other regions where Spanish is acquiring importance as a foreign language (Quilis 2000). North Africa, on the other hand, has failed to attract similar attention in spite of its close geographic and historical links with Spain and the uninterrupted presence of the Spanish language there since the 15\u27h century. Few references signal such presence (Heath 1989, Silva-Corvahin 1995, Quilis 2002) but detailed studies are still lacking. Moreno Fernandez\u27s 1992 article on Spanish in Oran and later his brief review El espanol en el mosaico lingiiistico del Magreb , represent two of the few contemporary contributions on the topic. Another contribution is Tarkki\u27s 1995 analysis of Spanish as it is spoken by the Saharawi refugees in Tinduf (Algeria). As for Northern Morocco, current research is often in the form of unpublished doctoral dissertations (Amzid 1997, Ghailani 1997, El Harrak 1998) or other unedited projects produced mainly at L\u27Universite Abdelmalek Saadi (Tetouan) where the only department of Spanish in former Spanish Morocco is located. Much of this investigation, however, is often limited to the identification of Spanish lexical and semantic borrowings into local varieties of Moroccan Arabic. Hence, the object of this article is to explore the presence of Spanish in Northern Morocco from a distinct angle by analyzing the case of Tangier, a city where this language is still an important part of the local linguistic market (Bourdieu 1991). Through a sociolinguistic survey, I will describe the different levels of competence, the structural variation in Tangerine Spanish, and the speakers\u27 attitude towards its use. In the conclusion, I will synthesize the findings and explore their implications for future research on Spanish in Northern Morocco and North Africa as a whole
Unnecessary Necessity: In response to “The Arabic Grammatical Tradition”
No full textA survey of the Arabic grammatical tradition is not about Arabic alone. It is about scholarly inquiry and debate, diglossic languages, and their contribution to the evolution of language and linguistics
Phonological adaptation of Spanish loanwords in Northern Moroccan Arabic
Get PDFIn recent years, loanword phonology has attracted continuously growing attention as an area able to shed additional light on universal phonological patterns. The contexts and processes of loanword adaptation present a dy namic interaction between two distinct systems allowing for different theo retical interpretations (Paradis, 1996). Optimality Theory (Prince and Smolensky, 1993) has been suggested as a possible framework to analyze these processes (Yip, 1993; Katayama, 1998; Jacobs and Gussenhoven, 2000). The fact that OT recognizes the difference between languages as a difference in the ranking of the same universal constraints could explain the changes that loanwords may or may not suffer depending on the compatibil ity of the donor and the recipient languages\u27 inventories and structures. The strategies of loanword adaptation through oral process in a contact situation, such as the one between Spanish and colloquial Arabic in North Africa, con sist in the recipient language harmonizing the borrowed item to satisfy its own constraint hierarchy. Because loanwords already show higher lexical contrast with the rest of the words in the recipient language, given that they satisfy the source language\u27s faithfulness constraints, then we might expect that markedness constraints can easily dominate the faithfulness ones in the process of adaptation since by belonging to another grammar these words already show higher level of lexical contrast with the rest of the recipient grammar
Introduction: Selected Proceedings of the First Workshop on Spanish Sociolinguistics
Get PDFThis introduction to the Selected Proceedings of the First Workshop on Spanish Sociolinguistics includes the background for the conference, descriptions of the papers chosen for the volume, acknowledgments, and references
España ante el mundo: Spain\u27s colonial language policies in North Africa
No full textDuring its presence in Northern Morocco and the Western Sahara, Spain lauded its colonial policies, and relations with the native populations in general, as being more successful than those of the other colonial power present in the region, France. While it is true that France’s educational policies were narrowly aimed at forming acquiescent elites of the Maghrebi societies, Spain’s policies in turn were severely conditioned by a hyper-awareness of existing ethno-religious divisions, a product of the prominence of religion in the historical relations between Iberia and the Maghreb. In this essay, I discuss the differences in Spain’s educational policies between Northern Morocco and the Western Sahara with a special focus on the implications for the postcolonial language policies and the current linguistic landscape in both areas. The main argument is that ethno-religious divisions and political propaganda, particularly during the Francoist dictatorship, were the two most important factors that shaped Spain’s linguistic incursion in Western North Africa and its legacy today
Bargaining in Two Languages: Conversational Functions of Transactional Code-Switching
Get PDFStudies on the pragmatic functions of code-switching, in opposition to its macro sociolinguistic significance or syntactic structure, have been largely influenced by Gumperz\u27s pioneering classification presented in the chapter he dedicated to this topic in his 1982 book, Discourse strategies. Many other taxonomies followed Gumperz\u27s initial proposal (Appel and Muysken 1987, Poplack 1988, Romaine 1989, Heller 1992) in spite of the usually claimed difficulty in interpreting and predicting the exact functions of code-switching in any given bilingual context. Their purpose has been to identify the sociopragmatic motivation for the occurrence of a particular code-switched utterance and ultimately classify it under a fixed category such as quotation, elaboration, and reiteration, among many others 1• However, few studies have looked at the impact of code-switching on the progress of the entire conversation together with the possible set of functions it may convey
A moving target: literacy development in situations of diglossia and bilingualism
Get PDFThe present paper analyzes the challenges of literacy development in cases of classical diglossia and bilingualism. The main argument is that the diverse levels of proficiency in the varieties present in a given linguistic market have implications for and are shaped by processes of literacy development, feelings of linguistic insecurity, and the overall outlook for educational and socioeconomic success. With a special focus on Tunisia, where diglossia and bilingualism are part of the students’ linguistic reality, this paper argues that surmounting the initial marginalization of the native vernacular in favor of literacy in Standard Arabic does not seem to be enough of a guarantee for academic success since competence in French becomes indispensable as students move higher up the educational ladder. This results in a generalized feeling of linguistic insecurity and a shared skepticism about the proficiency levels achieved through the educational systems in the languages of instruction that adversely affect school success rates. The paper also shows that heritage speakers of Arabic face more challenges for language maintenance than heritage speakers of other languages that are not in a diglossic situation
Diglossia and language contact language variation and change in North Africa
No full text"This volume provides a detailed analysis of language contact in North Africa and explores the historical presence of the languages used in the region, including the different varieties of Arabic and Berber as well as European languages. Using a wide range of data sets, it provides a comprehensive analysis of the mechanisms of language contact under classical diglossia and societal bilingualism, examining multiple cases of oral and written code-switching. It also describes contact-induced lexical and structural change in such situations and discusses the possible appearance of new varieties within the context of diglossia. Examples from past diglossic situations are examined, including the situation in Muslim Spain and the Maltese Islands. An analysis of the current situation of Arabic vernaculars, not only in the Maghreb but also in other Arabic-speaking areas, is also presented. This book will appeal to anyone interested in language contact, the Arabic language, and North Africa".
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