199,791 research outputs found
Prefix probabilities for linear context-free rewriting systems
No full textWe present a novel method for the computation of prefix probabilities for linear context-free rewriting systems. Our approach streamlines previous procedures to compute prefix probabilities for context-free grammars, synchronous context-free grammars and tree adjoining grammars. In addition, the methodology is general enough to be used for a wider range of problems involving, for example, several prefixes
Monitoraggio dello shunt porto-cavale mediante metodica medico-nucleare. M. Piga, L. Satta, G.
No full textComputation of distances for regular and context-free probabilistic languages
No full textSeveral mathematical distances between probabilistic languages have been investigated in the literature, motivated by applications in language modeling, computational biology, syntactic pattern matching and machine learning. In most cases, only pairs of probabilistic regular languages were considered. In this paper we extend the previous results to pairs of languages generated by a probabilistic context-free grammar and a probabilistic finite automaton.Peer reviewe
Computation of infix probabilities for probabilistic context-free grammars
No full textThe notion of infix probability has been introduced in the literature as a generalization of the notion of prefix (or initial substring) probability, motivated by applications in speech recognition and word error correction. For the case where a probabilistic context-free grammar is used as language model, methods for the computation of infix probabilities have been presented in the literature, based on various simplifying assumptions. Here we present a solution that applies to the problem in its full generality
Computing partition functions of PCFGs
No full textAcknowledgement provided in erratum at DOI:10.1007/s11168-009-9062-1We investigate the problem of computing the partition function of a probabilistic context-free grammar, and consider a number of applicable methods. Particular attention is devoted to PCFGs that result from the intersection of another PCFG and a finite automaton. We report experiments involving the Wall Street Journal corpus.Peer reviewe
Chronic Idiopathic Constipation in Adults: A Review on Current Guidelines and Emerging Treatment Options
No full textGabrio Bassotti,1 Paolo Usai Satta,2 Massimo Bellini3 1Gastroenterology & Hepatology Section, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy; 2Gastrointestinal Unit, “G. Brotzu” Hospital, Cagliari, Italy; 3Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, ItalyCorrespondence: Gabrio BassottiClinica di Gastroenterologia ed Epatologia, Ospedale Santa Maria della Misericordia, Piazzale Menghini, 1, San Sisto (Perugia), 06156, ItalyEmail [email protected]: Chronic idiopathic constipation (CIC) is a common functional bowel disorder characterized by difficult, infrequent, and/or incomplete defecation. It has a great impact on the quality of life and on health care system and represents a heavy economic burden. The diagnosis is based on symptoms, classified by the Rome IV criteria. The aim of this review was to evaluate the current therapeutic guidelines for adult CIC and highlight new emerging treatments. In detail, European, French, Spanish and Korean guidelines have been identified and compared. Osmotic laxatives, and in particular polyethylene glycol, represent the first-line therapeutic approach. Stimulant laxatives are recommended as a second-line therapy. Pelvic floor rehabilitation is recommended in patients with ano-rectal dyssynergia. In patients who fail to improve with pharmacological therapies sacral nerve stimulation is considered as last chance before surgery. Surgical approach has however limited indications in selected cases. Inertia coli refractory to any approach and obstructed defecation are two subtypes which can benefit from surgery. Among emerging agents, prucalopride, a prokinetic agent, is recommended as a second-line treatment in refractory CIC patients. In addition, the secretagogues linaclotide and plecanatide and the bile acid transported inhibitor elobixibat can be effective in patients not responsive to a second-line therapeutic regimen, although they are not worldwide commercially available.Keywords: chronic idiopathic constipation, guidelines, osmotic laxatives, pelvic floor rehabilitation, prokinetics, secretagogue
Splittability of bilexical context-free grammars is undecidable
No full textBilexical context-free grammars (2-LCFGs) have proved to be accurate models for statistical natural language parsing. Existing dynamic programming algorithms used to parse sentences under these models have running time of O(|w|^4), where w is the input string. A 2-LCFG is splittable if the left arguments of a lexical head are always independent of the right arguments, and vice versa. When a 2-LCFGs is splittable, parsing time can be asymptotically improved to O(|w|^3). Testing this propertyis therefore of central interest to parsing efficiency. In this article, however, we show the negative result that splittability of 2-LCFGs is undecidable.Peer reviewe
Recensione a M. Croce-A. Salvatore, Cos'è lo stato di eccezione, nottetempo s.r.l., Milano 2022
No full textIl contributo recensisce il volume dei filosofi M. Croce e A. Salvatore dedicato all'analisi del concetto di stato d'eccezione elaborato dalla dottrina giuridica del diritto pubblico, specialmente di area tedesca. Dal commento al volume sono poi sviluppate alcune considerazioni sulla distinzione tra emergenza ed eccezione, con specifico riguardo, sulla scorta delle riflessioni di Croce e Salvatore, al pensiero del giurista tedesco Carl Schmitt
Recensione di Cercando nel vuoto. La memoria perduta e ritrovata in Polinesia francese (M. Aria)
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