344 research outputs found
Nobody knows young people like young people do!: Lessons on teens and Covid-19 from the researchers, a policymaker, and two of the young people who co-created the study
No full textShort article about the TeC-19 study
Doctor Jenner of Berkeley
No full textDr. Jenner of BerkeleyBerkeley -- The boy -- The journey to London: 1770 -- Advances in surgical training -- London: 1770-1773 -- Life in Jermyn Street -- Return to Berkeley: 1773 -- Letters from the dear man -- Balloons and the tartar emetic -- Cuckoos -- Family life -- Interlude: smallpox inoculation -- "The origin of the vaccine inoculation" -- The inquiry -- Running into storms -- Vaccination spreads around the world -- Fame -- The evidence at large -- The Hertford Street fiasco -- Village doctor -- An herpetic state of the skin -- Financial rewards -- Years of loss -- The last daysIncludes references to Dr. John Clinch of Trinity and the testing of the smallpox vaccine in NewfoundlandIncludes bibliographical references and inde
Science Behind, Around, and After Trees Response
No full textThis is a pre-copyedited, author-produced PDF of an article accepted for publication in Bioscience following peer review. The version of record Jenner, R. A. (2015). "Response to Stach." BioScience 65(2): 119-120. is available online at:10.1093/biosci/biu214.NHM Repositor
James (2014) by Claire Oakley. Edward Jenner and the Smallpox Vaccine
No full textTo the present, smallpox is the only human infectious disease that routine vaccination has eradicated successfully. On May 14, 1796, British rural physician, naturalist and poet Edward Jenner (Berkeley, England, May 17, 1749 – Berkeley, England, January 27, 1823) inoculated 8-years-old boy James Phipps with the purulent material obtained from the blisters that milkmaid Sarah Neme had in her hands. The peasant was infected with cowpox, a disease similar to smallpox, but much less virulent, and what protection for these people from the terrible effects of smallpox, capable of infecting 60% of the population and causing mortality 20%. In this way, little James was immunized against this virulent disease. Since then, and until Edward Jenner´s dead, James Phipps worked in his service on his Berkeley lands in Gloucestershire, United Kingdom. James (2014) by Claire Oakley, is a 15-minute short that masterfully recreates how doctor Jenner´s vaccination against smallpox takes place.Hasta la actualidad, la viruela es la única enfermedad infecciosa humana que la vacunación sistemática ha conseguido erradicar. El 14 de mayo de 1796, el médico rural, naturalista y poeta británico Edward Jenner (Berkeley, Inglaterra, 17 de mayo de 1749 – Berkeley, Inglaterra, 27 de enero de 1823) inoculaba a James Phipps, de 8 años de edad, el material purulento procedente de las ampollas de las manos de la lechera Sarah Nemes. Esta campesina estaba infectada de viruela bovina, una enfermedad similar a la viruela humana pero mucho menos agresiva, y que protegía a estas personas de los terribles efectos de la viruela, entonces capaz de contagiar al 60% de la población y causar la mortalidad del 20%. De esta manera, el pequeño James quedó inmunizado contra esta enfermedad. Desde entonces, y hasta el fallecimiento de Edaward Jenner, James Phipps trabajaría a su servicio en sus tierras de Berkeley, en Gloucestershire (Reino Unido). James (2014) de Claire Oakley, es un corto de 15 minutos que recrea magistralmente cómo se gestó la vacunación del doctor Jenner contra la viruela
Macroevolution of Animal Body Plans: Is There Science after the Tree?
No full textThis is a pre-copyedited, author-produced version of an article accepted for publication in BioScience following peer review. The version of record [Ronald A. Jenner; Macroevolution of Animal Body Plans: Is There Science after the Tree?. BioScience 2014; 64 (8): 653-664. doi: 10.1093/biosci/biu099] is available online at: https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/biosci/biu099 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biu099 The attached file is the pre-publication, uncorrected proof version of the article.NHM Repositor
Inequalities in energy drink consumption among UK adolescents: a mixed-methods study
No full textOBJECTIVE: To examine energy drink consumption among adolescents in the United Kingdom (UK) and associations with deprivation and dietary inequalities.
DESIGN: Quantitative dietary and demographic data from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) repeated cross-sectional survey were analysed using logistic regression models. Qualitative data from semi-structured interviews were analysed using inductive thematic analysis.
SETTING: UK.
PARTICIPANTS: Quantitative data: nationally representative sample of 2587 adolescents aged 11-18 years. Qualitative data: 20 parents, 9 teachers, and 28 adolescents from Hampshire, UK.
RESULTS: NDNS data showed adolescents' consumption of energy drinks was associated with poorer dietary quality (OR 0.46 per SD; 95% CI 0.37, 0.58; p<0.001). Adolescents from more deprived areas and lower income households were more likely to consume energy drinks than those in more affluent areas and households (OR 1.40; 95%CI 1.16, 1.69; p<0.001; OR 0.98 per £1000; 95%CI, 0.96, 0.99; p<0.001 respectively). Between 2008 and 2016, energy drink consumption among adolescents living in the most deprived areas increased, but decreased among those living in the most affluent neighbourhoods (p=0.04). Qualitative data identified three themes. First, many adolescents drink energy drinks because of their friends and because the unbranded drinks are cheap. Second, energy drink consumption clusters with other unhealthy eating behaviours and adolescents don't know why energy drinks are unhealthy. Third, adolescents believe voluntary bans in retail outlets and schools do not work.
CONCLUSIONS: This study supports the introduction of age-dependent legal restrictions on the sale of energy drinks which may help curb existing socio-economic disparities in adolescents' energy drink intake
Proteomic analysis of striatum from MPTP-treated marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) with L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia of differing severity
No full textMarmosets rendered parkinsonian with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and treated with L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) develop dyskinesia, but with differing degrees of severity. To provide insight into the molecular mechanisms responsible for the different level of dyskinesia to manifest in individual animals, proteins in striatum from MPTP-treated marmosets with different levels of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia were separated by 2-dimensional (2-D) protein electrophoresis. Thirty-five differentially expressed proteins were identified by mass spectrometry and peptide mass fingerprinting, and comparative analysis found 10 were significantly increased and 3 had significantly reduced expression in animals with a high level of dyskinesia when compared to animals with a low incidence of dyskinesia. These proteins belonged to a range of functional classes, for example, molecular chaperones, metabolic enzymes and synaptic structural proteins. The findings of this study provide clues about the molecular mechanisms that cause dyskinesia to manifest and point towards potential novel targets for the development of therapeutic agents to prevent or treat established dyskinesia
“If government is saying the regulations are important, they should be putting in funding to back it up.”- An in-depth analysis of local authority officers’ perspectives of the Food (Promotion and Placement) (England) Regulations 2021
No full textBackground
As part of the UK government’s obesity strategy, the Food (Promotion and Placement) (England) Regulations 2021 were implemented in October 2022 to restrict the prominent placement of products high in fat, sugar, or salt (HFSS) in most retail settings. Local authority (LA) officers have been tasked with enforcement of these regulations. This qualitative study examined the perspectives of LA officers including, trading standards, environmental health, and public health officers to understand enforcement approaches and requirements to optimise business compliance with the regulations.
Methods
Semi-structured interviews were conducted via MS Teams with a purposive sample of LA officers across England. Data were analysed using inductive thematic analysis.
Results
The 22 participants comprised 13 officers from Trading Standards, six from Environmental Health, and three from Public Health teams. The key messages include the following: (i) the regulations are complex and do not align with existing enforcement approaches, (ii) officers’ professional background will result in variable enforcement practices, and (iii) compliance assessment is an arduous task. LAs are facing resource and workforce constraints and have to prioritise regulations addressing high health risks (e.g., allergens). Therefore, officers will mostly apply a light touch approach to enforcement, raising awareness and engaging with businesses rather than issuing notices. To develop a consistent enforcement approach across LAs, officers asked for (i) further leadership from central government in the form of funding, training, and tools to determine in-scope businesses and products, (ii) cross-departmental collaboration to raise the regulations’ priority at local and regional levels, and (iii) greater consumer demand for healthier retail environments.
Conclusion
It is crucial to address both structural challenges such as resource allocation, workforce, and prioritisation issues as well as the inherent complexity of the regulations to strengthen enforcement efforts. Our findings highlight the necessity of supporting enforcement activities at national and regional government levels to avoid potential false conclusions about ineffectiveness of regulations
Creating meaningful knowledge exchange between young people and public health practitioners: what role can researchers play?
No full textUsing large language models for narrative analysis: a novel application of generative AI
No full textThis study, a collaboration between the University of Southampton and Ipsos UK, aimed to develop and test a novel method for analysing qualitative data using generative artificial intelligence (AI). It compared large language model (LLM)-conducted analysis with human analysis of the same qualitative data, explored optimisation of LLMs for narrative analysis and evaluated their benefits and drawbacks. Using existing data, 138 short stories written by young people (aged 13–25 years) about social media, identity formation and food choices were analysed separately three times: by human researchers, and by two different LLMs (Claude and GPT-o1). The method was developed iteratively, combining Ipsos' artificial intelligence (AI) expertise and tools with researchers’ qualitative analysis expertise. Claude and GPT-o1 each conducted a narrative analysis of all 138 stories using the same analytic steps as the human researchers. Findings between the humans and both LLMs were then compared. Both LLMs quickly and successfully conducted a narrative analysis of the stories. Their findings were comparable to those of the human researchers and were judged by the researchers to be credible and thorough. Beyond replication, the LLMs provided additional insights into the data that enhanced the human analysis. This study highlights the significant potential benefits of LLMs to the field of qualitative research and proposes that LLMs could one day be seen as valuable tools for strengthening research quality and increasing efficiency. Additionally, this study discusses ethical concerns surrounding responsible AI use in research and proposes a framework for using LLMs in qualitative analysis
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