131,486 research outputs found
Relevance theory and the semantics of non-declarative sentences
No full textWilson and Sperber (1988a; Sperber and Wilson 1986) have proposed semantic
analyses of declaratives, imperatives and interrogatives which are based on the notion
of 'a direct semantic link between linguistic form and representations of propositional
attitude'. They claim, however, that the various syntactic structures encode 'procedural'
rather than 'conceptual' information. Rather than encoding concepts which appear in
representations of propositional attitude (or what Sperber and Wilson call 'higher-level
explicatures') they convey information about how to proceed in recovering such
representations.
This thesis is an attempt to extend this analysis to some constructions which have
not been explicitly discussed by Wilson and Sperber, to consider the differences between
this approach and some alternatives, and to question the status of the notion of a
'sentence type', which has often been assumed in analysing the various syntactic
structures. Some evidence is provided that certain lexical items also encode procedural
information about propositional attitudes, and the role of intonation in utterance-interpretation
is also discussed.
This analysis is based on relevance-theoretic assumptions about semantics and
pragmatics. Chapter one presents the general approach to semantics assumed by
relevance theory and shows how Wilson and Sperber's proposal fits into this framework.
Chapter two is concerned with the proposed semantic analysis of imperatives.
This analysis is extended to some 'pseudo-imperatives': forms consisting of the
conjunction or disjunction of an imperative and a declarative clause, which have often been treated as conditionals. An analysis of imperative-like constructions containing 'let'
or 'let's' is also proposed. This analysis can be extended to related forms containing 'may'.
Chapter three is concerned with the semantic analyses of interrogatives and
exciamatives proposed by Wilson and Sperber. This approach is extended to some
constructions which seem to resemble interrogatives in some ways and exciamatives in
others. The relationship between grammar and intonation is also discussed. Tonal
structure can also be seen as encoding procedural information.
Chapter four contrasts this approach with alternatives which treat illocutionary
force or mood as semantic categories. Wilson and Sperber's approach is more successful
than the alternatives and suggests reasons for their inadequacy. A straightforward
account of the relationship between form and force, and the interpretation of utterances
which have been said to perform 'indirect speech acts', follows from Wilson and
Sperber's proposal
Zucchiella matiottiae Pereira, Sperber & Lhano, sp. nov.
No full textZucchiella matiottiae Pereira, Sperber & Lhano, sp. nov. (Figs. 20, 21, 23 A, 24) Zucchiella sp. A in Sperber (1999) Etymology. The specific epithet refers to Dra. Maria Kátia Matiotti da Costa, professor of Pontifícia Universidade Católica (PUC-RS) and Brazilian Orthopterologist. Type. Holotype, male, Brasil, MG, Paula Cândido, “Córrego Reserva”, 16.xii. 1993 (Sperber, C. F leg.). Diagnosis. This species may be distinguished from the other species of Zucchiella by the following combination of characteristics: (i) pseudepiphallic median lobe showing sub-straight margin, when in lateral view (Fig. 21 C); (ii) distal margin of pseudepiphallic apical lobe sub-straight, when in lateral view (Fig. 21 C); (iii) central endophallic sclerite with proximal ends rounded (Fig. 21 A, B); (iv) pseudepiphallic sclerite with triangular shape, when in lateral view (Fig. 21 C) and (v) ends of ectophallic apodeme crossing the rami, when in ventral, dorsal and posterior view (Fig. 21 A, B and D). FIGURE 18. Phoremia circumcincta Mesa & Garcia, 1999 (Topotype). A —phallic complex ventral view, B —dorsal, C —lateral, D —posterior. Abbreviations: Ps. A. L—pseudepiphallic apical lobe; Ps. M. L—pseudepiphallic median lobe; Ps. Ppseudepiphallic parameres; Ps. S— pseudepiphallic sclerite; E. Fo—ectophallic fold; Ect. Ap—ectophallic apodeme; End. Esc—endophallic sclerite. Description. Holotype, male, measurements (mm): BL 7,90; MID 1,00; LP 1,27; MWP 1,89; MLF 3,71; MLT 2,54. Head orangish, showing light brown spots, covered with long black bristles on the median region; presence of fine and short light brown hairs covering all its extension; black eyes; three ocelli present, central ocellus surrounded on the superior, by light brown spot; antennal scape enlarged and light yellow, antennal articles varying from light yellow (first articles) to dark yellow (last articles); gena orangish; clypeus dark yellow on the superior portion and whitish on the inferior; labrum whitish on superior and light brown on inferior portion; mandibles coloration varying from orangish on the base to dark brown on the apex; maxillary palpi coloration varying from whitish to light brown with small dark brown spots. Pronotum dark yellow with two transverse dark brown spots, presence of long black bristles associated with fine and short light brown; latero-inferior lobe with light brown FIGURE 19. Comparison of the phallic complex of Brazilian Phoremia species. A — Phoremia zefai sp. nov., ventral, dorsal, lateral and posterior view (up to down); B — Phoremia rolfsi sp. nov., ventral, dorsal, lateral and posterior view (up to down); C — Phoremia nigrofasciata (Topotype), ventral, dorsal, lateral and posterior view (up to down) and D— Phoremia circumcincta (Topotype), ventral, dorsal, lateral and posterior view (up to down). spot; row of long bristles present on anterior and posterior pronotum border; mesonotum dark yellow with posterior border dark brown; metanotum coloration varying from light yellow on the center and posterior portion, to light brown on anterior portion. Abdominal sternites 2 – 8 dark brown, presence of the fine hairs; sternites 5 – 8 with light yellow spots on laterals; tergite 1 varying from light brown on anterior to dark brown on posterior portion, presence of four dark spots (two centrals and two laterals); tergite 2 – 10 marbled varying from dark yellow to light brown with six black spots (four centrals and two laterals); presence of short light brown hairs covering all tergites and sternites; supra-anal plate litlle sclerotized and light yellow, presence of long light yellow hairs on lateral and posterior portions; subgenital plate light brown (Fig. 20 B). Fore and middle legs showing dark yellow femurs with some light yellow spots associated with long black bristles (Fig. 20 A, B); tibiae light yellow with black bristles; tarsomeres light yellow; tympanum absent on the fore tibiae; hind legs femur adorned with big light yellow spot and some diffuse light yellow spots merged with others light brown on all extension; hind tibiae light brown with two light yellow spots, presence of six apical spurs (3 inner and 3 outer) and 4 inner and 4 outer dorsal spurs; tarsomeres light brown. Male genitalia. Pseudepiphallus enlarged on median portion, when in ventral and dorsal view (Fig. 21 A, B); apical lobes little sclerotized and partially separated by a cleft, when in ventral, dorsal and posterior view (Fig. 21 A, B and D); pseudepiphallic median lobe showing sub-straight margin, when in lateral view (Fig. 21 C); distal margin of pseudepiphallic apical lobe sub-straight, when in lateral view (Fig. 21 C); pseudepiphallic sclerite with triangular shape, when in lateral view (Fig. 21 C). Endophallus with three robust sclerites, being one central and two lateral (Fig. 21 A, B and D). Ends of ectophallic apodeme crossing the rami, when in ventral, dorsal and posterior view (Fig. 21 A, B and D). Female: Body shape very similar to male, showing only the following differences: abdominal sternites varying light to dark brown, presence of laterals and centrals light brown spots, except on sternites 1 – 7; subgenital plate light yellow with anterior border and central portion light brown. Ovipositor varying from dark yellow on the proximal to light brown on distal portion (Fig. 20 C, D and 21 E). Measurements. Males (n= 7, excluding holotype). BL 7,62 – 8,95 (7,97 ± 0,65); MID 0,93 – 1,0 7 (1,0 1 ± 0,04); LP 1,25 – 1,48 (1,38 ± 0,08); MWP 1,79 – 2,13 (1,97 ± 0,13); MLF 3,71 – 4,33 (3,92 ± 0,22); MLT 2,67 – 2,96 (2,87 ± 0,11). Females (n= 5). BL 8,86 – 9,62 (9,14 ± 0,36); MID 1,0 3 – 1,13 (1,0 8 ± 0,04); LP 1,50 – 1,57 (1,50 ± 0,08); MWP 2,0 0 – 2,19 (2,0 6 ± 0,07); MLF 4,0 0 – 4,38 (4,22 ± 0,17); MLT 2,92 – 3,0 0 (2,96 ± 0,04); OL 2,83 – 3,27 (3,0 4 ± 0,18). Occurrence. Species known only from Viçosa, MG, Brazil. Material examined. Paratypes: 1 male, Brasil, MG, Paula Cândido, “MG 280 ”, 30.vii. 1993 (Sperber, C. F leg.); 1 male, 1 female, Brasil, MG, Viçosa, Mata do Paraíso, 01.xii. 1993 (Sperber, C. F leg.); 1 male, 1 female, Brasil, MG, Viçosa, Mata do Paraíso, 14.xii. 1993 (Sperber, C. F leg.); 1 male, Brasil, MG, Viçosa, Paula Cândido, “Córrego Reserva”, 16.xii. 1993 (Sperber, C. F leg.); 1 male, 1 female, Brasil, MG, Viçosa, “ Mata do Prof. Alfredo”, 19.xii. 1993 (Sperber, C. F leg.); 1 male, Brasil, MG, Viçosa, “ Mata do Prof. Alfredo”, 20.xii. 1993 (Sperber, C. F leg.); 1 male, Brasil, MG, Viçosa, “MG 280 ”, 17.i. 1994 (Sperber, C. F leg.); 1 male, Brasil, MG, Viçosa, “BR 120 ”, 21.i. 1994 (Sperber, C. F leg.). FIGURE 21. Zucchiella matiottiae sp. nov. A —phallic complex ventral view, B —dorsal, C —lateral, D —posterior, E —female genitalia lateral view. Abbreviations: Ps. A. L—pseudepiphallic apical lobe; Ps. M. L—pseudepiphallic median lobe; Ps. Ppseudepiphallic parameres; Ps. S— pseudepiphallic sclerite; E. Fo—ectophallic fold; Ect. Ap—ectophallic apodeme; End. Esc—endophallic sclerite. FIGURE 22. Zucchiella atlantica de Mello, 1990 (Paratype). A —phallic complex ventral view, B —dorsal, C —lateral, D —posterior. Abbreviations: Ps. A. L—pseudepiphallic apical lobe; Ps. M. L—pseudepiphallic median lobe; Ps. P—pseudepiphallic parameres; Ps. S— pseudepiphallic sclerite; Ect. Ap—ectophallic apodeme; End. Esc—endophallic sclerite.Published as part of Pereira, Marcelo Ribeiro, Lhano, Marcos Gonçalves & Sperber, Carlos Frankl, 2011, New Brazilian species of Phoremia Desutter-Grandcolas, 1993 and Zucchiella de Mello, 1990 (Orthoptera: Grylloidea), pp. 29-46 in Zootaxa 2907 on pages 38-43, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.20691
A Relevance-theoretic Analysis of Mustofa Bisriâs Poem âSiapa Menyuruh?â
No full textThis article presents an interpretive study of âSiapa Menyuruh?â, a poem by Indonesiaâs contemporary poet Mustofa Bisri. The study is carried out within the framework of Sperber and Wilsonâs relevance theory (RT), which is based on the principles that human cognition tends to the maximization of relevance (I), and that every act of communication presumes its own optimal relevance (II). This suggests that in the relevance-theoretic perspective, Bisri wrote the poem âSiapa Menyuruhâ not because he wanted to violate certain linguistic norms or any communicative maxims, but because this was the most relevant utterance he could produce. He intentionally raised the effort to process his poem because he promised greater cognitive effects to the reader. The reader who is willing to process his utterances in the poem further is granted not with one, single strong implicature, but with a number of weak implicatures
D. N. Levine, Greater Ethiopia : The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society
No full textSperber Dan. D. N. Levine, Greater Ethiopia : The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society. In: L'Homme, 1977, tome 17 n°1. pp. 132-135
D. Paulme, ed., Classes et associations d'âge en Afrique de l'Ouest
No full textSperber Dan. D. Paulme, ed., Classes et associations d'âge en Afrique de l'Ouest. In: L'Homme, 1972, tome 12 n°3. p. 132
D. Sperber, Le Savoir des anthropologues. Trois essais
No full textBoyer Pascal. D. Sperber, Le Savoir des anthropologues. Trois essais. In: L'Homme, 1983, tome 23 n°4. pp. 79-81
Phoremia zefai Pereira, Sperber & Lhano, sp. nov.
No full textPhoremia zefai Pereira, Sperber & Lhano, sp. nov. (Figs. 14 A – D, 15, 19 A, 24) Phoremia sp. B in Sperber (1999) Etymology. The specific epithet refers to Dr. Edison Zefa, professor of Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel) and Brazilian Orthopterologist. Type. Holotype, male, Brasil, MG, Viçosa, Mata da Biologia, 30.x. 2002 (Mendes, M. H leg.). Diagnosis. This species may be distinguished from the other species of Phoremia by the following combination of characteristics: (i) distal portion of pseudepiphallic sclerite with rounded shape, when in ventral and dorsal view (Fig. 15 A, B); (ii) ends of apical lobe not surpassing median lobe, when in ventral and dorsal view (Fig. 15 A, B) and (iii) endophalic central sclerite with proximal ends bulged, when in ventral view (Fig. 15 A). Description. Holotype, male, measurements (mm): BL 8,57; MID 1,03; LP 1,42; MWP 1,96; MLF 4,25; MLT 3,0 0. Head dark yellow, showing dark brown spots on apex and forehead, covered with long black bristles on the median region, presence of fine and short light brown hairs covering all its extension; black eyes; three ocelli present, central ocellus surrounded on the superior and inferior border, by dark brown spot, lateral ocelli partially surrounded, on the internal border, by one dark brown spot each; antennal scape enlarged and dark yellow, antennal articles varying from light yellow (first articles) to light brown (last articles); gena black; clypeus dark brown on the superior portion and whitish on the inferior; labrum light brown; mandibles coloration varying from dark brown on the base to light brown on the apex; maxillary palpi coloration varying from light yellow to light brown with whitish not truncate apex. Pronotum dark yellow with diffuse dark brown spots, presence of fine and short light brown hairs covering all its extension; latero-inferior lobe black; row of long bristles present on anterior and posterior pronotum border; mesonotum dark yellow on the center with dark brown spots on anterior and lateral portion; metanotum coloration varying from dark yellow on the center and posterior portion, to dark brown on lateral and anterior portions. Abdominal sternites 2 – 8 dark brown with dark yellow spots on laterals edges, presence of the fine hairs; tergite 1 dark brown, presence of the four dark spots (two centrals and two laterals); tergite 2 with six black spots (four centrals and two laterals); tergite 3 – 10 varying from dark brown, with some dark yellow spots to almost totally brown without spots; presence of short dark brown hairs covering all tergites; cercus light yellow; supra-anal plate little sclerotized and light yellow, presence of long light yellow hairs on lateral and posterior portions; subgenital plate light brown on proximal portion to dark brown on distal border (Fig. 14 B). Fore and middle legs showing dark brown femurs with some light yellow spots on dorsal face associated with long black bristles (Figs. 1 A and 15 A, C); tibiae dark brown to light yellow with black bristles; tarsomeres light yellow; tympanum absent on the fore tibiae; hind legs femur adorned with big light yellow spot and some diffuse light yellow spots merged with others light brown on all extension; hind tibiae light brown with two light yellow spots, presence of three apical spurs and three inner and outer dorsal spurs; tarsomeres light brown to light yellow. Male genitalia: Pseudepiphallus showing apical portion with rounded shape, when in ventral and dorsal view (Fig. 15 A, B); ends of apical lobe not surpassing median lobe, when in ventral and dorsal view (Fig. 15 A, B); apical lobes little sclerotized and parcially separate by a cleft when in ventral, dorsal and posterior view (Fig. 15 A, B and D). Endophallus divided in three sclerites, being one central and two laterals (Fig. 15 A, B and D); endophalic central sclerite longer than wide with proximal ends bulged, when in ventral view (Fig. 15 A). Ectophallic apodeme crossing the rami, when in ventral, dorsal and posterior view (Fig. 17 A, B and D). Female: Body shape very similar to male, showing only the following differences: sternites 2 – 6 with rectangular lateral spots, biggest the males, but more light; tergites 2 – 10 light brown covered by dark yellow spots. Subgenital plate dark yellow, adorned with central dark brown spot (Fig. 14 D). Ovipositor dark yellow (Figs. 14 C – D, 15 E). Measurements. Males (n= 6, excluding holotype). BL 6,67 – 8,38 (7,73 ± 0,66); MID 0,93 – 1,0 3 (0,98 ± 0,04); LP 1,27 – 1,38 (1,33 ± 0,04); MWP 1,81 – 2,0 8 (1,96 ± 0,11); MLF 3,75 – 4,79 (4,0 9 ± 0,37); MLT 2,71 – 2,83 (2,78 ± 0,04). Females (n= 7). BL 7,52 – 9,52 (8,62 ± 0,83); MID 1,0 0 – 1,17 (1,0 5 ± 0,05); LP 1,32 – 1,60 (1,49 ± 0,11); MWP 2,0 0 – 2,44 (2,19 ± 0,20); MLF 4,0 0 – 4,75 (4,19 ± 0,28); MLT 2,83 – 3,13 (2,97 ± 0,11); OL 3,20 – 5,33 (4,0 4 ± 0,64). Occurrence. known only from Viçosa, MG, Brazil. Material examined. Paratypes: 4 males, 4 females, same holotype data; 2 males, 3 females, Brasil, MG, Viçosa, Mata da Biologia, 27.x. 2002 (Mendes, M. H leg.).Published as part of Pereira, Marcelo Ribeiro, Lhano, Marcos Gonçalves & Sperber, Carlos Frankl, 2011, New Brazilian species of Phoremia Desutter-Grandcolas, 1993 and Zucchiella de Mello, 1990 (Orthoptera: Grylloidea), pp. 29-46 in Zootaxa 2907 on pages 33-36, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.20691
The use of computers in anthropology, edited by Dell Hymes.
No full textSperber D. The use of computers in anthropology, edited by Dell Hymes.. In: Revue française de sociologie, 1967, 8-1. p. 112
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