171,889 research outputs found
Molecular, phylogenetic and developmental analyses of Sall proteins in bilaterians
No full textBackground: Sall (Spalt-like) proteins are zinc-finger transcription factors involved in a number of biological processes. They have only been studied in a few model organisms, such as Drosophila melanogaster, Caenorhabditis elegans, Schmidtea mediterranea and some vertebrates. Further taxon sampling is critical to understand the evolution and diversification of this protein and its functional roles in animals. Results: Using genome and transcriptome mining, we confirmed the presence of sall genes in a range of additional animal taxa, for which their presence had not yet been described. We show that sall genes are broadly conserved across the Bilateria, and likely appeared in the bilaterian stem lineage. Our analysis of the protein domains shows that the characteristic arrangement of the multiple zinc-finger domains is conserved in bilaterians and may represent the ancient arrangement of this family of transcription factors. We also show the existence of a previously unknown zinc-finger domain. In situ hybridization was used to describe the gene expression patterns in embryonic and larval stages in two species of snails: Crepidula fornicata and Lottia gigantea. In L. gigantea, sall presents maternal expression, although later on the expression is restricted to the A and B quadrants during gastrulation and larval stage. In C. fornicata, sall has no maternal expression and it is expressed mainly in the A, C and D quadrants during blastula stages and in an asymmetric fashion during the larval stage. Discussion:Our results suggest that the bilaterian common ancestor had a Sall protein with at least six zinc-finger domains. The evolution of Sall proteins in bilaterians might have occurred mostly as a result of the loss of protein domains and gene duplications leading to diversification. The new evidence complements previous studies in highlighting an important role of Sall proteins in bilaterian development. Our results show maternal expression of sall in the snail L. gigantea, but not C. fornicata. The asymmetric expression shown in the ectoderm of the trochophore larva of snails is probably related to shell/mantle development. The observed sall expression in cephalic tissue in snails and some other bilaterians suggests a possible ancestral role of sall in neural development in bilaterians.Spanish MEC (Ministerio de Economia y Competividad)Peer Reviewe
In-service teacher development for facilitating learner autonomy in curriculum-based Self-Access Language Learning (SALL)
No full textThis paper aims to identify the challenges in-service language teachers are facing when they are asked to teach on a course with a self-access language learning (SALL) component, and the support and training that they perceive necessary to help learners to maximize their SALL experience. There is a large body of literature discussing ways to build, reinforce and measure learner autonomy, and attempts have been made to integrate SALL into the curriculum with various levels of success. The success and failure of those curriculum-based SALL programmes were often attributed to learner motivation, learner training, learner strategies, peer influence and availability and quality of resources in self-access centres. Teachers’ roles in curriculum-based SALL have not received as much attention as they deserve. Very often practising teachers with very little or even no experience or knowledge about SALL are asked to promote autonomous learning in their classes but training about SALL for those teachers is insufficient. This paper reports the findings of interviews with EAP instructors teaching on a course with a major SALL component in a university in Hong Kong. Recommendations on appropriate teacher development regarding the facilitation of SALL within the curriculum are offered.link_to_OA_fulltextThe 1st International Foreign Language Teaching Conference: Independent Learning, Gaziantep, Turkey, 1-3 June 2010
MOESM9 of Molecular, phylogenetic and developmental analyses of Sall proteins in bilaterians
No full textAdditional file 9: Fig. S7. Schematic drawings of sall expression at 4-cell, 8-cell, 16-cell stages and trochophore larva in L. gigantea. a: expression in all cells at 4-cell stage. b: Expression in the macromeres at 8-cell stage. c: Expression in the 2Â m micromeres at 16-cell stage. Micromere 2a underlined in green and 2b underlined in orange. d: expression in the trochophore. In green and orange, expression of sall in the dorsolateral ectoderm derived from 2a and 2b, respectively. In pink sall, expression in the cephalic ring and next to the stomodeum, not derived from 2a and 2b micromeres. Drawings modified from Dictus and Damen [69]
Assessment of i<i>n vitro</i> spermatogenesis initiation after immunodetection of Sall-4, c-kit and Stra-8 proteins in CD-1 prepubertal mice testes (6.5 <i>dpp</i>) at D4 and Sall-4 immunodetection at D16 and D30 of culture, in the absence or presence of RE.
No full text<p>(<b>A</b>) Immunohistochemical detection of Sall-4, c-kit and Stra-8 on seminiferous tubule sections of prepubertal mice testes at D4 of culture in the absence (<b>A1–A4–A7</b>) or presence (<b>A2–A5–A8</b>) of RE and their corresponding <i>in vivo</i> ages (10.5 <i>dpp</i>) (<b>A3–A6–A9</b>). Brown staining was considered as a positive immunodetection of Sall-4, c-kit and Stra-8 in seminiferous tubule sections counterstained with haematoxylin. Negative control is shown on the right of each positive immunostaining. Photomicrographs were captured at a × 1000 magnification and the scale bars represent 40 μm. (<b>B</b>) Effect of RE on Sall-4, c-kit and Stra-8 expression in seminiferous tubules of prepubertal mice testes (6.5 <i>dpp</i>) cultured for 4 days <i>in vitro</i>. (<b>B1</b>) Mean proportion of Sall-4-positive cells per seminiferous tubule section (blue column) and mean proportion of Sall-4 positive tubules (red column). (<b>B2</b>) Mean proportion of c-kit positive cells per seminiferous tubule section (blue column) and mean proportion of c-kit positive tubules (red column). (<b>B3</b>) Mean proportion of Stra-8 positive cells per seminiferous tubule section (blue column) and mean proportion of Stra-8 positive tubules (red column). Values are represented as mean ± s.e.m., n = 4. Asterisk indicates a statistically significant difference between BM and RE or between BM and <i>in vivo</i> condition (<i>p</i><0.05). (<b>C</b>) Immunohistochemical detection of Sall-4 on seminiferous tubule sections of cultured prepubertal mice testes at D16 and D30 in the absence (<b>C1–C2</b>) or presence (<b>C3–C4</b>) of RE and their corresponding <i>in vivo</i> ages (22.5 <i>dpp</i> and 36.5 <i>dpp</i>, respectively) (<b>C5–C6</b>). Brown staining was considered as a positive immunodetection of Sall-4 in seminiferous tubule sections counterstained with haematoxylin. Negative control is shown on the right of each positive immunostaining. Photomicrographs were captured at a × 1000 magnification and the scale bars represent 40 μm. (<b>D</b>) Assessment of <i>in vitro</i> maintenance of undifferentiated type A spermatogonia after immunodetection of Sall-4 at D16 and D30 of culture, in the presence or absence of RE. (<b>D1</b>) Mean proportion of Sall-4-positive cells per seminiferous tubule section (blue column) and mean proportion of Sall-4 positive tubules (red column) at D16 of culture. (<b>D2</b>) Mean proportion of Sall-4-positive cells per seminiferous tubule section (blue column) and mean proportion of Sall-4 positive tubules (red column) at D30 of culture. Values are represented as mean ± s.e.m., n = 4. Asterisk indicates a statistically significant difference between BM and RE or between BM and <i>in vivo</i> condition (<i>p</i> < 0.05). <b><i>Footnotes</i>: BM</b>: Basal Medium, <b>D</b>: day, <b><i>dpp</i></b>: days post partum, <b><i>n</i></b>: Number of mice testes used in each condition, <b>NS</b>: No statistical Significance, <b>RE</b>: Retinol, <b>s.e.m.</b>: Standard Error of Mean, <b>IgG</b>: Immunoglobulin G</p
Framebreaker
No full textA bold, nonobjective painting, Eric Sall's Framebreaker emphasizes contrasting painting techniques, some used to define flat forms with precise edges, others to pull thick paint messily across the canvas. Dominating the composition is a hulking, leaning structure with stacked bars of pure colors along its sides that contrast the central area filled with palette-knife smeared paint, richly varied in its combinations of bright and dull, dark and light, and pure and tainted hues. The central structure's top right corner reads as a black wall receding into depth against the sunset wash in the background. Mitered pink, white, purple and black bands along the painting's four sides suggest a window frame that, as the title suggests, is "broken" by the massive central element. Sall stated: "I arrive at the imagery of my paintings through a balance of making deliberate shapes and spontaneously painting gestural marks in an expressive manner. This balance of distinctive approaches to making a painting is rooted in my passion for the process of painting itself, specifically a passion for making rich fields of color, a keenness for painting straight lines, and a strong desire to 'muck' things up by pulling paint across the surface with various painting knives and brushes." Eric Sall received a BFA from the Kansas City Art Institute in 1999 and an MFA from Virginia Commonwealth University in 2006. - Karen C. Gerety Fol
El texto de Sall., Iug. 76.3, las uineae y los plutei militares
No full text[ES] La máquina de asedio que Vegecio, al que en esto siguen los estudiosos modernos, llamó uinea era, en realidad, un musculus. Las uineae clásicas eran seguramente mamparas que servían para ocultar y proteger a los sitiadores, y también para tender barreras y obstáculos. Siendo las uineae idóneas para hacer de encofrado y contener las tierras y materiales sueltos que formaban los aggeres, no es necesario enmendar el texto de Sall., Iug. 76.3.[EN] The siege-machine that Vegetius –and, after him, all modern scholars– called uinea was, in fact, a musculus. The classical uineae were, most probably,
screens used to hide and protect siegers,
and also as defensive obstacles. Being the uineae very apt to prevent sliding of the loose materials that formed the aggeres, the text of Sall., Iug. 76.3 needs no correction.Peer reviewe
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Los discursos de Catilina: Sall., Cat. 20 Y 58
No full textIn this article I pay special attention to the two longest direct speeches which Sallust places in the mouth of Catiline (Sall., Cat. 20 and 58). The aim of my research is to analyze the structure of these orations, testing whether they adapt to the theory and praxis of dramatic speech in Greek and Roman historians, and, above all, to establish which role these orationes played in the general program of Sallust’s Catilinarian Conspiracy.En este trabajo analizo los dos grandes discursos en estilo directo que Salustio pone en boca de Catilina en el Bellum Catilinae (20 y 58). El objetivo de mi trabajo es estudiar la estructura de las mencionadas orationes, comprobar si se ajustan a los modelos de la teoría retórica y, sobre todo, averiguar que función desempenan en el plan general de la monografía salustiana
Mitomycin C in highly myopic eyes - Author reply
No full textOphthalmology. 2005 Feb;112(2):208-18; discussion 219.
Mitomycin C modulation of corneal wound healing after photorefractive keratectomy in highly myopic eyes.
Gambato C, Ghirlando A, Moretto E, Busato F, Midena E.
SourceRefractive Surgery Service and Antimetabolite Therapy Research Unit, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
Abstract
PURPOSE: To evaluate the role of topical mitomycin C in corneal wound healing (CWH) after photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) in highly myopic eyes.
DESIGN: Prospective, double-masked, randomized clinical trial.
PARTICIPANTS: Seventy-two eyes of 36 patients affected by high (>7 diopters) myopia.
METHODS: In each patient, one eye was randomly assigned to PRK with intraoperative topical 0.02% mitomycin C application, and the fellow eye was treated with a placebo. Postoperatively, mitomycin C-treated eyes received artificial tears (3 times daily, tapered in 3 months), whereas the fellow eye was treated with fluorometholone sodium 2% and artificial tears (3 times daily, tapered in 3 months).
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), contrast sensitivity, manifest refraction, and biomicroscopy. Contrast sensitivity was determined using the Pelli-Robson chart. Corneal confocal microscopy documented CWH.
RESULTS: Mean follow-up was 18 months (range, 12-36). No side effects or toxic effects were documented. At 12-month follow-up examination, UCVAs (logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution) were 0.4+/-0.48 and 0.5+/-0.53 (P = .03) in mitomycin C-treated eyes and corticosteroid-treated eyes, respectively. At 1 year, corneal haze developed in 20% of corticosteroid-treated eyes, versus 0% of mitomycin C-treated eyes. At 12, 24, and 36 months, corneal confocal microscopy showed activated keratocytes and extracellular matrix significantly more evident in untreated eyes (Ps = 0.004, 0.024, and 0.046, respectively).
CONCLUSION: Topical intraoperative application of 0.02% mitomycin C can reduce haze formation in highly myopic eyes undergoing PRK.
Comment in
Ophthalmology. 2006 Feb;113(2):357; author reply 357-8
Synthesis and characterization of 2,6-Bis(carboxyethyl sulfanylmethyl)-4-methylphenol and its mono and binuclear complexes with Mn2+, Fe3+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+ or Zn2+
No full textAfter the synthesis of the ligand 2,6-bis(carboxyethyl sulfanylmethyl)-4-methyl phenol (H3L), which has two sites for metal ion coordination, we prepared mononuclear, MLH (M = Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn) and FeLHCl, homobinuclear, M2LOAc (M = Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn), and heterobinuclear complexes, CuM'LOAc (M' = Ni, Zn). The UV spectra in methanol show d-->d transitions for the complexes as well as pi-->pi* and n-->pi* absorptions attributed to the ligand. The absence of a free C=O vibration in the infrared spectra of the solids indicates intermolecular interactions between the complexes. In the binuclear complexes the metallic centers are linked through the phenolic oxygen and the acetate is in a syn-syn,configuration. The cyclic voltammetry studies of the binuclear complexes show that there are interactions between the metal ions. The high value of K-com (comproportionation) indicates that the complexes' are of "class III" in the Robin and Day series. This work shows interplay between the metallic centers and the absence of decomplexation
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