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Social equity in governance of ecosystem services: synthesis from European treeline areas
No full textSarkki, Simo et. al.- 14 páginas.- © The authors 2017. Open Access under Creative Commons by
Attribution Licence. Use, distribution and reproduction are unrestricted. Authors and original publication must be credited.Achieving social equity among local stakeholders should be a key objective for ecosystem service (ES) governance in Europe's ecologically fragile treeline areas. The ES literature tends to be biased towards distributional equity and market-based instruments when assessing social equity of ES governance. In this study, we analyze a wide range of social equity procedures that have been applied in Europe, using 11 synthesized case studies of governance-related challenges and 75 proposals for governance enhancement from 8 European countries provided by researchers with expertise on treeline area governance. The proposals were grouped by inductive clustering into 10 procedural or distributional equity-related policy recommendations: (1) increase stakeholder collaboration, (2) balance interactions between horizontal and vertical governance levels, (3) increase ES education, (4) use science to guide decisions, (5) start collaboration at an early stage, (6) enhance transparency, (7) aim to mitigate negative impacts, (8) use an ES approach to identify synergistic goals for governance, (9) enhance balanced multi-functional land use, and (10) use market-based instruments to balance benefits and costs deriving from governance decisions. Finally, we discuss 5 more general proposals on how regulatory and market-based approaches could be linked to enhance both procedural and distributional equity of treeline area governance.This study has been supported by the ESSEM COST-Action ES1203 'Enhancing the resilience capacity of sensitive mountain forest ecosystems under environmental change' (SENSFOR), and by the Horizon 2020 project 'Social innovation in marginalised rural areas' (SIMRA), carried out under contract number 677622 with funds provided by the European Commission to the James Hutton Institute and the University of Oulu.Peer reviewe
Forest Dispute and Change in Muonio, Northern Finland
No full textThis article examines a forest dispute that took place in the municipality of Muonio in northern Finland. The parties involved in the dispute were the Finnish state forestry enterprise Metsähallitus and a local coalition consisting of representatives of reindeer herders, the municipality, a local environmental NGO, a game association, and tourism entrepreneurs. The primary data for the article was gathered through thematic interviews that took place in 2005 and 2007. The dispute reflects the land-use needs of growing tourism in the area. It also provides an example of how change takes place through a dispute and how it is managed. The adaptive cycle heuristic is utilised to assist in an analysis of the change resulting from the dispute. Secondly, the Muonio case is examined in the light of the adaptive co-management approach in order to examine whether the change was governed adaptively. It is concluded that the dispute worked as a trigger for a policy innovation. That is, Metsähallitus rented the forests to tourism entrepreneurs and the municipality for ten years. The solution contained some features of adaptive co-management: a place-specific solution, interaction and negotiation. The problems were related to knowledge distribution and lack of careful deliberation
Contested emergency: Five gaming strategies between environmental and economic science-policy-society coalitions
No full textThe Greek word nomos is usually taken to mean a law or a convention governing human conduct. The concept has been developed to understand social and economic order comprising three aspects: appropriation, production and distribution. In the present paper, I focus on appropriation and define it as the knowledge claims being made and circulated in science-policy-society interactions. Three general rationales are identified: the linear (speaking truth to power), the co-production of knowledge (making sense together) and the post-truth (inventing facts for friends). The objective of the present paper is to examine how the environmental coalition has attempted to ease the problems of climate change and biodiversity loss and how the economic coalition has responded to these strategies as well as how both coalitions have used the three science-policy-society rationales. I will identify and discuss five game-theory inspired strategies that the environmental coalition has used as well as outline some examples on how the economic coalition has responded to the knowledge claims by the environmental coalition. The knowledge claims are not static but rather evolve dynamically in interactions between competing coalitions. This highlights the relevance of the recent idea that actors working at the science-policy-society nexus need to consider their opponents and tailor their knowledge claims not only based on science or on their own objectives but also in a way that counters and anticipates the opposite coalition’s knowledge claims and decisions. Based on the analysis, I propose that the interactions between environmental and economic coalitions can be understood as a “Contested Emergency”. This paper highlights the relevance of knowledge claims in shaping the complex landscape of environmental governance and the challenges for movement towards a post-fossil future. The knowledge claims regarding the contested emergency end up grounding certain visions of future spatial orders and imply fundamentally different possible nomoi ranging from sustaining the status quo build on economic growth through technological solutions to radical transformative measures seeking to avoid social-ecological collapse
Contested emergency : Five gaming strategies between environmental and economic science-policy-society coalitions
Full text linkAbstractThe Greek word nomos is usually taken to mean a law or a convention governing human conduct. The concept has been developed to understand social and economic order comprising three aspects: appropriation, production and distribution. In the present paper, I focus on appropriation and define it as the knowledge claims being made and circulated in science-policy-society interactions. Three general rationales are identified: the linear (speaking truth to power), the co-production of knowledge (making sense together) and the post-truth (inventing facts for friends). The objective of the present paper is to examine how the environmental coalition has attempted to ease the problems of climate change and biodiversity loss and how the economic coalition has responded to these strategies as well as how both coalitions have used the three science-policy-society rationales. I will identify and discuss five game-theory inspired strategies that the environmental coalition has used as well as outline some examples on how the economic coalition has responded to the knowledge claims by the environmental coalition. The knowledge claims are not static but rather evolve dynamically in interactions between competing coalitions. This highlights the relevance of the recent idea that actors working at the science-policy-society nexus need to consider their opponents and tailor their knowledge claims not only based on science or on their own objectives but also in a way that counters and anticipates the opposite coalition’s knowledge claims and decisions. Based on the analysis, I propose that the interactions between environmental and economic coalitions can be understood as a “Contested Emergency”. This paper highlights the relevance of knowledge claims in shaping the complex landscape of environmental governance and the challenges for movement towards a post-fossil future. The knowledge claims regarding the contested emergency end up grounding certain visions of future spatial orders and imply fundamentally different possible nomoi ranging from sustaining the status quo build on economic growth through technological solutions to radical transformative measures seeking to avoid social-ecological collapse.Abstract
The Greek word nomos is usually taken to mean a law or a convention governing human conduct. The concept has been developed to understand social and economic order comprising three aspects: appropriation, production and distribution. In the present paper, I focus on appropriation and define it as the knowledge claims being made and circulated in science-policy-society interactions. Three general rationales are identified: the linear (speaking truth to power), the co-production of knowledge (making sense together) and the post-truth (inventing facts for friends). The objective of the present paper is to examine how the environmental coalition has attempted to ease the problems of climate change and biodiversity loss and how the economic coalition has responded to these strategies as well as how both coalitions have used the three science-policy-society rationales. I will identify and discuss five game-theory inspired strategies that the environmental coalition has used as well as outline some examples on how the economic coalition has responded to the knowledge claims by the environmental coalition. The knowledge claims are not static but rather evolve dynamically in interactions between competing coalitions. This highlights the relevance of the recent idea that actors working at the science-policy-society nexus need to consider their opponents and tailor their knowledge claims not only based on science or on their own objectives but also in a way that counters and anticipates the opposite coalition’s knowledge claims and decisions. Based on the analysis, I propose that the interactions between environmental and economic coalitions can be understood as a “Contested Emergency”. This paper highlights the relevance of knowledge claims in shaping the complex landscape of environmental governance and the challenges for movement towards a post-fossil future. The knowledge claims regarding the contested emergency end up grounding certain visions of future spatial orders and imply fundamentally different possible nomoi ranging from sustaining the status quo build on economic growth through technological solutions to radical transformative measures seeking to avoid social-ecological collapse
Payments for ecosystem services as a road to sustainability? A case of forest dispute in Muonio, Northern Finland
No full textPayments for Ecosystem Services (PES) have emerged as new promising governance tools for enhancing sustainable use of natural resources. This article looks at the Muonio forestry dispute where local tourism entrepreneurs and the municipality paid compensations for the Finnish state forestry enterprise to not log in state-owned commercial forests. The case also illustrates some more general challenges with PES. Firstly, paying compensations for somebody not to deteriorate ecosystem services is problematic for environmental and sometimes also social sustainability. Secondly, the valuations on which the Payments are based are often biased. Thirdly, the diffusion of benefits from ecosystem services to actors at various scales is difficult to grasp with monetary estimations. Fourthly, there is a challenge to incorporate future costs and benefits to the valuations. If these challenges are not resolved, PES schemes might blind us from the variety of complexities and equity issues behind the use and governance of ecosystem services
’Paikan vastaisku’: monikerroksinen metsien hallinta ja kansalaisosallistuminen Pohjois-Suomessa
No full textAbstractNew forms of environmental governance are implemented with promises associated with more flexible and participatory decision-making. However, resistance towards these ways of doing decisions occurs also in relation to forests in northern Finland. This thesis seeks to explain this resistance and to discuss how participation in the context of multi-level environmental governance can be enhanced. A combination of anthropological fieldwork methods and concepts from environmental politics is used to create a bottom-up research strategy to examine forest governance. Based on theme interviews, planning documents and press releases of various actors, this thesis identifies problems for hybrid forest governance modes, which combine State, market, and civil society actors in decision-making processes. Based on selected topical case studies regarding state-owned commercial forests in Inari, Forest Lapland, Muonio, and Liperinsuo three different governance modes are identified: a State-based mode with a participatory dimension and two ‘pressure’ modes taking place via market-based campaigns of environmental NGOs and local protests. Concerning the protected areas, namely Malla Strict Nature Reserve and the Pallas-Ylläs and Oulanka national parks, one governance mode is identified as taking place on the vertical park managements — international conservation agencies — local resource users axis. A major explanation for resistance towards the different governance modes is that decision-making processes neglect site-specifics. Related problems include missing stakeholders, lack of site-specific discussions in planning processes, generalised concepts used in standardisation practices, engagement of ‘faraway’ stakeholders in decision processes, and lack of transparency. As a result, ‘the site strikes back’ responses, i.e. pressure campaigns, protests, opposition, and rumours have emerged. In order to mitigate resistance, this thesis proposes ways to enhance participation and deliberation in forest governance. However, the utility of these suggestions is challenged by polarised views and a lack of trust between the different parties. Finally, hypotheses explaining resistance towards decision-making are formulated. Also, contributions to environmental anthropology are outlined, and further questions relevant for research on environmental governance are posed. TiivistelmäUudet ympäristöhallinnan muodot lupaavat parempaa kansalaisosallistumista ja joustavuutta päätöksentekoon. Kuitenkin näitäkin hallinnan muotoja vastustetaan myös Pohjois-Suomen metsiin liittyen. Tässä väitöskirjassa pyritään selittämään vastarintaa metsien hallintaa kohtaan valtion omistamissa talousmetsissä ja suojelualueilla. Väitöskirjassa yhdistetään antropologisia kenttätyömenetelmiä ja ympäristöpolitiikan käsitteitä. Pohjaten teemahaastatteluihin, suunnitteludokumentteihin, lehdistötiedotteisiin ja www-sivuihin tämä väitöskirja määrittää ongelmia hybrideille hallinnan ja päätöksenteon muodoille, jotka koostuvat valtioon, markkinoihin ja kansalaisyhteiskuntaan liittyvien toimijoiden vuorovaikutuksesta. Pohjaten ajankohtaisiin metsäkiistoihin Inarissa, Metsä-Lapissa, Muoniossa ja Liperinsuolla kolme erilaista hallinnan muotoa erotellaan: valtiovetoinen hallinnan muoto, johon kansalaisyhteiskunta linkittyy osallistavien prosessien kautta sekä kaksi ”painostusmuotoa”, jotka koostuvat ympäristöjärjestöjen markkinapohjaisista kampanjoista sekä paikallislähtöisistä protesteista. Mallan, Pallas-Ylläksen ja Oulangan suojelualueisiin liittyen määritellään yksi hallinnan muoto, joka muodostuu puistojen hallinnoista, kansainvälisistä suojelutoimijoista sekä paikallisista luonnonkäyttäjistä. Näitä hallinnan muotoja yhdistää se, että niiden kohtaama vastarinta johtuu paikkakohtaisen päätöksenteon puutteista. Ongelmat liittyvät päätöksentekoprosesseista puuttuviin intressiryhmiin, suunnitteluprosesseissa käytyjen keskustelujen yleisluonteisuuteen, yleispätevien käsitteiden käyttöön standardoimisprosesseissa erityisesti suojelualueilla, läpinäkyvyyden puutteeseen sekä kaukaisten toimijoiden osallistumiseen paikallisiin päätöksiin. Näiden ongelmien seurauksena paikkakohtaisuutta ei huomioida riittävästi hallinnassa, mistä seuraa ’paikan vastaisku’ protestien, huhujen, vastustuksen ja kampanjoiden muodossa. Vastarinnan syntymistä voitaisiin ehkäistä parantamalla osallistumista ja neuvottelua, joskaan parannusehdotuksetkaan eivät ratkaise luottamuksen puutteeseen ja osapuolten näkemysten napaistumiseen liittyviä ongelmia. Väitöskirjassa luodaan hypoteeseja, jotka selittävät ympäristöhallinnan kohtaamaa vastarintaa. Lisäksi väitöskirja tarjoaa antia sekä uusia tutkimuskysymyksiä erityisesti ympäristöantropologialle. Academic dissertation to be presented with the assent of the Faculty of Humanities of the University of Oulu for public defence in Keckmaninsali (Auditorium HU106), Linnanmaa, on 19 December 2011, at 12 noonAbstract
New forms of environmental governance are implemented with promises associated with more flexible and participatory decision-making. However, resistance towards these ways of doing decisions occurs also in relation to forests in northern Finland. This thesis seeks to explain this resistance and to discuss how participation in the context of multi-level environmental governance can be enhanced. A combination of anthropological fieldwork methods and concepts from environmental politics is used to create a bottom-up research strategy to examine forest governance. Based on theme interviews, planning documents and press releases of various actors, this thesis identifies problems for hybrid forest governance modes, which combine State, market, and civil society actors in decision-making processes.
Based on selected topical case studies regarding state-owned commercial forests in Inari, Forest Lapland, Muonio, and Liperinsuo three different governance modes are identified: a State-based mode with a participatory dimension and two ‘pressure’ modes taking place via market-based campaigns of environmental NGOs and local protests. Concerning the protected areas, namely Malla Strict Nature Reserve and the Pallas-Ylläs and Oulanka national parks, one governance mode is identified as taking place on the vertical park managements — international conservation agencies — local resource users axis.
A major explanation for resistance towards the different governance modes is that decision-making processes neglect site-specifics. Related problems include missing stakeholders, lack of site-specific discussions in planning processes, generalised concepts used in standardisation practices, engagement of ‘faraway’ stakeholders in decision processes, and lack of transparency. As a result, ‘the site strikes back’ responses, i.e. pressure campaigns, protests, opposition, and rumours have emerged. In order to mitigate resistance, this thesis proposes ways to enhance participation and deliberation in forest governance. However, the utility of these suggestions is challenged by polarised views and a lack of trust between the different parties.
Finally, hypotheses explaining resistance towards decision-making are formulated. Also, contributions to environmental anthropology are outlined, and further questions relevant for research on environmental governance are posed.Tiivistelmä
Uudet ympäristöhallinnan muodot lupaavat parempaa kansalaisosallistumista ja joustavuutta päätöksentekoon. Kuitenkin näitäkin hallinnan muotoja vastustetaan myös Pohjois-Suomen metsiin liittyen. Tässä väitöskirjassa pyritään selittämään vastarintaa metsien hallintaa kohtaan valtion omistamissa talousmetsissä ja suojelualueilla. Väitöskirjassa yhdistetään antropologisia kenttätyömenetelmiä ja ympäristöpolitiikan käsitteitä. Pohjaten teemahaastatteluihin, suunnitteludokumentteihin, lehdistötiedotteisiin ja www-sivuihin tämä väitöskirja määrittää ongelmia hybrideille hallinnan ja päätöksenteon muodoille, jotka koostuvat valtioon, markkinoihin ja kansalaisyhteiskuntaan liittyvien toimijoiden vuorovaikutuksesta.
Pohjaten ajankohtaisiin metsäkiistoihin Inarissa, Metsä-Lapissa, Muoniossa ja Liperinsuolla kolme erilaista hallinnan muotoa erotellaan: valtiovetoinen hallinnan muoto, johon kansalaisyhteiskunta linkittyy osallistavien prosessien kautta sekä kaksi ”painostusmuotoa”, jotka koostuvat ympäristöjärjestöjen markkinapohjaisista kampanjoista sekä paikallislähtöisistä protesteista. Mallan, Pallas-Ylläksen ja Oulangan suojelualueisiin liittyen määritellään yksi hallinnan muoto, joka muodostuu puistojen hallinnoista, kansainvälisistä suojelutoimijoista sekä paikallisista luonnonkäyttäjistä.
Näitä hallinnan muotoja yhdistää se, että niiden kohtaama vastarinta johtuu paikkakohtaisen päätöksenteon puutteista. Ongelmat liittyvät päätöksentekoprosesseista puuttuviin intressiryhmiin, suunnitteluprosesseissa käytyjen keskustelujen yleisluonteisuuteen, yleispätevien käsitteiden käyttöön standardoimisprosesseissa erityisesti suojelualueilla, läpinäkyvyyden puutteeseen sekä kaukaisten toimijoiden osallistumiseen paikallisiin päätöksiin. Näiden ongelmien seurauksena paikkakohtaisuutta ei huomioida riittävästi hallinnassa, mistä seuraa ’paikan vastaisku’ protestien, huhujen, vastustuksen ja kampanjoiden muodossa. Vastarinnan syntymistä voitaisiin ehkäistä parantamalla osallistumista ja neuvottelua, joskaan parannusehdotuksetkaan eivät ratkaise luottamuksen puutteeseen ja osapuolten näkemysten napaistumiseen liittyviä ongelmia.
Väitöskirjassa luodaan hypoteeseja, jotka selittävät ympäristöhallinnan kohtaamaa vastarintaa. Lisäksi väitöskirja tarjoaa antia sekä uusia tutkimuskysymyksiä erityisesti ympäristöantropologialle
Forest Dispute and Change in Muonio, Northern Finland
Full text linkThis article examines a forest dispute that took place in the municipality of Muonio in northern Finland. The parties involved in the dispute were the Finnish state forestry enterprise Metsähallitus and a local coalition consisting of representatives of reindeer herders, the municipality, a local environmental NGO, a game association, and tourism entrepreneurs. The primary data for the article was gathered through thematic interviews that took place in 2005 and 2007. The dispute reflects the land-use needs of growing tourism in the area. It also provides an example of how change takes place through a dispute and how it is managed. The adaptive cycle heuristic is utilised to assist in an analysis of the change resulting from the dispute. Secondly, the Muonio case is examined in the light of the adaptive co-management approach in order to examine whether the change was governed adaptively. It is concluded that the dispute worked as a trigger for a policy innovation. That is, Metsähallitus rented the forests to tourism entrepreneurs and the municipality for ten years. The solution contained some features of adaptive co-management: a place-specific solution, interaction and negotiation. The problems were related to knowledge distribution and lack of careful deliberation
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Retoriikkaa vai sosiaalista kestävyyttä? : poronhoitoyhteisöjen osallistaminen kaivostoiminnan suunnitteluprosesseissa Muonion Lapinkylässä ja Muonion paliskunnassa 2011–2012
Full text linkTutkimuksen aiheena on poronhoitoyhteisöjen osallistaminen kaivostoiminnan suunnitteluprosesseissa. Tutkimuskohteena on kansainvälisen kaivosyhtiön Ruotsin Pajalaan ja Suomen Kolariin suunnittelema hankekokonaisuus. Hankkeet sijoittuvat Muonion lapinkylän ja Muonion paliskunnan laidunmaille. Suomessa on parasta aikaa vireillä useita kaivosprojekteja, joista valtaosa sijoittuu poronhoitoalueelle. Sekä kaivosalalla että poronhoitoyhteisöillä on tarve saada tietoa kyseisten elinkeinojen yhteensovittamisesta.
Tutkimusta varten haastateltiin osallistamisprosessissa keskeisessä roolissa olevia poronhoitajia sekä kaivosyhtiön edustajia. Haastatteluja tehtiin yhteensä kymmenen. Keskeisenä osana vuosien 2011–2012 aikana kerättyä aineistoa on kolme Kolariin tehtyä kenttätyömatkaa. Kenttätöiden aikana tehtiin osallistuvaa havainnointia yhteensä kuudessa Kolarin kaivoshankkeeseen liittyvässä kokouksessa.
Tapaustutkimuksen teoreettisena näkökulmana on poliittinen ekologia. Työssä selvitetään, mitä valittu tapaustutkimus kertoo osallistamiseen linkittyvästä vallankäytöstä ja sosiaalisen toimiluvan käsitteen soveltuvuudesta osallistavan suunnittelun tutkimukseen. Poronhoitoyhteisöjen kokemusten avulla määritetään, kuinka poronhoitajat voitaisiin osallistaa kaivoshankkeiden suunnitteluprosessiin näille toimivimmalla tavalla. Lisäksi pohditaan, kuinka osallistaminen tulisi määritellä, jotta sillä edistettäisiin sosiaalista kestävyyttä.
Sosiaalisen toimiluvan käsite on liian retorinen ja näkökulmaltaan yhtiö-keskeinen soveltuakseen osallistavan suunnittelun tarkasteluun paikallisnäkökulmasta. Osallistaminen tulisi määritellä sisältämään sekä neuvottelun hankkeen vaikutuksista ja toteuttamisesta että hankkeen negatiivisten vaikutusten korvaamisen ja lieventämisen. Poronhoitajien osallistamisessa tulisi huomioida elinkeinon erityispiirteet ja kiireiset työsesongit. Yhteydenpidon poronhoitoyhteisöjen kanssa ja hankkeen vaikutusten seurannan tulee jatkua virallisen ympäristövaikutusten arviointiprosessin päättymisen jälkeenkin
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