618 research outputs found
Pioneers of Library Movement in Pakistan
No full textThe paper aims to describe in brief the contribution of seven leaders of Pakistan librarianship, viz. K.B. Khalifa M. Asadullah, Prof. Dr. Abdul Moid, Dr. Abdus Subuh Qasimi, Muhammad Shafi, Fazal Elahi, Khawaja Nur Elahi and S. V. Hussain. The early library developments are given for better understanding of the role of these leaders
Influence of interlayer functionalization of kaolinite on property profile of copolymer nanocomposites
No full textNanocomposites of co-poly (vinyl chloride-polyvinyl acetate-polyvinyl alcohol) (PVC-PVAc-PVA) and kaolinite were prepared via solution intercalation technique. To improve compatibility among the phases and to expand the interlayer basal spacing, kaolinite was modified using dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) as a swelling agent. The influence of kaolinite dispersion and interaction between the disparate phases on the properties of nanocomposites were investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), mechanical testing, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and water absorption measurements. IR data confirmed the hydrogen bonds formed between DMSO and the surface hydroxyl groups of kaolinite. XRD and microscopic results revealed that clay mineral was intercalated with uniform dispersion at nanoscale in the matrix. Tensile testing of these materials indicated significant improvements in the mechanical properties relative to the pure copolymer. Incorporation of kaolinite into the organic phase enhanced the thermal stability of the nanocomposites. Water absorption of the nanomaterials was reduced upon the addition of modified kaolinite rendering decreased permeability with increasing dispersibility of clay mineral in the copolymer matrix. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved
Polypyrrole Decorated Mechanically Robust Conductive Nanocomposites via Solution Blending and in Situ Polymerization Techniques
No full textPolypyrrole grafted polystyrene-b-poly (ethylene-ran-butylene)-b-polystyrene (SEBS-g-PPy)/multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) conductive nanocomposites were fabricated using two different approaches. The approach of system-I involved primarily the grafting of PPy on SEBS and its subsequent composites with nanotubes. In system-II in situ polymerization/grafting of PPy on SEBS was carried out along with MWCNTs yielding nanomaterials. Presynthesized SEBS-g-PPy and nanocomposites were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, NMR, field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties. The pi-pi stacking interactions between PPy of SEBS-g-PPy and MWCNTs rendered ample dispersion of the nanotubes in system-II relative to system-I. The electrical conductivity and tensile data showed improvement in these properties of nanocomposites and that system-II nanocomposites can sustain higher stresses, is stiffer, and can absorb more energy before breaking. Thermal stability of both the systems was improved relative to the matrices, and decomposition temperatures were found to increase from 437 to 568 degrees C. Relative improvement in electrical, thermal and tensile properties were observed for system-II nanocomposites rather than for system-I nanocomposites.
Amidoxime porous polymers for CO2 capture
No full textCO2 capture from fossil fuel based electricity generation remains costly since new power plants with monoethanol amine (MEA) as the scrubbing agent are under construction. Amidoximes are known to mimic MEA, and porous polymers with amidoximes could offer a sustainable solution to carbon capture. Here we report the first amidoxime porous polymers (APPs) where aromatic polyamides (aramids) having amidoxime pendant groups were synthesized through low temperature condensation of 4,4'-oxydianiline (ODA) and p-phenylene diamine (p-PDA) with a new type of nitrile-bearing aromatic diacid chloride. The nitrile pendant groups of the polyamides were converted to an amidoxime functionality by a rapid hydroxylamine addition (APP-1 and APP-2). The CO2 adsorption capacities of these polyamides were measured at low pressure (1 bar) and two different temperatures (273 and 298 K) and high pressure (up to 225 bar - the highest measuring pressure to date) at 318 K. The low pressure CO2 uptake of APP-1 was found to be 0.32 mmol g(-1) compared with APP-2 (0.07 mmol g(-1)) at 273 K, whereas at high pressure they showed a substantial increase in CO2 adsorption capacity exhibiting 24.69 and 11.67 mmol g(-1) for APP-1 and APP-2 respectively. Both aramids were found to be solution processable, enabling membrane applications
al-Misbāh fī al-Nahw By Nāsir al-Dīn al-Mutarrizī al-Nahwī (d. 610/1213) A Critical Edition of the Text with the Life History of the Author
No full textNāsir al-Dīn al-Mutarrizī al-Nahwī (d.610/1213) was one of the most renowned figures in the field of Arabic Grammar. He has left an indelible mark on the world of Arabic language and literature. He is also known as the successor of al-Zamakhsharī.
He wrote a number of books but his al-Misbāh fī al-Nahw gained prominence at a level that no other book in this field could claim to achieve. For this reason, a great number of commentaries have been written in every age, of which the most famous are al-Daw and Khulāsat al-I‘rāb written by Tāj al-Dīn al-Isfrā’īnī and ‘Abd al- Karīm al-Tūsī (better known as Hājjī Bābā) respectively. Moreover, its translation into other languages also demonstrates its value as a useful book.
Although al-Misbāh has been edited on more than one occasion, the published editions do not fulfil the needs and requirements of modern academic research criteria. The basic aim of this thesis is to present this book with a current modern research style so that the students, teachers and ordinary readers of Arabic language and literature may benefit from this work.
This thesis is divided into two parts. The first part deals with the life history of the author and his other works. A brief note of the environment under which he grew up (generally referred to as the ‘Seljuk’ period) is also included in this part.
The second part consists of a text edition that deals with the derivation (Takhrīj) of syntactical issues together with the differing opinions of grammarians on syntactical/grammatical issues. This part also proffers the idiomatic English translation of al-Misbāh
Uji komparasi perhitungan gerhana matahari global Muhammad Wasil dan K.H. Ahmad Ghozali
No full textMuhammad Wasil dan K.H. Ahmad Ghozali memiliki riwayat pernah belajar ilmu falak kepada Kiai Noor Ahmad Jepara (alm) pengarang kitab falak Nur al-Anwar. Meski begitu, Muhammad Wasil dan K.H. Ahmad Ghozali memiliki metode yang berbeda dalam memprediksi fenomena gerhana Matahari. Kedua metode perhitungan ini sering digunakan sebagai referensi dalam memprediksi fenomena gerhana Matahari, meskipun memiliki hasil akhir yang berbeda. Penelitian ini dimaksudkan untuk menjawab pertanyaan: (1) Bagaimana metode perhitungan gerhana Matahari global Muhammad Wasil dan K.H. Ahmad Ghozali? (2) Bagaimana perbandingan tingkat akurasi dari metode perhitungan gerhana Matahari global Muhammad Wasil dan K.H. Ahmad Ghozali? (3) Bagaimana kelebihan dan kekurangan dari metode perhitungan gerhana Matahari global Muhammad Wasil dan K.H. Ahmad Ghozali? Permasalahan dibahas melalui studi pustaka dengan pengumpulan data secara dokumentasi dan wawancara. Semua data dianalisis dan dikomparasikan dengan hasil NASA sebagai acuan tingkat akurasi.
Penelitian ini menyimpulkan: Yang pertama, metode perhitungan Muhammad Wasil dan K.H Ahmad Ghozali memiliki persamaan menggunakan konsep sistem koordinat ekliptika geosentrik, selain itu terdapat perbedaan antara kedua metode perhitungan meliputi konsep bentuk Bumi yang digunakan, sumber data, ketentuan delta T(∆T), dan pendekatan yang digunakan dalam metode perhitungan. Yang kedua, tingkat akurasi metode perhitungan gerhana Matahari global K.H. Ahmad Ghozali lebih tinggi daripada metode perhitungan Muhammad Wasil dalam memprediksi fenomena gerhana Matahari. Tingkat akurasi ini berdasar pada perhitungan keadaan greatest eclipse yang berdampak langsung terhadap pelaksanaan salat gerhana. Yang ketiga, metode perhitungan gerhana Matahari global Muhammad Wasil memiliki kelebihan kontak yang dihitung lebih lengkap, dapat menggambarkan peta pergerakan gerhana, tingkat akurasi lebih tinggi dalam perhitungan kontak umbra, sedangkan terdapat kekurangannya, yaitu sulit diimplementasikan tanpa bantuan program sebagai alat bantu. Pada metode perhitungan gerhana Matahari global K.H. Ahmad Ghoazali memiliki kelebihan diantaranya metode perhitungan lebih praktis, memiliki tingkat akurasi tinggi untuk kontak penumbra dan puncak gerhana (greatest eclipse), sedangkan kekurangannya, yaitu akurasi rendah dalam perhitungan kontak umbra gerhana Matahari global.
Kata Kunci: Muhammad Wasil, K.H. Ahmad Ghozali, gerhana Matahari global
ABSTRACT:
Muhammad Wasil and K.H. Ahmad Ghozali has a history of studying astronomy with Kiai Noor Ahmad Jepara (deceased), author of the book of astronomy Nur al-Anwar. Even so, Muhammad Wasil and K.H. Ahmad Ghozali has a different method for predicting the phenomenon of a solar eclipse. These two calculation methods are often used as references in predicting solar eclipse phenomena, even though they have different final results. This research is intended to answer the questions: (1) What is the method for calculating global solar eclipses by Muhammad Wasil and K.H. Ahmad Ghozali? (2) What is the comparison of the level of accuracy of the global solar eclipse calculation method of Muhammad Wasil and K.H. Ahmad Ghozali? (3) What are the advantages and disadvantages of the global solar eclipse calculation method Muhammad Wasil and K.H. Ahmad Ghozali? Problems are discussed through literature study by collecting data through documentation and interviews. All data is analyzed and compared with NASA results as a reference for accuracy levels.
This research concludes: Firstly, the calculation methods of Muhammad Wasil and K.H Ahmad Ghozali have similarities using the concept of a geocentric ecliptic coordinate system, apart from that there are differences between the two calculation methods including the concept of the shape of the Earth used, data sources, provisions for delta T(∆T), and the approach used in the calculation method. Second, the level of accuracy of the global solar eclipse calculation method K.H. Ahmad Ghozali's calculation method is higher than Muhammad Wasil's in predicting the phenomenon of a solar eclipse. This level of accuracy is based on calculating the state of the greatest eclipse which has a direct impact on the implementation of eclipse prayers. Third, Muhammad Wasil's method for calculating global solar eclipses has the advantage of contacts being calculated more completely, being able to depict a map of the movement of the eclipse, a higher level of accuracy in calculating umbral contacts, while there are disadvantages, namely that it is difficult to implement without the help of a program as a tool. In the calculation method for global solar eclipses, K.H. Ahmad Ghoazali has advantages, including a more practical calculation method, having a high level of accuracy for penumbral contact and the peak of the eclipse (greatest eclipse), while his disadvantages are low accuracy in calculating umbral contact for global solar eclipses.
Keywords: Muhammad Wasil, K.H. Ahmad Ghozali, global solar eclipse
الملخص
محمد واصل وكياي الحاج أحمد غزالي لهم تاريخ في دراسة علم الفلك مع كياي نور أحمد جيبارا (متوفى)، مؤلف الكتاب الفلكي نور الأنوار. ومع ذلك، فإن محمد واصل وكياي الحاج أحمد غزالي لديهما طرق مختلفة للتنبؤ بظاهرة كسوف الشمس. غالبًا ما يتم استخدام هاتين الطريقتين الحسابيتين كمراجع في التنبؤ بظواهر كسوف الشمس، على الرغم من اختلاف نتائجهما النهائية. يهدف هذا البحث إلى الإجابة على الأسئلة التالية: (1) ما هي طريقة حساب كسوف الشمس العالمي لمحمد واصل وكياي الحاج أحمد غزالي؟ (2) كيف يمكن مقارنة مستوى دقة طرق حساب كسوف الشمس العالمي لمحمد واصل وكياي الحاج أحمد غزالي؟ (3) ما هي مميزات وعيوب طريقة حساب كسوف الشمس العالمي لمحمد واصل وكياي الحاج أحمد غزالي؟ تتم مناقشة المشاكل من خلال دراسة الأدبيات من خلال جمع البيانات من خلال الوثائق والمقابلات. ويتم تحليل جميع البيانات ومقارنتها بنتائج وكالة ناسا كمرجع لمستويات الدقة.
ويخلص هذا البحث إلى ما يلي: أولاً، هناك أوجه تشابه بين طريقتي الحساب لمحمد واصل وكياي الحاج أحمد غزالي باستخدام مفهوم نظام الإحداثيات الكسوف لمركز الأرض، عدا عن ذلك هناك اختلافات بين طريقتي الحساب بما في ذلك مفهوم شكل الأرض المستخدم. ومصادر البيانات وأحكام دلتا T(∆T) والنهج المستخدم في طريقة الحساب. ثانيا، مستوى دقة طريقة حساب كسوف الشمس العالمي لكياي الحاج أحمد غزالي أعلى من طريقة حساب محمد واصل في التنبؤ بظاهرة كسوف الشمس. ويعتمد هذا المستوى من الدقة على حساب حالة الكسوف الأكبر الذي له تأثير مباشر على تنفيذ صلاة الكسوف. ثالثا، تتميز طريقة محمد واصل لحساب كسوف الشمس العالمي بميزة احتساب الاتصالات بشكل أكثر اكتمالا، والقدرة على تصوير خريطة لحركة الكسوف، ومستوى أعلى من الدقة في حساب الاتصالات الظلية، في حين أن هناك عيوب، وهي أن فمن الصعب تنفيذها دون مساعدة البرنامج كأداة. تتميز طريقة كياي حاج أحمد غزالي لحساب كسوف الشمس العالمي بمزايا، بما في ذلك طريقة حسابية أكثر عملية، وجود مستوى عالٍ من الدقة في الاتصال شبه الظلي وذروة الكسوف (الكسوف الأكبر)، في حين أن العيب هو انخفاض الدقة في حساب الاتصال الظلي لكسوف الشمس العالمي.
الكلمات المفتاحية: محمد واصل، أحمد غزالي، كسوف الشمس العالمي
Conversion of African Americans to Islam : a sociological analysis of the Nation of Islam and associated groups
No full text'Conversion of African Americans to Islam: A Sociological Analysis of the Nation of
Islam Associated groups' is an empirical study of the religious experience of people
who had/have distinctive features in terms of race, ethnicity and historical experience.
The purpose of this thesis is to demonstrate how African Americans' (AAs) conversion
experience in general, and the Nation of Islam associated groups' conversion in
particular, differ from the studies of recruitment and conversion in the sociology of
religion and New Religion Movements (NRMs). More specifically, their recruitment
and conversion experiences to Islam diverge from those who converted to mainstream
Islam. The study investigates how AAs' historical experience, soci-economic
difficulties and the racism they encountered shaped and influenced their religious
understanding.
Research methods involved participant observations, a survey questionnaire, interviews,
conversations, personal communications and correspondence. To collect ethnographic
data eleven months field research was conducted mainly in the Chicago area and on two
short visits to Detroit, and three years continued communications with Muslim officials
and academics in the area. During the field research and afterwards through personal
communication 181 survey questionnaire responses were received, and 23 Muslim
officials, academics and ordinary Muslims were interviewed through semi-structured,
unstructured interviews, conversation and correspondence.
The thesis begins with a brief history of Islam and Muslims in general and the African
American Muslims (AAMs) in particular. More emphasis is given on the historical
development of the Nation of Islam (NOl). Then in Chapter III, discussions of schisms
in the history of the NOT are examined from sociological perspectives of social and
religious movements. In Chapter IV I aimed to formulate my own perspective to
analyse and study the conversion experiences of AAMs to Islam. I used a multivariate
approach, considering selectively widely held conversion and recruitment theories in the
sociology of the religion. I consider in Chapter V the predisposing conditions for AAMs
that influence their decision-making to join in the NOT, for example, political and
nationalistic sentiments and socio-economic deprivations. In Chapter VI I have applied
different terms to describe their religious experiences, such as conversion, alteration and
reversion. I have analysed further their encounters with the NOT, the methods of
recruitment they used and their major motives for joining the NOT and converting to
Tslam. In the concluding chapters (Chapter VII VTTT) I describe the different responses
of AAMS to Islam following the death of Elijah Muhammad. It is found out that the
Islamic appeal has polarised. While Farakhan's NOT appeared to continue the tradition
and style of the old NOI with the emphasis on nationalistic and socio-economic factors,
Tmam W. D. Mohammed's community turned more to the religious and spiritual aspects
of Tslam. These different approaches led to a polarisation of the appeal of Tslam to
AAMS.
This thesis contributes to knowledge in four key areas; the sociology of religion and
religious movements, the sociology of social and nationalistic movements, religious and
Islamic studies
The Hajj : past, present and future: the communication aspect
No full textIt is the aim of this thesis to investigate the work of the Saudi Arabian media and the information services in relation to the Hajj, to examine their policies, procedures and problems faced by them, and to propose solutions and improvements. The basic objective of this study during the Hajj is to examine how the Saudi Arabian media can serve more effectively the needs of the pilgrims, with their different cultures and languages.
An historical examination of the evolution of the Hajj, the services and the media form the background and context for the examination of the current position. The following
research methods were adopted:
1- Group discussions and interviews were carried out amongsts ome of the Islamic media visiting the Hajj in order to highlight any problems and concerns
about the work of the Saudi Arabian media during the Hajj.
2- A content analysis of the Saudi Arabian newspapers
during the Hajj season was carried out using a quota sampling procedure. In total 434 articles were studied using nine coding categories.
3- The content and form of Saudi Arabian radio and television programmes, Hajj handbooks,cassettes and video tapes provided for the pilgrims were analysed.
4- The daily routine of the average pilgrim during the 1993 Hajj season was observed.
This work is divided into eight chapters. The Introduction (Chapter One) covers a statement of the problems, aims of the study and gives the various sources of information. In Chapter Two the historical background of the city of Mecca and the Kaaba is discussed, thus providing the historical aspects of the Hajj. The Saudi Arabian Royal Family and the Hajj are discussedin Chapter Three with respect to the importance of the Hajj as a religious obligation. Chapter Four examines the present Saudi Arabian official Hajj policy and procedures, the ministries and committees administering the Hajj and their terms of reference, and specific problems related to the Muslim calendar, weather, transport, accommodation, food, health, and security. Chapter Five is' devoted to the development of the Saudi Arabian media and their coverage of the Hau. Chapter
Six analyses the problems which face the Saudi Arabian media during the Hai. Chapter Seven deals with proposed solutions. Finally, conclusions are presented regarding the
main features of the present communication systems with regard to the coverage of the Hajj.
There are nine major findings in this study:
1- Much has been written on the history of the two Holy cities of Mecca and al-Madina and Arabia's Hajj before and under the Islam, but little attention has been paid to the communication aspects of information and instruction
available to the pilgrims.
2- The Saudi Arabian media strives to cater for all the pilgrims during their Haij.
3- The Pilgrims, however need more and better targeted information before, as well as after, their arrival in Saudi Arabia.
4- Most of the pilgrims have no radio or television sets in their buildings and so they are not directly exposed to Saudi Arabian Information.
5- The Saudi Arabian Hajj newspapers provide special information supplements, but these are not as effective as had been hoped.
6- The Islamic media delegation which visit Saudi Arabia during the Hajj believes that the Saudi Arabian media does not serve the pilgrims from different cultures adequately as there is a lack of programme targeting and a shortage of
information for non arabic speaking pilgrims.
7- The Saudi Arabian television channels are unable, as yet, to provide services in the main pilgrims' languages, but new technologies should be able to redress this.
8- The Saudi Arabian Radio and TV stations need better scheduling.
9- No systematic study has yet been carried out about the pilgrims' attitudes, their daily movements, access and reaction to the Saudi Arabian Media during the Hail: such a study should form the basis of future media and information
policies
Challenges and Considerations in Assessing GERD: A Critical Review of a Study in Southern Punjab, Pakistan [Response to Letter]
No full textMuhammad Fawad Rasool,1 Rimsha Sarwar,1 Muhammad Subhan Arshad,1,2 Imran Imran,3 Hamid Saeed,4 Abdul Majeed,1 Muqarrab Akbar,5 Muhammad Omer Chaudhry,6 Anees Ur Rehman,1 Waseem Ashraf,3 Tanveer Ahmad,7 Waleed Badoghaish,8 Faleh Alqahtani9 1Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan; 2Department of Pharmacy, Southern Punjab Institute of Health Sciences, Multan, 60000, Pakistan; 3Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan; 4University College of Pharmacy, Allama Iqbal Campus, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan; 5Department of Political Science, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan; 6School of Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan; 7Institute for Advanced Biosciences (Iab), CNRS UMR5309, INSERM U1209, Grenoble Alpes University, La Tronche, 38700, France; 8Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, 71411, Saudi Arabia; 9Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Muhammad Fawad Rasool; Faleh Alqahtani, Email [email protected]; [email protected]
Annotation of conceptual co-reference and text Mining the Qur'an
No full textThis research contributes to the area of corpus annotation and text mining by developing novel domain specific language resources. Most practical text mining applications restrict their domain. This research restricts the domain to the Qur'anic Text.
In this thesis, a number of pre-processing steps were undertaken and annotation information were added to the Qur'an. The raw Arabic Qur'an was pre-processed into morphological units using the Qur'anic Arabic Corpus (QAC). Qur'anic terms were indexed and converted into a vector space model using techniques in Information Retrieval (IR). In parallel, nearly 24,000 Qur'anic personal pronouns were annotated with information on their referents. These referents are consolidated and organized into a total of over 1,000 ontological concepts. Moreover, a dataset of nearly 8,000 pairs of related Qur'anic verses are compiled from books of scholarly commentary on the Qur'an. This vector space model, the pronoun tagging, the verse relatedness dataset, and the part-of-speech tags available in QAC all together served for a number of Qur'anic text mining applications which were rendered online for public use. Among these applications: lemma concordance, collocation, POS search of the Qur'an, verse similarity measures, concept clouds of a given verse, pronominal anaphora and Qur'anic chapter similarity.
Furthermore, machine learning experiments were conducted on automatic detection of verse similarity/relatedness as well as categorization of Qur'anic chapters based on their chronology of revelation. Domain specific linguistic features were investigated to induct learning algorithms. Results show that deep linguistic and world knowledge is needed to reach the human upper bound in certain computational tasks such as detecting text relatedness, question answering and textual entailment. However, many useful queries can be addressed using text mining techniques and layers of annotations made available through this research. The works presented here can be extended to include other similar texts like Hadith (i.e., saying of Prophet Muhammad), or other scriptures like the Gospels
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