1,762,830 research outputs found
L'homme et l'univers
No full textAntepContiene: t.I. L'univers et la vie. -- t.II. Les sciences naturelles devant la critique. -- t.III. Les origines de la nature actuelleContén: t.I. L'univers et la vie. -- t.II. Les sciences naturelles devant la critique. -- t.III. Les origines de la nature actuell
Räumliche Dimensionen der Zukunftsstadt. Integrierte Perspektiven auf bauliche Strukturen und Freiräume.
No full textPrägend für städtische Räume ist das Wechselspiel zwischen materiell-physischen Strukturen und deren gesellschaftliche Aneignung und Nutzung. Im Zuge urbaner Transformationsprozesse steht der relativ starre Siedlungskörper mit seinen gebauten Gebäuden, Freiräumen und Infrastrukturen, deren Nutzungsdauer auf mehrere Jahrzehnte ausgelegt ist, sozialen und ökonomischen Prozessen mit hoher Veränderungsdynamik gegenüber. Die baulich-räumlichen Aspekte der Zukunftsstadt stehen im Mittelpunkt dieses Synthese Papers. Auf der Basis der Zukunftsstadtprojekte des Bundesministeriums für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) werden zentrale räumliche Dimensionen einer zukunftsfähigen nachhaltigen Stadtentwicklung herausgearbeitet. Dabei wird die notwendige Verzahnung von baulichen Aktivitäten einerseits und Freiraumentwicklung andererseits betont. Im Sinne des sparsamen Umgangs mit Ressourcen, zur Steigerung der Klimaresilienz und zum Erhalt urbaner Biodiversität sind Siedlungsstrukturen zukünftig zugleich kompakt und durchgrünt zu entwickeln. Ziel dieses Papiers ist es, Forschungs- und Handlungsbedarfe nachhaltiger Stadtentwicklung aus räumlicher Perspektive freizulegen und zu schärfen. Damit werden zugleich Perspektiven für die weitere wissenschaftliche Auseinandersetzung mit diesem Thema eröffnet und Ansatzpunkte für die Praxis einer nachhaltigen Stadtentwicklung aufgezeigtFormative for urban Spaces is the interplay between material-physical structures and their social appropriation and use. In the course of urbantransformation processes, physical structures that are designed to last for several decades are confronted with social and economic processes with high dynamics of change.The material-spatial aspects of the Future City are the focus of this synthesis paper. On the basis of the Future City projects of the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), central spatial dimensions of sustainable urban development are identified. The necessary interlinking of construction activities on the one hand and open space development on the other is emphasised. In order to increase climate resilience and preserve urban biodiversity, settlement structures need to be compact and green at the same time. The aim of this paper is to identify and sharpen the need for research and action for sustainable urban development from a spatial perspective. The paper opens up perspectives for further scientific debate on this topic and shows starting points for the practice of sustainable urban development
Synthese en Analyse van Vloeibaarkristallijne Polymeren
No full textIn dit verslag wordt de synthese en analyse van een tweetal nieuwe nematisch vloeibaarkristallijne zijketen polymeren behandeld…Applied SciencesScheikundige Technologie en der MateriaalkundeTechnologie van Macromoleculaire Stoffe
Die Erneuerung der orthodoxen Theologie im 20. Jahrhundert – neopatristische Synthese
No full textDiese Untersuchung versucht, einen Weg durch die Komplexität der Erneuerung der orthodoxen Theologie im 20. Jh. zu eröffnen. Sie hat vier wesentliche Schritte: im ersten Teil werde ich einen allgemeinen Überblick über die Voraussetzungen, die Protagonisten, die Denkrichtungen und die Prinzipien der Erneuerung vorstellen, im zweiten Teil werde ich das Programm Florovskys näher präsentieren, im dritten Teil werde ich die kritischen Erwägungen der neueren theologischen Untersuchungen zu der neopatristischen Synthese zusammenfassen. Im vierten Teil werde ich ausserdem die Konkretisierung der Synthese im anthropologischen Verständnis von Lot-Borodine, Lossky und Florovsky analysieren. Am Schluss stelle ich die methodologischen, dogmatischen und ökumenischen Konsequenzen dieser Konkretisierungen dar
Merely superficially contingent a priori knowledge and the McKinsey paradox
Full text linkAcknowledgements Thanks to Bernhard Salow, Crispin Wright, David Horst and Marco Ruffino for helpful discussion. I am also grateful to two anonymous Synthese referees for helpful comments.Peer reviewe
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Predication Versus Membership in the Distinction Between Logic as Language and Logic as Calculus
Full text linkThis is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published in Synthese. The final authenticated version is available online at: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00869546Two types of framework are distinguished regarding the nature of logic and the logical analysis of natural language. In the first, logic is a calculus subject to varying set-theoretic interpretations over domains of varying cardinality, and in this sense is based on a theory of membership in a set. This type need not restrict its analyses of natural language to extensional discourse only; e.g., Richard Montague's sense-denotation intensional logic, which has been used to provide analyses of intensional discourse, is really a type-theoretical set theory supplemented with a theory of senses. The analyses this type of framework provides are not entirely satisfactory, however, for reasons related to the way that intensional entities are analyzed in terms of membership in a set. The second type of framework, where logical forms are semantic structures in their own right, is based on predication as described in a formal theory of universals. This type of framework: gives a more adequate analysis of natural language and can be developed in a type-free way without generating the logical antinomies. Also, because a set-theoretic semantics provides only an extrinsic characterization of validity for this type of framework, such a semantics cannot be used to show that the laws of logic of this type of framework must be essentially incomplete
Enzyme active site mimics based on TriAzaCyclophane (TAC)-scaffolded peptides and amino acid residues
No full textThis thesis describes the scope and limitations of the application of TriAzaCyclophane (TAC)-scaffolded peptides or amino acid residues as enzyme active site mimics, as ligands in asymmetric catalysis and as hydrolysis catalysts attached to vancomycin. For the mimicry of functional group enzymes, of which serine hydrolases are well-known and -understood, both combinatorial approaches and the construction of complicated cage-like molecules containing the relevant components of the active site were followed. Results from these studies indicated that pre-organization of the arms that are attached to the TAC-scaffold is most likely required for the catalytic action that is caused by cooperation of the functional groups of the attached amino acid residues. Two attempts to achieve this goal are also described involving the construction of highly functionalized cryptand molecules. In one approach, the final synthetic step comprised of an amide-bond forming reaction, in the other the final double cyclization reaction was done by means of a copper-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition reaction. Mimicry of metalloenzyme active sites using similar approaches resulted in close structural mimicry of such active sites by three mimics based on a TAC-scaffold containing histidinyl imidazole and/or aspartate residues. Several spectroscopic and spectrometric techniques were used to characterize the coordination complexes of the ligands with copper(II). After this, these three mimics were used in two biomimetic reactions: (1) the reaction of Cu(I) with molecular oxygen and (2) the oxidation of olefins by Fe(II)-H2O2 chemistry. Although the first reaction revealed interesting and true biomimetic behavior of the mimics, their application in the last reaction gave results similar to the reaction without the ligands. Therefore, whereas the mimicry of serine hydrolases required complicated synthetic protocols in order to realize the needed pre-organization of catalytically active functional groups, mimicry of three important active sites of metalloenzymes was shown to be possible. In addition to the mimicry of enzyme active sites, these TAC-based mimics were used as ligands in asymmetric copper-catalyzed Diels-Alder and Michael addition reactions. Surprisingly, selectivity up to 50% enantiomeric excess for both reactions was observed. Subsequent tuning of the ligands showed that this enantioselectivity could be modulated by N- and C-terminal extensions. Also, the tris-histidine triad containing construct was conjugated to vancomycin in a mono- and tetravalent fashion. This resulted in a new type of antibiotics that could potentially decide the ongoing battle against resistance in favor of the invaded host
PROBABILITIES, CAUSES AND PROPENSITIES IN PHYSICS (SYNTHESE LIBRARY, SPRINGER). CHAPTERS 0 & 1 (CONTENTS & INTRODUCTION)
Full text linkThese are the introduction chapters to the forthcoming collection of essays published by Springer (Synthese Library) and entitled Probabilities, Causes and Propensities in Physics
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