297 research outputs found
Climate change and developing countries: from background actors to protagonists of climate negotiations
No full textDo bilateral trade relationships influence the distribution of CDM projects?
No full textClean Development Mechanism (CDM) is increasingly widespread in developing countries. As a matter of fact, CDM projects are still far from being an effective development action, since the strongly uneven distribution of these projects in a few not so poor economies reveals the existence of an important failure. This paper contributes to this issue by analysing one potential cause of the CDM geographical concentration related to trade relationships. By applying a gravity model to a panel dataset, well-established export flows from developed economies towards developing countries explain a large portion of the geographical distribution of CDM projects. The main policy implication is that a sort of lock-in effect in the CDM relationship should be avoided by enhancing the institutional framework in developing countries hosting CDMs as well as by reinforcing compulsory rules for CDM destination toward the least developed economies
A dynamic CGE model for jointly accounting ageing population, automation and environmental tax reform. European Union as a case study
No full textSystem transition and structural change processes in the energy efficiency of residential sector: evidence from EU countries
No full textThis paper aims to analyse the evolution of energy efficiency systems for the residential sector of EU
countries over the past twenty years and the associated process of structural change occurred in EU
economies. To this purpose, we develop a set of indicators to measure some significant characteristics
of the energy efficiency systems focusing on the residential sector and map European countries in
terms of four dimensions: energy system, innovation pattern, policy mix design and export
competitiveness. Building on these indicators we develop a cluster analysis identifying non-arbitrary
homogeneous country groups according to several characteristics in order to investigate the coevolution
of technological trajectories, energy use performance and export competitiveness in this
specific domain. Results suggest the distinction of EU countries into four groups, that are individually
and comparatively scrutinized shedding light on how the four dimensions here considered
dynamically evolved and interacted within and across countries. Empirical findings suggest that the
design of the domestic policy mix may influence technological trajectories and structural change
processes. Such effect appears to be related to the quality and dimension of international relationships
with main economic partners
Systemic modelling tools to assess the green economy transition
No full textThe report discusses the modelling frameworks and results presented in the EEA report ‘Sustainability transition in Europe in an age of demographic and technological change. An exploration of implications for fiscal and financial strategies’. Assessing the complex interactions between an ageing population, technological transition and fiscal sustainability calls for the use of integrated models. The two modelling exercises specifically developed to manage this complexity more effectively:
a qualitative systemic approach using causal loop diagrams based on systems thinking to analyse the simultaneous impact of social, economic and environmental variables on a system’s performance; and
a computable general equilibrium model to forecast the impacts of an ageing population, technological change and environmental policies on fiscal sustainability and macroeconomic performance.
The modelling approaches are used to understand and visualise the many and sometimes diverse outcomes of drivers and constraints, including the many — and sometimes unexpected — indirect effects.funded by the European Environment Agency, under the ETC/WMG
IMPACT AND DISTRIBUTION OF CLIMATIC DAMAGES: A METHODOLOGICAL PROPOSAL WITH A DYNAMIC CGE MODEL APPLIED TO GLOBAL CLIMATE NEGOTIATIONS
No full textThe UNFCCC Parties Paris Agreement entered into force on 4 November 2016 represents a step forward in involving all countries in mitigation actions, even though still based on a voluntary approach and lacking the involvement of some major polluting countries. The underinvestment in mitigation actions depends on market and policy failures and the absence of market signals internalizing the economic losses due to climatic damage contributes to underestimating potential benefits from global action. We highlight how crucial is the vulnerability of a country to climate change in defining the threat and action strategies. A dynamic climate-economy CGE model is developed by including a monetary evaluation of regional damages associated with climate change. By considering alternative damage estimations, results show that internalizing climatic costs changes the bargaining position of countries in climate negotiations. Consequently, damage costs should be given greater importance when defining the implementation of a global climate agreement
Sviluppo di un modello GTAP economico-energetico per la valutazione di politiche di sostegno delle nuove tecnologie pulite in campo energetico
No full textClimate cooperation from Kyoto to Paris: What can be learnt from the CDM experience?
No full textThe mitigation of greenhouse gas concentration has become a first-order issue for decision making in environmental sustainability. Countries can meet their mitigation commitments and environmental objectives through multiple instruments. A key role is played by cooperative mechanisms, such as the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), under the Kyoto Protocol, and a similar mechanism established by the Paris Agreement (Art. 6), whose implementation rules are still under negotiation. However, another form of cooperation was already established under the different framework of the Official Development Assistance (ODA), potentially sharing abatement purposes. This paper aims to compare the mitigation actions implemented either as CDM or ODA projects. We conduct a multi-criteria econometric analysis, based on an originally created, harmonised dataset that merges renewable energy CDM projects and comparable ODA projects to investigate the role of the institutional framework in influencing the effectiveness of reducing emissions worldwide. Results show that the Kyoto Protocol had a positive impact in terms of cost-effectiveness for renewable energy projects and that it stimulated policy actions for environmental sustainability. Accordingly, in view of the implementation of Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, it is extremely important both to look to the past to draw lessons from Kyoto’s successes and failures and to apply multi-criteria decision-making approaches for the design of environmental policies
Interpreting bargaining strategies of developing countries in climate negotiations. A quantitative approach
No full textDespite the efforts made during the last climate conferences (COPs), countries participating in the negotiation process are still far from reaching an agreement on the implementation of a new Post-Kyoto climate regime. The growing role played by developing countries in negotiations is one of the main causes behind the deadlock. Further attention should therefore be paid to the composition of the alliances formed by developing countries in order to better understand the key structural features driving their bargaining positions. By applying a cluster analysis, this paper aims to investigate the role played by heterogeneity in specific characteristics of developing countries in explaining divergent costs and benefits associated with alternative climate negotiation outcomes. By clustering developing countries according to their economic, geographic, environmental, energy, and social characteristics, the paper presents some considerations on climate political economy strategies in these countries with respect to existing bargaining coalitions
Some reflection on policy mix in the EU low carbon tax.
No full textThe EU low-carbon strategy includes different complementary policies. Potential interactions between instruments and timing of their implementation can influence the cost and likelihood of achieving the targets. We test the interactions between the three main pillars of the EU strategy through a dynamic CGE model (GDynEP) with a time horizon of 2050. Main results are: i) going for the unilateral EU carbon mitigation target without any complementary technological policy will produce large economic losses; ii) by investing in clean energy technologies (energy efficiency and renewable energy) with a carbon tax revenue recycling mechanism, these losses will substantially decrease; iii) when complementary clean energy technology policies are implemented, the optimal timing of binding targets changes; iv) the higher the contribution to clean energy technologies, the larger the economic gains in early adoption of challenging abatement targets
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