1,720,974 research outputs found
Factores de riesgo y mortalidad a corto plazo en pacientes con peritonitis secundaria y terciaria
Get PDFAntecedentes: Los pacientes quirúrgicos críticos tienen un alto riesgo de padecer efectos adversos graves como consecuencia de una infección intraabdominal grave , con ello una prolongación de su estancia en UCI. El objetivo de nuestro estudio fue identificar los factores de riesgo de mortalidad hospitalaria de los pacientes ingresados en la UCI que sufren peritonitis complicadas, junto con los factores de riesgo asociados a desarrollar una peritonitis terciaria. La Infección del sitio quirúrgico (SSI sigue siendo un problema importante en el postoperatorio que puede afectar negativamente a los resultados clínicos. Los hallazgos Microbiológicos suelen ser similares a otras infecciones nosocomiales, con diferencias que dependen de la selección de microorganismos debido a la presión antibiótica o la flora residente. Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar la incidencia, epidemiología y microbiología de SSI y su asociación con los resultados en pacientes con peritonitis graves en la unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI). Métodos: Estudio prospectivo, observacional en nuestra institución desde 2010 a 2014. Las características basales al ingreso, los resultados, los resultados microbiológicos y antibióticos fueron utilizados. Se estudiaron prospectivamente 343 pacientes consecutivos ingresados en nuestra UCI desde 2006 a 2010 con un diagnóstico de peritonitis secundaria o terciaria. Se recogieron los siguientes datos: diagnóstico SSI, la demografía, (APACHE) II (SAPS) II , tipo de cirugía, la microbiología, el tratamiento con antibióticos y la evlución. Resultados: 343 pacientes fueron incluidos, 158 (46,1%) con peritonitis secundaria y 185 (53,9%) con peritonitis terciaria. 64,4% eran varones, la edad fue de 63,7 ± 14,3 años y APACHE fue de 19,4 ± 7,8. La mortalidad hospitalaria fue del 37%. Hemos demostrado una mayor incidencia de Candida spp. (Odds Ratio (OR): 1.275; 95% intervalo de confianza (IC): 1,096 a 1,789; p = 0,016), Enterococcus faecium (OR: 1,085; IC del 95%: 1,018 a 1,400; p = 0,002) y Enterococcus spp. (OR: 1,370; IC del 95%: 1,139 a 1,989; p = 0,047) en la peritonitis terciaria. Las tasas más altas en el uso de cefalosporinas se muestran en la peritonitis secundaria (OR: 3,51; IC del 95%: 1,139 a 10,817; p = 0,035). Ya la estancia en UCI (OR: 1,019; IC del 95%: 1,004 a 1,034; p = 0,010), la cirugía urgente (OR: 3,247; IC del 95%: 1,392 a 7,575; p = 0,006), la nutrición parenteral total (OR: 3,079; 95 % IC: 1,535-6,177; p = 0,002) y el estómago-duodeno como sitio de la infección primaria (OR: 4,818; IC del 95%: 1,429 a 16,247; p = 0,011) fueron factores asociados con el desarrollo de la peritonitis terciaria, mientras que sufre de peritonitis localizada era protectora para su desarrollo (OR: 0,308; IC del 95%: 0,152-0,624; p = 0,001). El análisis multivariante mostró que los predictores de mortalidad hospitalaria fueron la edad (OR: 1,028; IC del 95%: 1,011 a 1,045; p = 0,001), lactato arterial (OR: 1,088; IC del 95%: 1,043 a 1,136; p 0,001) y APACHE al ingreso (OR: 1,058; IC del 95%: 1,017 a 1,101; p = 0,005) y la necesidad de terapia de reemplazo renal (OR: 1,728; IC del 95%: 1,179 a 2,533; p = 0,005). Se identificaron 269 episodios de SSI en 162 pacientes (53,1%) de edad de 64,4 ± 14,3 años, de los cuales 200 episodios ocurridos en los hombres (64,6%). La media de APACHE II y SAPS II fueron 19,7 ± 7,8 y 36,5 ± 16,1, respectivamente. La media de la UCI y de hospital estancias fueron 19,8 ± 24,8 y 21,7 ± 30 días, respectivamente. Pseudomonas spp. (n = 52, 19,3%) y Escherichia coli (n = 55, 20,4%) fueron los microorganismos más frecuentemente aislados, pero cocos gram positivos (n = 44, 16,3%) y Candida spp. (n = 46, 17,1%) también eran frecuentes. Los microorganismos aislados de infecciones del sitio quirúrgico se asociaron con una mayor incidencia de resistencia a los antibióticos (64,9%) en los pacientes ingresados en la UCI, pero no con una mayor mortalidad hospitalaria. Sin embargo, los pacientes que sufrían de SSI tenían ingresos ya la UCI (OR = 1.024, 95% intervalo de confianza 1,010-1,039; p = 0,001). Conclusiones: peritonitis complicada sigue siendo una causa de mayor mortalidad en la UCI, la cirugía urgente, la necesidad de nutrición parenteral total y como sitio la infección primaria estómago-duodeno, fueron los principales factores asociados con su evolución a peritonitis terciaria. Un peor APACHE II, lactato arterial alto, la edad avanzada y necesidades terapia de reemplazo renal fueron predictores de mortalidad hospitalaria en estos pacientes. La incidencia de SSI en la peritonitis que requieren ingreso en UCI con peritoniits secundaria o terciaria es muy alta. Los médicos deben considerar la alta incidencia de patógenos resistentes a los antibióticos, cocos Gram-positivos y hongos a la hora de elegir el tratamiento antibiótico empírico para SSI. La presencia de SSI puede estar asociada con estancias prolongadas en UCI, pero no hemos encontrado influencias sobre la mortalidad global.Background: Critically ill surgical patients remain at high risk of adverse outcomes as a result of intra-abdominal infection and its related prolonged length of ICU stay. The aim of our study was to identify the risk factors for in-hospital mortality of ICU patients suffering from complicated peritonitis, together with those factors associated with the development of tertiary peritonitis. Surgical site infection (SSI) remains a significant problem in the postoperative period that can negatively affect clinical outcomes. Microbiology findings are typically similar to other nosocomial infections, with differences dependent on microbiology selection due to antibiotic pressure or the resident flora. We therefore aimed to assess the incidence, epidemiology and microbiology of SSI and its association with outcomes in patients with severe peritonitis in the intensive care unit (ICU). Methods: Prospective, observational study at our institution from 2010 to 2014. Baseline characteristics on admission, outcomes, microbiological results and antibiotics were used in our database for analysis. We prospectively studied 343 consecutive patients admitted to our surgical ICU from 2006 to 2010 with a diagnosis of secondary or tertiary peritonitis. We collected the following data: SSI diagnosis, demographics, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score, Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS) II score, type of surgery, microbiology, antibiotic treatment and outcomes. Results: 343 patients were included, 158 (46.1%) with secondary and 185 (53.9%) with tertiary peritonitis. 64.4% were male, age was 63.7±14.3 years and APACHE was 19.4±7.8. In-hospital mortality was 37%. We showed a higher incidence of Candida spp. (Odds Ratio(OR):1.275;95% Confidence Interval(CI):1.096-1.789;P=0.016), Enterococcus faecium (OR:1.085;95% CI:1.018-1.400;P=0.002) and Enterococcus spp. (OR:1.370;95% CI:1.139-1.989;P=0.047) in tertiary peritonitis. Higher rates in the use of cephalosporins was shown in secondary peritonitis (OR:3.51;95% CI:1.139-10.817;P=0.035). Longer ICU stay (OR:1.019;95% CI:1.004-1.034;P=0.010), urgent surgery (OR:3.247;95% CI:1.392-7.575;P=0.006), total parenteral nutrition (OR:3.079;95% CI:1.535-6.177;P=0.002) and stomach-duodenum as primary infection site (OR:4.818;95% CI:1.429-16.247; P=0.011) were factors associated with the development of tertiary peritonitis whereas suffering from localized peritonitis was protective for their development (OR:0.308;95% CI:0.152-0.624;P=0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that predictors for in-hospital mortality were age (OR:1.028;95% CI:1.011-1.045;P=0.001), arterial lactate (OR:1.088;95% CI:1.043-1.136; P 0.001) and APACHE on admission (OR:1.058;95% CI:1.017-1.101;P=0.005) and the need for Renal Replacement Therapy (OR:1.728;95% CI:1.179-2.533;P=0.005). We identified 269 episodes of SSI in 162 patients (53.1%) aged 64.4 ± 14.3 years, of which 200 episodes occurred in men (64.6%). The mean APACHE II and SAPS II scores were 19.7 ± 7.8 and 36.5 ± 16.1 respectively. The mean ICU and hospital stays were 19.8 ± 24.8 and 21.7 ± 30 days respectively. Pseudomonas spp. (n = 52, 19.3%) and Escherichia coli (n = 55, 20.4%) were the most frequently isolated microorganisms, but gram-positive cocci (n = 44, 16.3%) and Candida spp. (n = 46, 17.1%) were also frequent. Microorganisms isolated from SSIs were associated with a higher incidence of antibiotic resistance (64.9%) in ICU patients, but not with a higher in-hospital mortality. However, patients who suffered from SSI had longer ICU admissions (odds ratio = 1.024, 95% confidence interval 1.010-1.039, P = 0.001). Conclusions: Complicated peritonitis remains a cause of higher mortality in ICU, with urgent surgery, Total Parenteral Nutrition needs and primary infection site of stomach-duodenum as the main factors associated with tertiary peritonitis. Worst APACHE II, higher arterial lactate, older age and Renal Replacement Therapy needs were predictors of in-hospital mortality in those patients. The incidence of SSI in secondary or tertiary peritonitis requiring ICU admission is very high. Physicians should consider antibiotic-resistant pathogens, gram-positive cocci and fungi when choosing empiric antibiotic treatment for SSI. The presence of SSI may be associated with prolonged ICU stays, but without any influence on overall mortality
Síndrome de distrés respiratorio agudo (SDRA). El papel de los eicosanoides y su modulación mediante una nutrición parenteral enriquecida con ácidos grasos omega-3
Get PDFUn primer objetivo de la tesis ha sido estudiar el papel de los eicosanoides en el desarrollo del síndrome de distrés respiratorio agudo (SDRA) mediante el estudio de sus concentraciones. Otro objetivo ha sido analizar si el aporte de una emulsión lipídica administrada por vía parenteral enriquecida con ácidos grasos poliinsaturados de la serie 3 (AGPI n-3) en forma de aceite de pescado y bajo aporte de ácido linoleico (AGPI n-6) puede regular la síntesis de eicosanoides en pacientes con SDRA y su efecto sobre el intercambio de gases y los parámetros hemodinámicos. La tesis se articula como compendio de publicaciones estructurada en tres artículos originales. En el primer estudio, analizamos en los estadios precoces del SDRA eicosanoides de todas las vías enzimáticas (TXB2 y el 6-Keto-PGF1α de la vía de la COX, el LTB4 de la LO), tanto a nivel sistémico como en sangre venosa mixta. En el segundo estudio, analizamos los eicosanoides durante la administración de dos emulsiones lipídicas, una rica en AGPI n-6 y la emulsión a estudio (enriquecida con AGPI n-3 y con menor cantidad de AGPI n-6), en pacientes con SDRA. En el tercer estudio nos centramos en la investigación sobre el intercambio de gases y los cambios hemodinámicos de las emulsiones anteriores en pacientes con SDRA.
Los principales resultados mostraron que los niveles plasmáticos de los eicosanoides estudiados en los pacientes con SDRA en fase precoz fueron superiores a los valores de referencia. Los niveles sistémicos de TXB2, LTB4 y el gradiente sistémico-pulmonar de LTB4 se relacionaron con el grado de hipoxemia. El gradiente sistémico-pulmonar de LTB4 se correlacionó con el nivel de gravedad pulmonar. Los niveles basales más elevados a nivel arterial de LTB4 y TXB2, los niveles más elevados de LTB4 en sangre venosa mezclada y un mayor gradiente sistémico-pulmonar de LTB4 se asocian con un peor pronóstico. En los pacientes que recibieron emulsiones lipídicas ricas en AGPI n-6, todos los eicosanoides medidos, tanto a nivel sistémico como en sangre venosa mixta, se incrementaron durante la perfusión de la emulsión, con un comportamiento errático tras su finalización (a las 12 horas de finalizar la emulsión lipídica). En los pacientes tratados con la emulsión enriquecida con AP y menor aporte de AGPI n-6, todos los eicosanoides medidos, tanto a nivel sistémico como en sangre venosa mixta, disminuyeron durante la perfusión de la emulsión a estudio. Únicamente alcanzó significación estadística la variación de LTB4. Tras finalizar el aporte los valores siguieron disminuyendo. Por último, no observamos ningún cambio significativo ni en el intercambio de gases ni en la hemodinamia tras la administración de las diferentes emulsiones.
Los resultados de los estudios presentados permiten afirmar que los diferentes mediadores lipídicos juegan un papel crucial en la fisiopatología del SDRA siendo de especial relevancia el LTB4. También se puede afirmar que una emulsión lipídica administrada por vía parenteral enriquecida con AGPI n-3 en forma de aceite de pescado y bajo aporte de ácido linoleico (AGPI n-6) es capaz de modular la síntesis de mediadores lipídicos claves en el SDRA y no provocar alteraciones en la hemodinamia ni en el intercambio de gases a corto plazo.Our thesis objective was to study eicosanoids role on acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) development by studying their plasmatic concentrations. Other objective was to evaluate if parenteral administration of an enriched 3 series polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA n-3) in the form of fish-oil and lowered linoleic acid (PUFA n-6) lipid emulsion can regulate eicosanoid synthesis in ARDS patients as well as its hemodynamics and gas exchange effects. Thesis is articulated as a publication compendium structured in three original articles. On our first study, in early ARDS stages we evaluate both systemic and mixed venous plasmatic eicosanoid levels in all enzymatic pathways (TXB2 and 6-Keto-PGF1α in COX pathway, and LTB4 in LO pathway). On our second study, we analyse eicosanoids in ARDS patients during administration of two different lipid emulsions, one PUFA n-6 enriched and the study´s emulsion (PUFA n-3 enriched and with less PUFA n-6). On our third study we focused on gas exchange and hemodynamic changes with the previous lipid emulsions in ARDS patients.
Main results showed that eicosanoid plasmatic levels measured in early stage ARDS patients were superior to reference levels. Systemic TXB2, LTB4 and pulmonary-systemic LTB4 gradient correlated with hypoxemia severity. Pulmonary-systemic LTB4 gradient correlated with pulmonary severity score. LTB4 and TXB2 increased baseline plasmatic arterial levels, LTB4 increased venous mixed plasmatic levels and a higher pulmonary-systemic LTB4 gradient were associated with a worst outcome.
In patients whom received PUFA n-6 enriched lipid emulsions, all eicosanoids measured levels, both systemic and venous mixed, were increased during emulsion perfusion with an erratic behaviour after the end (12 hours after finishing lipid emulsion). In patients treated with PUFA n-3 enriched emulsion and less PUFA n-6, all eicosanoids measured levels, both systemic and venous mixed, were decreased during study´s emulsion perfusion. Only LTB4 variation was statistically significant. After finishing emulsion´s administration, levels continued decreasing. Finally, we didn´t observe any significant variation neither in gas exchange nor in hemodynamics after both different emulsion´s administration.
These results from our exposed studies lets us stablish that different lipid mediators play an important role in ARDS physiopathology with special emphasis on LTB4. We can also stablish that a parenteral administration of an PUFAn-3 enriched lipid emulsion in the form of fish oil and lowered linoleic acid (PUFA n-6) lipid emulsion can modulate crutial ARDS lipid mediator´s synthesis without hemodynamic or gas exchange short term modifications
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Severe respiratory syncytial virus disease
Get PDFThe burden of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) disease is widely recognized. Main risk factors for severe disease, such as extreme ages, chronic cardiopulmonary conditions, and immunosuppression, typically coincide with poorer outcomes. While the majority of RSV hospitalizations involve healthy children, a higher proportion of hospitalized adults with underlying conditions need intensive care. Presently, treatment primarily consists of supportive measures. RSV-induced wheezing should be distinguished from respiratory tract thickening, without response to bronchodilators. Obstructive RSV disease frequently overlaps with viral pneumonia. Non-invasive mechanical ventilation and high-flow oxygen therapy represented significant advancements in the management of severe RSV disease in children and may also hold considerable importance in specific phenotypes of RSV disease in adults. Most severe infections manifest with refractory hypoxemia necessitating more advanced ventilatory support and/or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation therapy. Although bacterial co-infection rates are low, they have been associated with worse outcomes. Antibiotic prescription rates are high. Accurately diagnosing bacterial co-infections remains a challenge. Current evidence and antibiotic stewardship policies advise against indiscriminate antibiotic usage, even in severe cases. The role of currently developing antiviral therapies in severe RSV disease will be elucidated in the coming years, contingent upon the success of new vaccines and immune passive strategies involving nirsevimab
- …
