52 research outputs found
Modos e práticas do Jongo da comunidade do Tamandaré em Guaratinguetá : festejos, espetáculos e resistência
No full textEsta dissertação é fruto da inserção e do convívio entre a autora, Alessandra Souza, e a comunidade jongueira do Tamandaré, em Guaratinguetá/SP. Este texto apresenta as estratégias e práticas de continuidade e resistência propostos e explicitados pela própria comunidade. Para tanto, tomou-se como referência e materialidade as participações da pesquisadora nos festejos realizados pela comunidade do Tamandaré, nos festejos do Jongo da Independência e nas apresentações realizadas pelo grupo Jongo do Tamandaré. As análises e discussões têm também como dado empírico as memórias compartilhadas por mestres e mestras jongueiros em entrevistas, bem como as observações da própria pesquisadora na convivência com a comunidade nos últimos cinco anos. Os referenciais teóricos que trazem noções como ancestralidade, encruzilhada, danças populares, a partir do pensamento e análise de autoras e autores majoritariamente negros e negras, possibilitaram pensar as dinâmicas das performances e da ancestralidade afro-brasileiras na sua relação com os modos de resistência do Jongo do Tamandaré.This dissertation is the result of the insertion and conviviality between the author, Alessandra Souza, and the jongo player community of Tamandaré in Guaratinguetá/SP, Brazil. This text presents the strategies and practices of continuity and resistance proposed and made explicit by the community itself. For this purpose, the researcher’s participation in the festivities held by the Tamandaré community, in the festivities of Jongo da Independência, and in the presentations performed by the Jongo do Tamandaré group was used as reference and materiality. The analyses and discussions also have as empirical data the memories shared by male and female Jongo player masters in interviews, as well as the observations of the researcher herself in living together with the community over the last five years. Theoretical references that bring forward notions such as ancestry, crossroads, popular dances, from the thought and analysis of mostly black male and female authors, made it possible to think about the dynamics of Afro-Brazilian performances and ancestry in their relationship with the ways of resistance of the Jongo do Tamandaré
Safety assessment of malaria vaccines in african populations: exemplified by the assessment of PfSPZ based vaccines in Tanzania and equatorial Guinea
No full textMalaria is a major global health problem, with persistent public health challenges especially in sub-Saharan Africa. An upswing in malaria clinical cases is reported by the WHO from 214,200,000 in 2015 to 219,000,000 in 2017. The latest WHO’s World malaria report, has estimated 627,000 malaria deaths worldwide in 2020 representing about 69,000 more deaths in 2020 compared to 2019 (WHO, 2021). Although, disruptions in the provision of malaria prevention, diagnosis and treatment during the Covic-19 pandemic were linked with approximately two thirds of these additional deaths, evidence exists which suggest an existing real threat to the effectiveness of insecticide-based vector control and antimalarial drugs due to developing resistance towards these tools (Namias et al., 2021; Vaulin et al., 2019). Apparently, if the goal of malaria elimination is to be achieved interventions that can prevent infection and thereby block transmission are needed. Integration of malaria interventions with immunization, complements Global Immunization Vision and Strategy (GIVS), an agenda created by the WHO and UNICEF (Lindstrand et al., 2021; WHO, 2020). The WHO rainbow tables outline several malaria vaccine candidates at different clinical development stages including; Pre-erythrocytic stage projects (eg. RTS,S-A01, PfSPZ Vaccine etc), blood stage projects (eg. P27A Vaccine etc), other projects (eg. PfSPZ-CVac (PfSPZ Challenge + chloroquine)) most of which have been or are being tested across different countries including malaria endemic regions in Africa. Complexities of conducting field trials have been the center of discussion since the early periods of searching for malaria vaccine on proper safety assessment involving areas where the prevalence, importance and epidemiology of malaria is known (Liheluka et al., 2013; McGregor, 1979; Powell, 1979). Over years, research institutions in Africa have developed capacity and are now able to conduct good clinical (GCP) and laboratory practices (GLP) compliant clinical trials and such interest is growing. This important milestone will help to accelerate clinical development programs of several vaccine candidates and other investigational products of public health importance in endemic countries. As a matter to assess, build and strengthen the capacity of different sites to implement these trials, early trials were designed to reproduce the results obtained in Europe and America with minor modification of protocols and standard operating procedures (SOPs) to fit the situation. The need to achieve optimal safety assessment, proper interpretation and reporting, for local investigators, cannot be overstated. The broader concept of safety assessment must be understood as, the process beyond mere assessment of findings from the individual parameters following exposure to IMP, but rather as, the process of safety assessment that is adequate for; relevant participant selection, safe administration of IMP, proper safety follow-up, compliance to safety reporting to local regulatory authorities and relevant final clinical safety report. Interpretation of safety findings in reference to the socio-cultural and baseline epidemiological and clinical characteristics of the local population being assessed has potential to provide fundamental bridge between the intervention being assessed and the local healthcare system, enabling proper use of resources as well as the relevant and timely key policy decisions to be made. Known epidemiological characterization among different African populations may provide an indication that, these communities are similar and with further exploration, procedures may be optimized and synchronized at a level that allows operational shift from the so called African sites to African research centers.
Methods and findings
In the first part of this thesis (Chapter 4), the aim was to generate the safety and tolerability profiles of PfSPZ based malaria vaccine candidates namely PfSPZ Vaccine and PfSPZ-cVac in malaria endemic African population, targeting to develop and implement a vaccine that can be used as additional tool for malaria intervention and possibly elimination, that is well tolerated and safe. As a toolkit for malaria control in Africa, the PfSPZ vaccines are designed to prevent infection. We worked on assessing safety of PfSPZ vaccine candidates by conducting a series of randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trials in two African countries (Tanzania and Equatorial Guinea) through the program built on strong South-South / North-South collaboration platform. We designed and conducted the clinical trial protocols covering spectrum of age groups ranging from adults (with and without HIV infection) to the target pediatric population of healthy adolescents, children and infants. The clinical development plan that we pursued focused on addressing safety concerns related to PfSPZ vaccines, including; (i) feasibility of administration via direct venous inoculation (DVI) across age groups; (ii) possibility of breakthrough malaria infections due to inadequate attenuation; (iii) possibility of significant local side effects at the injection site that sporozoites may contribute; (iv) possibility of significant systemic reactogenicity caused by PfSPZ Vaccine; (v) possibility of effects on the rates of AEs related to geographical locations among African population, age or dose; (vi) possibility of significant increase in AEs with repeated dosing; (vii) possibility that the accelerated vaccination schedule regimens of PfSPZ Vaccine are significantly intolerable. Through this work, we performed; The first demonstration of PfSPZ Vaccine efficacy against PfSPZ Challenge in healthy adults population (PAPER I); the first demonstration of safety and tolerability of PfSPZ Vaccine in infants and children along with demonstration of the safety and exploration of efficacy of Sanaria’s PfSPZ vaccine using PfSPZ-CHMI in African adults (Paper II and Paper III); the demonstration of safety and tolerability of Sanaria’s chemo-attenuated vaccine (PfSPZ-CVac) in Equatorial Guinea (Paper IV); the first demonstration of safety and tolerability of PfSPZ Vaccine and exploration of efficacy of Sanaria’s PfSPZ vaccine using PfSPZ-CHMI in individuals living with HIV (Paper V); the demonstration of safety and tolerability of accelerated vaccination regimens of PfSPZ Vaccine and down-selection of optimal regimen for pivotal trials in Africa (Paper VI). A meta-analysis of AE data for adults and children using forest plots of total solicited AEs in vaccinees and placebos in the randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials analyzed to date has shown in all cases, 95% confidence intervals cross a ratio of 1, indicating no differences between vaccinees and controls.
In the second part of this thesis (Chapter 5), the aim was to optimize recruitment and enrolment process through better understanding of the social-cultural, epidemiological and clinical characteristics of the local population. Due to factors ranging from social-cultural to the local clinical research implementation and regulation systems, synchronization of recruitment and enrolment strategies with the local population characteristics, will potentially contribute to the successful clinical development plan for interventions. Fundamental to such success are the components such as, proper use of resources, better alignment; to the daily social-cultural activities and the local healthcare systems, timely recruitment, preparation of the risk mitigation plans relevant to the communities being assessed, reliable interpretation of safety results and precision in estimating risk benefit ratio of the intervention to the local community. In these regards, we designed and conducted pilot epidemiological assessments within study areas located in eastern and western parts of Africa, (Bagamoyo, Tanzania) and (Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea) respectively. The pilot assessments were implemented through separate protocols linked to the processes in main trial protocols on community engagement and sensitization to ensure that, all members of the target population including infants and children, plus HIV positive individuals are able to participate in GCP compliant clinical research in Africa. Through these activities, we formulated a simple and yet very effective categorization of recruitment and screening criteria across the protocols being; (1) criteria assessing GCP compliance; (2) criteria assessing protocol compliance; (3) clinical criteria assessing health status and (4) laboratory criteria assessing health status. By applying this seemingly simple categorization of criteria we piloted relevant allocation of limited resources between community-based and clinic-based recruitment and screening processes. Over 6,000 people were screened with subsequent registration of potential participants for future clinical trials (Paper VII).
In the third part of this thesis (Chapter 6), the aim was to optimize the processes for safety assessment, interpretation and reporting of results through the application of locally relevant toxicity grading tools in reference to the standard toxicity grading systems adopted to the local clinical and laboratory population parameters. Reporting requirements to the local regulatory authorities’ entail expedited reporting for certain AE grades following IP administration. It is critical that, sponsors and investigators adhere to such requirements for compliance and that the local use of standard toxicity grading systems recommended by the US-FDA, CTCAE and other relevant systems must be properly adopted and hence, optimized to enable proper clinical care for participants and to avoid over- or under-reporting of important safety observations. US-FDA recommends for the local reference values to be considered when the parameter limit values are defined in the guidance or some cases may even require the exercise of clinical judgment. The main reason for this is, such reference systems were developed primarily using data collected from certain population, and therefore are only practically relevant if directly used to the population with similar characteristics. Even for population from the same geographical locations, ethnic differences may require proper adjustments to be made. To achieve this optimization, we applied the methodology stipulated by the CLSI for analysis of reference intervals based on local clinical and laboratory data to and developed a listing of clinical and laboratory reference intervals applicable for local populations which were then integrated to the known standard toxicity grading systems (USFDA, CTCAE ect) to develop locally relevant toxicity grading scales. Site based, QA-controlled manual of reference intervals and toxicity grading was developed for the local population and has since been used for standardized interpretation and reporting of results during safety assessments at screening, enrolment and follow-up.
Conclusion
Evaluation of potential relevant health interventions tailored to collaborations involving South-South / North-South partnerships linking multiple sites in Africa, is the peculiar platform to demonstrate and promote the potential reproducibility of processes and results, with reasonable justification for their application across sites. Through such a platform, standardizations that we made on the optimization-approaches for enrolment practices and for interpretation of results and assessment of abnormal clinical and laboratory parameters, played essential role enabling reproducibility of procedures across sites. Fundamental to the benefit of such standardizations, is the potentially reasonable justification for application of results from evaluations across sites. In the scope of this thesis, the assessments that we performed, provided results indicating that, the safety profile of malaria vaccine candidates is determined by the product itself rather than the type of African population in which it is tested. Strategic partnerships created an enabling platform for interactions with multiple regulatory authorities, ethical committees and IRBs, a critical component reflecting independent reviews for the protocols and reporting of results. With the spectrum of available malaria vaccine candidates including the PfSPZ based, these findings will enable accelerations of clinical development plans not only for clinical trials accessing malaria vaccines but all other related interventions. Our perspective is to maintain the portfolio of activities and skill base that will streamline implementation for subsequent programs of work. In addition, this work has spearheaded the establishment of the clinical research capacity for conduct of regulatory trials in Equatorial Guinea, with primary support from the Bagamoyo Clinical Trials Facility investigators from Tanzania, and used the clinical trials platform to support several masters and PhD training of colleagues in Tanzania, Equatorial Guinea and from partner institution’s outside Africa. This work is built on the strong South-South and North-South collaborations enabling and strengthening synchronization of procedures among clinical trials conducted in different African communities at a level that will allow operational shift from the so called African research sites to African research centers
EXPERIENCES Crossings of Afro-diasporic cultures for the Education of Children in the Jongo Dito Ribeiro Community
No full textEsta pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar os atravessamentos dos elementos culturais afrodiaspóricos no cotidiano da infância e seus impactos nas construções lúdicas, culturais e intelectuais das crianças na Comunidade Tradicional do Jongo Dito Ribeiro, localizada em Campinas. Situada na área da educação, a investigação dialoga com diversas disciplinas, como história, antropologia e sociologia, para sustentar sua problematização e ampliar as perspectivas de análise. O processo investigativo foi concebido como um exercício de reflexão sobre as interações das crianças com as culturas afrodiaspóricas, considerando não apenas o contexto sociocultural específico do território do Jongo, mas também os reflexos dessas experiências nos outros espaços sociais por elas ocupados. A pesquisa investigou como essas culturas não apenas atravessam a infância, mas também influenciam a maneira como constroem suas identidades, narrativas e formas de agir no mundo. Além disso, foram analisadas as relações e mediações estabelecidas por pessoas adultas no contexto comunitário, especialmente no que se refere ao reconhecimento e apoio à agência infantil na construção das identidades individuais e coletivas. Assim, a pesquisa buscou evidenciar o papel das crianças como agentes culturais e sociais capazes de dialogar e ressignificar os saberes e práticas das culturas afrodiaspóricas, dando continuidade e renovação a essas tradições em contextos contemporâneos. Aponto assim um panorama teórico de como crianças e culturas afrodiaspóricas têm sido abordadas nas áreas das ciências sociais, buscando identificar lacunas e avanços em processos sobre essa questão. Trato sobre o conceito de Quilombo, principalmente nas vozes de Beatriz Nascimento e Abdias do Nascimento para contextualizar o trabalho de campo e adentrar as trajetórias da metodologia. Apresento, por fim, caminhos do referencial africano e afrodiaspórico brasileiro que dialogam e estruturam essa pesquisa, a partir dos caminhos abertos por Sandra Haydée Petit com o conceito de Pretagogias e o Kindezi do educador e filósofo congolês Kimbwandende Kia Bunseki FuKiau.This research served as a means of analyzing the intersection of Afrodiasporic cultural elements in a child\'s daily life and its impact on how their playful, cultural and intellectual capacities are built in the traditional community of Jongo Dito Ribeiro, located in Campinas. Situated in the educational field, said research dialogues with various disciplines, such as history, anthropology and sociology, to maintain its problematization and broaden the perspectives of analysis. The research process was conceived as an exercise in reflection on the children\'s interactions with Afrodiasporic cultures, considering not only the specific socio-cultural context of the Jongo\'s territory, but also the reflection of these experiences in other social spaces that they subsequently occupy. The research examined how these cultures not only permeate childhood but also influence the ways in which they construct their identities, narratives, and behaviours in relation to the outside world. It also examined the relationships and mediations established by adults in the context of a community, particularly in terms of recognizing and supporting children\'s roles in the formation of individual and collective identities. Thus, the research sought to shed light on the role of children as cultural and social agents capable of dialoguing and reforming the wisdom and practices of Afrodiasporic cultures, giving these traditions continuity and renewal in contemporary contexts. I handle the concept of \"Quilombo\", especially in the voices of Beatriz Nascimento and Abdias do Nascimento, to contextualize the research and venture deeper into the methodology\'s trajectories. I present, finally, the paths of Brazil\'s African and afrodiasporic referential, which dialogues and structures this research, coming from the pathways opened by Sandra Haydée Petit as the concept of \"Pretagogias\" and the Congolese philosopher and educator, Kimbwandende Kia Bunseki FuKiau\'s Kindezi
A potência jongueira e quilombola de Machadinha - Quissamã/Rio de Janeiro: um estudo em psicologia social comunitária
No full textA psicologia considerada elitista não se ateve durante parte de sua história aos sofrimentos vivenciados pela parcela oprimida da população, especialmente, no contexto rural. Assim, tivemos como objetivo geral compreender as diversas contribuições da Psicologia Social Comunitária para a comunidade Quilombola de Machadinha, situada no interior do estado do Rio de Janeiro. Em relação aos objetivos específicos destacamos: conhecer as demandas dos moradores, suas problemáticas e melhorias; compreender as questões da comunidade como: de identidade quilombola, autonomia, motivação, autogestão e consciência crítica; conhecer o acesso a políticas de saúde e identificar a importância do jongo. Em um primeiro momento, ressaltamos as contribuições históricas e o referencial teórico deste campo do conhecimento. Para tanto, foram estudados autores como Djamila Ribeiro, Frantz Fanon, Martín-Baró e Silvia Lane. No segundo, trazemos a discussão histórica sobre o conceito de quilombo e o processo construído coletivamente para que essa comunidade remanescente de quilombos obtenha o seu reconhecimento e titulação conforme assegurados pela legislação. E no terceiro, apresentamos a metodologia qualitativa a partir de um viés etnográfico, no qual utilizamos a observação participante e entrevistas semiestruturadas com três moradores da comunidade de faixas etárias distintas. Os resultados indicam que o jongo é um instrumento potente na inserção dos jovens na construção do processo de conscientização. Também o protagonismo e outras ações promovem mudanças positivas que são reconhecidas pelos moradores, entretanto, ainda há demandas importantes como a titulação das terras. Conclui-se por fim, que as parcerias realizadas contribuem com a visibilidade e o fortalecimento da referida comunidadePsychology considered elitist did not dwell for part of its history on the sufferings experienced by the oppressed part of the population, especially in the rural context. Thus, we had as general objective to understand the diverse contributions of Community Social Psychology to the community Quilombola de Machadinha, located in the interior of the state of Rio de Janeiro. In relation to the specific objectives we highlight: to know the demands of the residents, their problems and improvements; understand community issues such as: quilombola identity, autonomy, motivation, self-management and critical awareness; to know the access to health policies and to identify the importance of jongo. At first, we highlight the historical contributions and the theoretical reference of this field of knowledge. Therefore, authors such as Djamila Ribeiro, Frantz Fanon, Martín-Baró and Silvia Lane were studied. In the second, we bring the historical discussion about the concept of quilombo and the collectively constructed process so that this remaining community of quilombos obtains its recognition and titulación as assured by the legislation. And in the third, we present the qualitative methodology based on an ethnographic bias, in which we use the participant observation and semi-structured interviews with three residents of the community of different age groups. The results indicate that jongo is a potent instrument in the insertion of young people in the construction of the awareness process. Also the protagonism and otheractions promote positive changes that are recognized by the residents, however, there are still important demands such as land titling. It is concluded, finally, that the partnerships carried out contribute to the visibility and strengthening of the said communit
Pre-vaccination monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio as a biomarker for the efficacy of malaria candidate vaccines: A subgroup analysis of pooled clinical trial data.
No full textBackgroundPre-vaccination monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio was previously suggested as a marker for malaria vaccine effectiveness. We investigated the potential of this cell ratio as a marker for malaria vaccine efficacy and effectiveness. Effectiveness was investigated by using clinical malaria endpoint, and efficacy was investigated by using surrogate endpoints of Plasmodium falciparum prepatent period, parasite density, and multiplication rates in a controlled human malaria infection trial (CHMI).MethodsWe evaluated the correlation between monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio and RTS,S vaccine effectiveness using Cox regression modeling with clinical malaria as the primary endpoint. Of the 1704 participants in the RTS,S field trial, data on monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio was available for 842 participants, of whom our analyses were restricted. We further used Spearman Correlations and Cox regression modeling to evaluate the correlation between monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio and Whole Sporozoite malaria vaccine efficacy using the surrogate endpoints. Of the 97 participants in the controlled human malaria infection vaccine trials, hematology and parasitology information were available for 82 participants, of whom our analyses were restricted.ResultsThe unadjusted efficacy of RTS,S malaria vaccine was 54% (95% CI: 37%-66%, p ConclusionMonocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio alone may not be an adequate marker for malaria vaccine efficacy. Further investigations on immune correlates and underlying mechanisms of immune protection against malaria could provide a clearer explanation of the differences between those protected in comparison with those not protected against malaria by vaccination
A ancestralidade na relação corpo-tambor nos passinhos da cultura do funk brasileiro
No full textEsta pesquisa visa refletir sobre a ancestralidade na relação do conceito Corpo-Tambor (Santos, 2015) diante da cultura popular-urbano-periférica e afro-brasileira que é o Funk, especificamente nas danças chamadas "Passinhos", buscando entender e criar procedimentos artístico-pedagógicos que evidenciem como os tambores reverberam e influenciam na performance das danças Passinhos, dessa cultura favelada. O trabalho discorre sobre a ancestralidade de matriz e motriz africana que se faz presente nos gestual dos Passinhos do Funk e perpetua uma continuidade cultural no gesto de ancestralidade negra, focando no ritmo congo-angolano e nas movimentações das danças que fazem referência as afro manifestações-inspirações mais antigas, como o Samba, o Jongo, o Frevo, o Maculelê, as Danças Circulares, as Danças Afro, as Danças de Terreiro e as Danças dos Orixás. Incorporando a Borigrafia (Cruz, 2023), a pesquisa apresenta relações de afetos e afetações que o corpo do autor-marginal-professor-artista-pesquisador-negro-macumbeiro-funkeiro pode experienciar em diversas encruzilhadas, entendendo o ato de borigrafar enquanto procedimento metodológico contracolonial que dialoga com a proposta de investigação desses escritos, a fim de evidenciar a ancestralidade presente nessas danças afro-brasileiras para o máximo de pessoas possíveis, posicionando-se contra o embranquecimento de nossas culturas.This research aims to reflect on the ancestry of the Body-Drum concept (Santos, 2015) in relation to the popular urban-peripheral and Afro-Brazilian culture of Funk, specifically in the dances called "Passinhos", seeking to understand and create artistic and pedagogical procedures that highlight how drums reverberate and influence the performance of Passinhos dances, a part of this favela culture. The work discusses the ancestry of African origin and drive present in the gestures of Funk's Passinhos and perpetuates a cultural continuity in the gesture of Black ancestry, focusing on the Congo-Angolan rhythm and the movements of the dances that reference the oldest Afro-manifestations and inspirations, such as Samba, Jongo, Frevo, Maculelê, Circle Dances, Afro Dances, Terreiro Dances, and the Dances of the Orixás. Incorporating Borigrafia (Cruz, 2023), the research presents relationships of affections and affectations that the body of the marginalized author-teacher-artist-researcher-black macumbeiro-funkeiro can experience at various crossroads, understanding the act of borigrafia as a counter-colonial methodological procedure that dialogues with the research proposal of these writings, in order to highlight the ancestry present in these Afro-Brazilian dances for as many people as possible, positioning himself against the whitening of our cultures
Pre-vaccination monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio as a biomarker for the efficacy of malaria candidate vaccines: A subgroup analysis of pooled clinical trial data
No full textPre-vaccination monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio as a biomarker for the efficacy of malaria candidate vaccines : a subgroup analysis of pooled clinical trial data
No full textAbstract: BackgroundPre-vaccination monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio was previously suggested as a marker for malaria vaccine effectiveness. We investigated the potential of this cell ratio as a marker for malaria vaccine efficacy and effectiveness. Effectiveness was investigated by using clinical malaria endpoint, and efficacy was investigated by using surrogate endpoints of Plasmodium falciparum prepatent period, parasite density, and multiplication rates in a controlled human malaria infection trial (CHMI).MethodsWe evaluated the correlation between monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio and RTS,S vaccine effectiveness using Cox regression modeling with clinical malaria as the primary endpoint. Of the 1704 participants in the RTS,S field trial, data on monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio was available for 842 participants, of whom our analyses were restricted. We further used Spearman Correlations and Cox regression modeling to evaluate the correlation between monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio and Whole Sporozoite malaria vaccine efficacy using the surrogate endpoints. Of the 97 participants in the controlled human malaria infection vaccine trials, hematology and parasitology information were available for 82 participants, of whom our analyses were restricted.ResultsThe unadjusted efficacy of RTS,S malaria vaccine was 54% (95% CI: 37%-66%, p <0.001). No correlation was observed between monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio and RTS,S vaccine efficacy (Hazard Rate (HR):0.90, 95%CI:0.45-1.80; p = 0.77). The unadjusted efficacy of Whole Sporozoite malaria vaccine in the appended dataset was 17.6% (95%CI:10%-28.5%, p<0.001). No association between monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio and the Whole Sporozoite malaria vaccine was found against either the prepatent period (HR = 1.16; 95%CI:0.51-2.62, p = 0.72), parasite density (rho = 0.004, p = 0.97) or multiplication rates (rho = 0.031, p = 0.80).ConclusionMonocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio alone may not be an adequate marker for malaria vaccine efficacy. Further investigations on immune correlates and underlying mechanisms of immune protection against malaria could provide a clearer explanation of the differences between those protected in comparison with those not protected against malaria by vaccination
Estesia em tese: a nacionalização musical de Mário de Andrade
No full textTese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Comunicação e Expressão, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Literatura, Florianópolis, 2015.A nacionalização musical proposta pelo modernismo brasileiro por meio da apropriação erudita de elementos do cancioneiro popular e do folclore implica a identificação com uma musicalidade nacional. A afirmação de uma sensibilidade moderna, pressuposta pela referida identificação, subentende a construção de um sentido e de um sentimento nacional no interior de uma arte caracterizada, segundo uma concepção kantiana, pelo desinteresse e pela ininteligibilidade. Objetivamos compreender, a partir da nacionalização musical proposta por Mário de Andrade, as implicações do conceito de estesia, entendida como os efeitos sobre o corpo produzidos pelo contato com a arte. Em Andrade, a estesia recupera a etimologia de ?aisthesis? contra a sua subordinação ao modelo da representação e da contemplação, evidenciando a sensibilidade e, por conseguinte, o corpo. Como recusa da representação e da contemplação, a estesia designa uma reconciliação da arte com a vida, revelando, ao fim, um interesse eminentemente social. Ao propor um senso de comunidade, Andrade contraria tanto a ontologia nacional sustentada em teorias raciais positivistas, quanto o nacionalismo oficial do Estado Novo. Para tanto, revisamos os caracteres musicais de sua nacionalização musical em contraste com toda uma tradição ocidental, observando como as suas concepções musicais convergem, nos anos 1940, em um teatro cantado coletivo. Café, que representa um complemento para o poeta, permaneceria incompleto, no entanto, uma vez que os compositores Francisco Mignone e Camargo Guarnieri, que se responsabilizaram por sua musicalização, nunca o concluiriam. A tarefa caberia, ironicamente, a H. J. Koellreutter, acusado, desde que aportou no Brasil nos anos 1930, de formalista, sectarista e elitista, por empregar o atonalismo. No contexto de uma disputa de sentido em que as concepções musicais de Andrade serviriam para a legitimação e autorização do nacionalismo musical, de um lado, e o universalismo associado com o decadentismo da burguesia capitalista, de outro, o presente trabalho investiga, por fim, a busca de Koellreutter por uma interlocução com a obra de Andrade, que se consagra com a musicalização, nos anos 1990, do teatro cantado inacabado.Abstract : The musical nationalization proposed by Brazilian modernism through the appropriation of musical elements of popular music and folklore by classical composers implies an identification with national musicality. The affirmation of a modern sensibility, presupposed by such identification, involves the construction of a national sense and sensation through an art considered to be unintelligible and disinterested since Kantian aesthetics. Our goal, regarding Mário de Andrade?s musical nationalization proposal in particular, is to understand the implications of the concept of aesthesis, understood as contact with a work of art and its effects on the body. On Andrade?s work, aesthesis recovers the etymological sense of ?aisthesis?, going against its subordination to the model of representation and contemplation, highlighting the sensitivity and, consequently, the body. When refusal of representation and contemplation, aesthesis also names a reconciliation between art and life, revealing a social interest. Andrade?s musical nationalization therefore proposes a concept of community, contradicting both the national ontology sustained by positivist racial theories as a basis for the national State, and the official nationalism of the state from the Brazilian Revolution of 1930 forward, especially concerning its relation with the body. Therefore, we review the musical characters of Andrade?s nationalization and observe how his musical conceptions converge in Café. Conceived in the 1940s, the opera considered by the author to be his most socialist work and a complement of himself would remain incomplete, since Brazilian composers as Francisco Mignone and Camargo Guarnieri would never musicalize it. Ironically, H. J. Koellreutter, who has been accused of formalist, sectarian and elitist since he arrived in Brazil in the 1930s, would accomplish the task in the 1990s. In the context of a hegemonic dispute in which Andrade?s musical conceptions would serve to legitimize and authorize the musical nationalism discourse, on one hand, and the universalism connected to the decadence of the capitalist bourgeoisie, on the other, we investigate Koellreutter persuit for a dialogue with Andrade?s work, consolidated with his musical composition of Andrade?s opera in the 1990s
Demographic and clinical characteristics of participants enrolled in the RTS,S trial.
No full textDemographic and clinical characteristics of participants enrolled in the RTS,S trial.</p
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