324,089 research outputs found
Diffusive author(s), cohesive author: Analysis of S/N (1994)
No full textThis study indicates the ways in which various aspects of the author(s) are brought forth in Dumb type’s performance art, the S/N production. Previous research has suggested a non-hierarchical organization of Dumb type and the absence of a “privileged author” in Dumb type’s collaborative work, S/N. However, the results that I have investigated from member’s interviews on the creative process of S/N along with my analysis of the recorded images of S/N, indicate a different aspect of the author(s). First, S/N was created through, so to speak, the collective ideas of the members of Dumb type. Further, S/N has at least nine quotations from previous performances, installations, and printed writings, besides the work-in-progress technique. Explicating one of the “author functions” as given by Michel Foucault, each text has plural subjects of the author. However, it has been revealed from members’ interviews that Teiji Furuhashi had a decision-making role in selecting the members’ ideas within the performance. Since then, S/N has had plural subjects of creation; however, Furuhashi is one of the subjects of creation along with the “privileged author.” S/N has plural authors (diffusive authors) yet at the same time, it has a “privileged author,” Teiji Furuhashi (cohesive author)
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Antioxidant parameters and Total Oxyradical Scavenging Capacity in mussels from German Bight and Statfjord oil field.
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Environmental risk assessment of enhanced oil recovery solutions
No full textPhD thesis in Risk management and societal safetyThe overall objective of the research presented in this thesis is to contribute new knowledge about the environmental risk related to shortlisted products and processes developed at the National Improved Oil Recovery (IOR) Centre of Norway and about how to assess such risk.
According to the World Energy Outlook report presented by the International Energy Agency in 2021, oil and natural gas will continue to be important contributors to the energy mix over the next 20 years. Implementing enhanced oil recovery (EOR) solutions is important to maintain oil production from existing fields, as it is becoming increasingly difficult to discover new oil and gas reserves. An EOR screening study conducted across 53 reservoirs in 27 of the largest fields on the Norwegian Continental Shelf (NCS) found significant potential for additional oil recovery through EOR solutions. The (IOR) Centre of Norway has been developing new products and processes as part of EOR solutions to improve oil recovery on the NCS. Using these products and processes offshore poses an environmental risk to the marine environment and atmosphere, which needs to be assessed and managed.
This thesis explores existing environmental risk assessment (ERA) approaches for offshore oil production and identifies knowledge gaps related to assessing the environmental risk of EOR solutions. The knowledge gaps are filled by using laboratory studies to generate new data, using this data in models to generate key insights, and by developing new methods for ERA of EOR solutions and proposing improvements to existing methods. The research conducted in this thesis has resulted in five scientific papers that are summarized below.
Paper I presents a literature review on ERA guidelines relevant to offshore oil production. A review of the primary sources of environmental impacts and key environmental stressors resulting from offshore oil and gas production is also conducted. The main sources of environmental impacts from offshore oil production include operational discharges of produced water (PW), drilling waste to the marine environment, and air emissions from energy production using fossil fuels. The literature review indicates that current ERA practices may form a basis for ERA of EOR solutions; however, there are also knowledge gaps related to the ERA of new products and processes planned to be used as a part of EOR solutions. Based on the review, a generalized ERA framework for PW and drilling waste into the sea and for air emissions is proposed in Paper I.
Several products and processes are developed at the IOR Centre to quantify and increase oil recovery as a part of EOR solutions. Using these new products and processes results in their back-production with PW, which is typically discharged into the marine environment. As a result, the main focus of this thesis is on the ERA of PW discharges caused by the implementation of EOR solutions.
Quantifying residual oil saturation is important for the successful implementation of EOR solutions. The IOR Centre has proposed a group of seven chemicals (tracers) for potential use in quantifying residual oil saturation in oil reservoirs. Using these tracers in offshore oil fields results in their operational discharges (e.g., with PW) into the marine environment. Once released into the sea, marine organisms may become exposed to the tracers, thereby posing an environmental risk to the ecosystem. Paper II first reports on laboratory experiments conducted to measure the biodegradability and toxicity of seven tracer compounds. A hypothetical case of using tracer compounds on the NCS is then assumed. Discharge of PW containing tracers, along with other production chemicals from the Brage field (used as a proxy case), is simulated using the dynamic risk and effects assessment model (DREAM), which estimates the contribution to the environmental impact factor (EIF) values from each tracer. In addition, the seven tracer compounds are ranked from low to high in terms of their environmental impact. This ranking of the tracers can be used to shortlist the tracer(s) with minimum environmental impact for offshore applications.
Polymer flooding is a process in which high molecular weight synthetic polymers are injected into an oil reservoir to increase oil recovery. Injected polymers are usually back-produced with the PW, which is typically discharged into the sea. These synthetic polymers have slow microbial degradation rates under aerobic conditions, unless the molecular weight is reduced to less than 3 kilodaltons. Photocatalytic depolymerization rates for several different synthetic EOR polymers have been measured as a part of another project at the IOR Centre. In Paper III, a novel method is proposed to estimate the residual lifetime of synthetic polymers in the marine environment. Residual lifetime is the amount of time the discharged synthetic polymer takes to reach a molecular weight, below which it becomes biodegradable in the sea. The proposed method uses the DREAM model to estimate the concentration distribution of polymers in the sea. Subsequently, the concentration distribution is linked with the depolymerization rate equations to estimate the residual lifetime of synthetic polymers in the sea. The applicability of this developed procedure is demonstrated by estimating the residual lifetime of synthetic polymers discharged from single and multiple oil fields on the NCS.
Paper IV assesses the exposure and effects of discharging synthetic EOR polymers into the sea. Two main approaches are used: The first is based on estimating the EIF values of discharging PW-containing polymers using near-field simulations (where the discharge point is placed within a 50*50-kilometer grid). The estimated contribution to EIF values from synthetic polymers suggests negligible environmental impact when no assessment factor (AF) is used and low/moderate impact when an AF of 50 is used. The AF is a simple way to account for uncertainty in the assessment. The second approach, based on far-field simulations (where the discharge point is placed within a 1200*1800-kilometer grid), is primarily studied to assess polymer build-up in the sea, as synthetic EOR polymers show resistance to microbial degradability. In one of the farfield simulations, polymers are repeatedly released annually over a 10-year period from seven arbitrarily chosen oil fields on the NCS. The highest concentration values (based on the 75 percentiles) during the first and tenth years of discharge are used in a regression analysis against the amount of polymer discharged each year. The regression analysis indicates that polymers will not build up within the simulation area at the expected amounts of polymers discharged each year. Moreover, there is a considerable margin of safety between the highest concentration values calculated by the model and the concentration at which harmful effects in aquatic species are predicted.
Paper V focuses on the use of species sensitivity distributions (SSDs) in ERA. An SSD is used to determine the threshold effect levels of stressors, below which unacceptable effects on a group of species are not expected. A literature review is performed to understand how risk is currently defined and how uncertainties are addressed when using SSDs in ERA. It is found that current ways of handling uncertainties while using SSDs are not based on unified guidance provided by the field of risk science. In Paper V, a risk-oriented framework is proposed that addresses uncertainties in a systematic manner while using SSDs. The proposed framework addresses uncertainties due to both lack of knowledge and variability. Furthermore, a scheme for assessing bias in theoretical and practical assumptions underlying SSDs is included in the framework. Lastly, a qualitative method is proposed to characterize the strength of knowledge underlying the SSDs
The Arabic theory of prosification and versification : on ḥall and naẓm in Arabic theoretical discourse / Amidu Sanni
No full textLiteraturverz. S. [170] - 17
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
No full textWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Author's address:
No full textCan archives of audiovisual TV interviews be used to make authors more visible to students, and thereby reduce the learning gap between native and non-native language speakers in college classes? We examined students in a college course who learned about one scholar's ideas through watching an audiovisual TV interview (i.e., visible author format) and about another scholar's ideas through reading a formal text description (i.e., invisible author format). For the invisible author, native language speakers scored significantly higher than the non-native language speakers on a corresponding exam question (i.e., a cognitive measure), generated more words on the exam question (i.e., a motivational measure), and mentioned the author's name more often in answering the exam question (i.e., an affective measure). For the visible author, the groups did not differ on any of these measures. These findings provide evidence for the idea that making the author visible through audiovisual TV interviews can eliminate the learning gap between native and non-native language speakers. 3 Universities around the world serve students who are non-native speakers of th
The vanishing author in computer-generated works: a critical analysis of recent Australian case law
No full textAbstract
The use of software is ubiquitous in the creation of many copyright works, yet the requirement in copyright law that every work have a human author who engages in independent intellectual effort means that its use may prevent copyright subsistence. Several recent Australian cases have refocused attention on authorship as an essential criterion of copyright subsistence, and these cases suggest that much computer-produced output may be authorless and thus lack copyright protection. This article, the first in a two-part series, analyses how each case deals with the question of authorship of computer-produced works and why the use of software diminishes copyright protection for a significant number of computer-generated works. The article critiques the application of conventional notions of human authorship developed in the pre-computer age to modern productions and suggests alternative approaches to authorship that satisfy both the major objectives of copyright policy and the need to adapt to the computer age. The article argues that, without a broader judicial approach to authorship of computer-generated works, Parliament must remedy the lacuna in protection for these ‘authorless’ works. Possible solutions for reform are suggested. In a forthcoming article, the author comprehensively examines those reform proposals
The construction of Karen Karnak: The multi-author-function
No full textThis thesis is situated within the comparatively recent developments of Web 2.0 and the emergence of interactive WikiMedia, and explores the mode of authorship within a Read/Write culture compared to that of a Read/Only tradition. The hypothesis of this study is that the role of the audience has become merged with the author, and as such, represents new functions and attributes, distinct from a more conventional concept of authorship, in which the roles of audience and author are more separate. Read/Write and participatory culture, as defined by this study, is focused on collaboration, and includes the influences of D.I.Y. culture, Open-Source practices and the production of text by multiple authors. Multi-authorship presents a re-thinking of several concepts which support the notion of the individual author, since the focus of multi-authorship is not on attribution and ownership of a finished text, but on the continued malleability of a text. Modes of multi-authorship, demonstrated in the use of the pseudonyms Alan Smithee and Karen Eliot, represent declarative authors whose names signify multiple origins, whilst concurrently indicating a distinct body of work. The function of these names form an important context to this study, since primary research involves the construction of an experimental mode of multi-authorship utilising WikiMedia technology and the interaction of thirty nine participants, who are invited to create a body of work under the collective pseudonym Karen Karnak. The data generated by this experiment is analysed using aspects of Michel Foucault's author-function to identify and determine power structures inherent in the WikiMedia context. The interplay of power structures, including concepts such as identity, ownership and the body of work, affect the resulting mode of authorship and contribute to the construction of Karen Karnak, suggesting further areas of research into the emerging multi-author
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