1,721,005 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
The endonymic principle and plurilingual toponyms in Europe
No full textThe endonymic principle and plurilingual toponyms in Europet is common practice in Norway to refer to foreign places usingendonyms. Although this endonymic principle may sound straight-forward, it is complicated by the existence of plurilingual to-ponyms. This article argues that regional and minority languagesmust not be ignored when deciding which endonym(s) to use. Thismay be considered as a decolonisation of toponymy. The articlesets out to (1) compare the available definitions of “endonym”, (2)map the occurrences and extent of living regional and minority lan-guage toponyms in Europe, (3) test how the Language Council ofNorway currently handles such toponyms, (4) develop and applyan improved and consistent set of rules for the normalisation offoreign toponyms in Norway, and (5) give recommendations forhow to refer to foreign plurilingual places in Norwegian.publishedVersio
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Metoder for horisontskanning og risikovurdering av dørstokkarter
Get PDFSandvik, H. 2020. Metoder for horisontskanning og risikovurdering av dørstokkarter. NINA Rapport 1860. Norsk institutt for naturforskning.
Fremmede arter utgjør en av de viktigste antropogene truslene mot det globale og lokale naturmangfoldet. Bekjempelsen av fremmede arter har en større effekt og suksessrate, jo tidligere i invasjonsprosessen bekjempelsen finner sted. Størst samfunnsøkonomisk kostnadseffektivitet får man derfor om man kan forebygge at potensielt skadelige fremmede arter i det hele tatt introduseres og etablerer seg. Forvaltninga i Norge har på denne bakgrunn bestemt seg for å øke innsatsen på tiltak som kan forebygge introduksjonen og etableringa av fremmede arter.
Fremmede arter som per i dag ikke er etablert i Norge, men som antas å kunne etablere seg i nær framtid, omtales som dørstokkarter. Forvaltningas fokus medfører behovet for en økt innsats på risikovurdering av dørstokkarter. Selve risikovurderinga av fremmede arter i Norge skjer etter GEIAA-protokollen (Generic Ecological Impact Assessment of Alien Species). Før man kan risikovurdere dørstokkarter, må man imidlertid identifisere de artene som kan antas å kunne etablere seg i nær fremtid. Denne utvelgelsen av dørstokkartene som skal gjennomgå en full risikovurdering, omtales som horisontskanning.
Rapporten foreslår en metode for horisontskanning (kapittel 2), anbefaler metodiske tilpasninger i GEIAA som legger bedre til rette for risikovurderinger av dørstokkarter (kapittel 3), og foreslår tilsvarende tilpasninger i applikasjonen som risikovurderingene gjennomføres i (FremmedArtsBasen; kapittel 4).
Horisontskanninga bør bruke to kriterier, etableringspotensial og økologisk effekt. Etableringspotensial kan evalueres med GEIAAs A-kriterium, og en fremmed art bør gå videre til full risikovurdering om den får en skår på 3 eller 4 på dette kriteriet. Med en lavere skår bør arten likevel risikovurderes om den, til tross for lavt etableringspotensial, vil kunne ha en vesentlig økologisk eller genetisk effekt på stedegne arter.
GEIAAs grunnstruktur er like anvendelig for dørstokkarter som for etablerte fremmede arter. Det kan imidlertid gjøres enkelte tilpasninger som vil forenkle risikovurderinga for dørstokkarter. Dette gjelder spesielt A- og B-kriteriet (hhv. bestandens levetid og ekspansjonshastighet), som kan baseres på et ekspertanslag på hvor mange forekomster arten vil kunne ha etablert 10 år etter at den for første gang ble introdusert til norsk natur. Det er utarbeida et forslag til å konvertere dette anslaget direkte til skår for A- og B-kriteriet. De øvrige kriteria vil fungere uten spesielle tilpasninger til dørstokkarter.
Det foreslås videre enkelte tilpasninger i FremmedArtsBasen. Den viktigste er at man bør oppgi artens etableringsstatus i tråd med internasjonal klassifisering, der dørstokkarter vil kunne ha etableringsstatus A til C1. For forvaltningsmyndighetene er det f.eks. essensielt å vite om en dørstokkarter allerede fins i Norge – f.eks. som hageplante (B2), i veksthus (B1) e.l. – eller om den aldri har vært observert her til lands (A).Sandvik, H. 2020. Methods for horizon scanning and risk assessment of door-knocker species. NINA Report 1860. Norwegian Institute for Nature Research.
Alien species constitute a major anthropogenic threat to global and local biodiversity. The success rates of management measures against alien species are higher when the invasion process can be interrupted in its early stages. The highest cost efficiency is thus obtained when it is possible to prevent the introduction and establishment of potentially harmful alien species altogether. For this reason, Norwegian management authorities intend to prioritise preventive measures against alien species.
Alien species that are not currently established in Norway, but may be expected to do so in the near future, are referred to as door-knocker species. As a consequence of the priorities set by the management authorities, there is a need to risk-assess more door-knocker species. In Norway, impact assessments of alien species follow the GEIAA protocol (Generic Ecological Impact Assessment of Alien Species). Before risk-assessing door-knocker species, however, one needs to identify those species that have a high likelihood of establishing in the near future. This screening of species is referred to as horizon scanning.
The present report suggests a method for horizon scanning (chapter 2); recommends methodological adjustments to GEIAA, which enhance the impact assessment of door-knocker species (chapter 3); and proposes some modifications in the assessment application (the Alien Species Database, chapter 4).
It is recommended to base the horizon scanning on two criteria, viz. the establishment potential and the ecological effect. Establishment potential can be evaluated using GEIAA's criterion A, where an alien species should undergo full impact assessment if it obtains a score of 3 or 4. If the score is lower, the species should still undergo impact assessment if it is likely to have a substantial ecological or genetic effect on native species.
Whereas GEIAA's structure is equally applicable to door-knocker species and established alien species, some adjustment in estimation methods may contribute to simplifying the assessments of door-knocker species. One such suggestion is to base criteria A and B (population lifetime and expansion speed, respectively) on an expert judgement of the number of occurrences an alien species may have established within ten years, provided it had been introduced in the wild. The remaining criteria of GEIAA do not require specific adjustments for door-knocker species.
A few modifications are suggested in the Alien Species Database. An important addition is to record the establishment category of alien species according to the "unified framework", in which door-knocker species may obtain any category from A to C1. For management authorities, it is critical to know whether a door-knocker species is already present in Norway, e.g. as a garden plant (B2) or in a greenhouse (B1), or whether it has never been recorded (A)
NI_vannf: Dataflyt fra vannforskriften til naturindeks
No full text<p>Denne <strong>R</strong>-koden automatiserer dataflyten fra <a href="https://lovdata.no/dokument/SF/forskrift/2006-12-15-1446">vannforskriften</a> til <a href="https://www.naturindeks.no/">naturindeks</a>. Metoden er nærmere beskrevet av <a href="http://hdl.handle.net/11250/2631056">Sandvik (2019)</a>.</p><p>This <strong>R</strong> code automatises dataflow of data that have been collected in connection with the Water Framework Directive in Norway, to the Nature Index.</p>
Expansion speed as a generic measure of spread for alien species
Get PDFThe ecological impact of alien species is a function of the area colonised. Impact assessments of alien species are thus incomplete unless they take the spatial component of invasion processes into account. This paper describes a measure, termed expansion speed, that quantifies the speed with which a species increases its spatial presence in an assessment area. It is based on the area of occupancy (AOO) and can be estimated from grid occupancies. Expansion speed is defined as the yearly increase in the radius of a coherent circle having the same area as the AOO, irrespective of whether the increase is due to natural dispersal or anthropogenic transport. Two methods for estimating expansion speed are presented: one that requires several years of spatio-temporal observation data and explicitly takes detection rates into account; and one that can be used under a situation with sparse data. Using simulations and real-world data from natural-history collections, it is shown that the method provides a good fit to observational datasets. Expansion speed has several valuable properties. Being based on AOO, it is an intuitive measure; as it only requires occupancy data, it is comparatively easy to estimate; and because it is a quantitative and generic measure, it increases the testability and comparability of impact assessments of alien species
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