424 research outputs found
Foundations of LLCM : Labelled Lambek Calculus for Music Analysis
No full textThis paper presents an application of Lambek Calculus, a sequent calculus for categorial grammar, to music analysis. To this end, we propose a Labelled Lambek Calculus for Music (LLCM), where a label represents tonality information. In LLCM, each adjacent category represents a chord interpretation. When combined, they form a cadential category. We have enhanced the system with a rigorous and internally consistent framework that clarifies long-distance dependencies and provides a more explicit representation of relationships across different tonalities, including tonal shifts. A key innovation in LLCM is the introduction of a method for calculating the “depth” of a harmonic analysis. This measure corresponds to the complexity of chord progressions, enabling analysts to objectively compare different harmonic sequences based on their structural intricacy
A local renal renin–angiotensin system activation via renal uptake of prorenin and angiotensinogen in diabetic rats
No full textAkihiro Tojo,1 Satoshi Kinugasa,1 Toshiro Fujita,2 Christopher S Wilcox3 1Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, 2Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; 3Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Center for Hypertension, Kidney and Vascular Research, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA Abstract: The mechanism of activation of local renal renin–angiotensin system (RAS) has not been clarified in diabetes mellitus (DM). We hypothesized that the local renal RAS will be activated via increased glomerular filtration and tubular uptake of prorenin and angiotensinogen in diabetic kidney with microalbuminuria. Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced DM and control rats were injected with human prorenin and subsequently with human angiotensinogen. Human prorenin uptake was increased in podocytes, proximal tubules, macula densa, and cortical collecting ducts of DM rats where prorenin receptor (PRR) was expressed. Co-immunoprecipitation of kidney homogenates in DM rats revealed binding of human prorenin to the PRR and to megalin. The renal uptake of human angiotensinogen was increased in DM rats at the same nephron sites as prorenin. Angiotensin-converting enzyme was increased in podocytes, but decreased in the proximal tubules in DM rats, which may have contributed to unchanged renal levels of angiotensin despite increased angiotensinogen. The systolic blood pressure increased more after the injection of 20 µg of angiotensinogen in DM rats than in controls, accompanied by an increased uptake of human angiotensinogen in the vascular endothelium. In conclusion, endocytic uptake of prorenin and angiotensinogen in the kidney and vasculature in DM rats was contributed to increased tissue RAS and their pressor response to angiotensinogen. Keywords: renal renin–angiotensin system, prorenin, angiotensinogen, diabetic nephropathy, microalbuminuri
進化言語学の方法による音楽の文脈自由規則の発見
No full text音楽の和音進行のカデンツ規則は，自然言語の文脈自由文法のクラスに属する．本研究では楽曲から文脈自由規則を発見する試みとして，音楽理論GTTMに基づくタイムスパン木に係り受け関係を見出すこと，進化言語学のモデルILMによる文法発見の規則を効率化することの両面から研究を行った．まずタイムスパン木にはピッチ（音高）の概念を組み込み，それにより和音が発見できることから，和音連鎖列の妥当性をTPS理論から評価した．さらにタイムスパンの構成から楽曲間の距離を測る方法を考案し，この数値的距離と心理的類似性との関係を研究した．進化言語学の方法においては文脈自由規則の短縮化などを用いILMの効率化を図った． : There exist context-free grammar (CFG) rules in music, e.g., for sequences of chords as cadences. In this research, we have investigated the formalisms to detect such CFG rules in music from two different aspects. First, we relied on the Generative Theory of Tonal Music (GTTM) and found a long-distance dependency, that is a witness for being CFG, in its time-span trees. Second, we have tried a method on evolutionary linguistics called the iterated learning model (ILM), and improved the efficiency of the grammar detection. In time-span tree, we introduced the notion of pitch, and thus we could detect the most plausible sequence of chords, employing the theory of tonal pitch space (TPS). In addition, we have defined the distance between two time-span trees, by the sum of different time-spans, and then we have evaluated the correlation between this distance and our psychological similarity. As for ILM, we have invented a method of string clipping, and thus we could improve the efficiency.基盤研究(C)（一般）研究期間：2013～2015課題番号：25330434研究者番号：90272989研究分野：人工知
進化言語学における認知バイアスの有効性
No full textSimon Kirby claimed that human could acquire language only with learning bottoleneck, as opposed to language acquiring device (LAD) as universal grammar by Noam Chomsky, and proposed Iterated Learning Model (ILM). In that model, human infants try to find regularity in the utterances of his/her parents, and to build compositional grammar rules. Although ILM can show the development of language competency through generations, it is still hard to explain infants' phenomenal vocabulary acquisition by 18 months within a generation. It is considered that infants employ cognitive biases, which are illogical reasoning in general, to learn languages. We propose that such cognitive biases also would help to acquire syntactic rules, and thus, we implement such biases into grammar building program. As a result, we could boost the grammar acquisition in computer simulation
人工市場アプローチによる介入エージェントを用いた為替介入効果の分析
No full textWe propose a multi-agent system which learns intervention policies and evaluates the effect of interventions in an artificial foreign exchange market. Izumi et al. had presented a system called AGEDASI TOF to simulate artificial market, together with a support system for the government to decide foreign exchange policies. However, the system needed to fix the amount of governmental intervention prior to the simulation, and was not realistic. In addition, the interventions in the system did not affect supply and demand of currencies; thus we could not discuss the effect of intervention correctly. First, we improve the system so as to make much of the weights of influential factors. Thereafter, we introduce an intervention agent that has the role of the central bank to stabilize the market. We could show that the agent learned the effective intervention policies through the reinforcement learning, and that the exchange rate converged to a certain extent in the expected range. We could also estimate the amount of intervention, showing the efficacy of signaling. In this model, in order to investigate the aliasing of the perception of the intervention agent, we introduced a pseudo-agent who was supposed to be able to observe all the behaviors of dealer agents; with this super-agent, we discussed the adequate granularity for a market state description
情報源を明らかな選考関係を信念とした融合
No full textBelief fusion, instead of AGM belief revision, was first proposed to solve the problem of inconsistency, that arised from repetitive application of the operation when agents' knowledge were amalgamated. In the preceding work of Maynard-Reid II and Shoham, the fusion operator is applied to belief states, which is total preorders over possible worlds which is based on the semantics of belief revision. Moreover, they introduced the pedigreed belief state, which represented multiple sources of belief states, ordered by a credibility ranking. However in the theory, all the sources must be totally ordered and thus applicable area is quite restrictive. In this paper, we realize the fusion operator of multiple agents for partially ordered sources. When we consider such a partial ranking over sources, there is no need to restrict that each agent has total preorders over possible worlds. The preferential model, based on the semantics on nonmonotonic reasoning, allows each agent to have strict partial orders over possible worlds. Especially, such an order is called a preferential relation, that prescribes a world is more plausible than the other. Therefore, we introduce an operation which combines multiple preferential relations of agents. In addition, we show that our operation can properly include the ordinary belief fusion
Towards computable procedures for deriving tree structures in music : context dependency in GTTM and Schenkerian theory
No full textThis paper addresses some issues arising from theories which represent musical structure in trees. The leaves of a tree represent the notes found in the score of a piece of music, while the branches represent the manner in which these notes are an elaboration of simpler underlying structures. The idea of multi-levelled elaboration is a central feature of the Generative Theory of Tonal Music (GTTM) of Lerdahl and Jackendoff, and is found also in Schenkerian theory and some other theoretical accounts of musical structure. In previous work we have developed computable procedures for deriving these tree structures from scores, with limited success. In this paper we examine issues arising from these theories, and some of the reasons limiting our previous success. We concentrate in particular on the issue of context dependency, and consider strategies for dealing with this. We stress the need to be explicit about data structures and algorithms to derive those structures. We conjecture that an expectation-based parser with look-ahead is likely to be most successful
時制と時区間を表現する複様相論理とその決定可能性
No full textLinear tense logics are widely accepted for structural temporal representation, where the basic K_T has two modal operators G and H, each of which represents the future and the past, respectively. On the other hand, the temporal interval relations arranged by Allen have long been the standard of natural language semantics, though it still lacks the modal-logical foundation. Van Benthem proposed □＾ and □_ in regard to the accessibility to overlapping intervals and subintervals, respectively; however, the logical feature of the modality has not well studied. In this study, we propose a many-dimensional logic including the conventional tense logic, together with such interval accessibility. And, we show that our logic provide a formal apparatus for a precise aspectual classification. Lastly, we introduce the sequent system for our logic. We show the subformula property holds in our system, and thus would be able to show the decidability
法的推論のための論理型イベント言語
No full text法的推論システムの実現には,法令文のルール知識に加えて判例を描写するイベント(一回性の事象)のための表現手段が必要である.特に,判例の中身は複数のイベントによって展開されており,動的な知識表現とその論理的な推論を法的推論システムに取り込まなければならない.イベントは一回性・一時性を持った動作あるいはアクションであり,静的なプロパティと対比される概念である.これまでイベントの概念は,オントロジ,論理学,言語学,人工知能,演繹データベースなど様々な研究分野で扱われてきているが,各アプローチとも法的推論でのイベント記述の多様な側面を同時にとらえるには不十分であった.本論文では,法的推論で現れる語彙や記述を例に用い,イベントの量化,ソート階層およびイベント間の合成と排他性を導入した知識表現とその論理型言語(イベント論理と呼ぶ)を提案する.この言語は,順序ソート付き二階述語論理に準じた論理的な表現によってイベントを定数,ソート,述語および変数と見なし,イベント言明のための知識表現と推論を可能にする.さらに,法的推論システムを実現する推論メカニズムの基盤を与えるために,イベント論理に対するソート付きのタブロー計算を設計して,その反駁推論による質問応答システムを構築する. : In order to implement a legal reasoning system, we have to provide a method that represents the suitable descriptions of events in addition to legal concepts and rules. An event, as opposed to an atemporal property, has its own time and location, and happens once and for all. Although the notion of events has been found in the researches of ontology, logic, linguistics, artificial intelligence and deductive databases, each approach does not seem to capture the various aspects of events represented in legal reasoning. In this paper, we propose an event logic with such expressions as quantification over events, event sort-hierarchy and composition and disjointness of events, based on some examples on event descriptions in legal knowledge. This logic is a variant of order-sorted second-order logic formalized by regarding events as constants, sorts, predicates and variables, which provides knowledge representation and reasoning for event assertions. In order to obtain a query-answering system, we present a sorted tableau calculus for refutation of event formulas in the logic
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