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Fiscal Autonomy of Sub-Central Governments in Turkey
No full textLocal authorities that are the closest to citizens need to be financially strong to be able to present efficient and high-quality services. Also called fiscal autonomy, this financial strength helps municipalities to have own-revenues enough to meet their expenditures. When municipalities have sufficient own-revenues and have autonomy in planning and budgeting processes, the qualities of their services increase, and they can manage their resources more effectively and efficiently. Enhancing fiscal autonomy is a requirement of citizen-based management approach with high performance. Focusing on the importance of decentralization, this chapter presents the discussions on various definitions and measurements of fiscal autonomy, followed by a section on the state of fiscal autonomy in Turkey by analyzing the indicators of SCG tax revenue/total revenues, SCG own-revenues/total revenues, and transfers from the general budget tax revenues/total revenues. It finally offers some suggestions to enhance fiscal autonomy. </jats:p
Analysis of variables affecting municipal borrowing with quantile regression in Turkey
No full textThe present study aimed to determine the variables that affect municipal borrowing in Turkey and analyze them using the quantile regression. In this analysis, municipal debt was analyzed for five quantiles (10th, 25th, 50th, 75th ve 90th), and it was observed that various variables explained the debt in different quantiles. Some variables are significant in all quantiles and could explain the municipal debt, while certain variables were not significant in various quantiles. The findings show that per capita budget expenditure has a significant and positively correlated per capita municipal debt in all five quantiles; expenditure commitment rate in four, and non-interest fiscal capacity rate in the first two quantiles. Per capita tax revenue variable was also significant and negatively correlated with per capita municipal debt in all five borrowing groups. However, population and per capita capital expenditure variables were found insignificant in almost five quantiles. The present study demonstrated that the proposals and policies developed on the municipal debt could have different determinants for municipalities with varying levels of debt
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Explanatory factors of borrowing at the local level in Turkey: A panel data analysis on metropolitan municipalities
No full textTürkiye’de mahalli düzeyde borçlanma, geride kalan yaklaşık kırk yıllık dönemde önemli ölçüde artmıştır. Söz konusu artışın özellikle nüfusun yaklaşık dörtte üçünü barındıran ve elde ettikleri kaynaklar ile yaptıkları harcamalar açısından başlıca mahalli idare türü olarak kabul edilen büyükşehir belediyelerinde yaşandığı belirtilebilir. Sözü edilen nitelikleri de göz önünde bulundurularak büyükşehir belediyelerinin borçlanmalarının farklı yönleri ile incelenmesi önemlidir. Söz konusu belediyelerin borçlanmalarında yöneticilerinin aldıkları kararlar kadar merkezi idare tarafından yapılan düzenlemeler ile uygulanan politikaların belirleyici oldukları belirtilebilir. Nitekim araştırma kapsamında Türkiye’de büyükşehir belediyelerinin borçlanmaları üzerinde etki doğuran faktörlerin tespit edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu doğrultuda büyükşehir belediyelerinin ve merkezi idarenin belirleyici oldukları mali, politik, kurumsal, demografik, sosyoekonomik, iktisadi ve coğrafi faktörler analize katılmıştır. Analiz kapsamında dinamik panel veri modellerinden Sistem Genelleştirilmiş Momentler Tahmincisi kullanılmıştır. Her iki idarenin belirleyici oldukları değişkenlerin ayrı ayrı analize katılması ve borçlanma üzerinde yarattıkları etkilerin birlikte test edilmesine olanak sağlayan yöntemin kullanılması araştırmanın özgün yönlerini oluşturmaktadır. Yapılan analiz sonucunda açıklanan değişken olarak kullanılan borç stoku üzerinde, büyükşehir belediyelerinin belirleyici oldukları yatırım harcamaları, operasyonel denge, faiz harcamaları, ideoloji ve politik bütçe teorisi değişkenleri ile merkezi idarenin belirleyici olduğu genel bütçe vergi gelirlerinden alınan paylar, nüfus, gayri safi yurt içi hasıla ve turistik kent olma değişkenlerinin etki doğurdukları tespit edilmiştir.Borrowing at the local level in Turkey has increased significantly over the past forty years. It can be stated that this increase has been experienced especially in metropolitan municipalities, which have about three-quarters of the population and are considered as the primary type of local government in terms of the resources they obtain and the expenditures they make. Accordingly, it is essential to examine the borrowings of metropolitan municipalities from different aspects. It can be stated that the regulations made and policies implemented by the central government are as determinative as the decisions taken by the executives in the borrowings of the municipalities. Within the scope of the research, it aims to determine the factors that impact the borrowings of metropolitan municipalities in Turkey. Therefore, the fiscal, political, institutional, demographic, socio-economic, economic and geographical factors that the metropolitan municipalities and the central government are determining have been included in the analysis. Within the scope of the analysis, System Generalized Method of Moments Estimator, one of the dynamic panel data models, was used. The method allows the variables of which executives are determinant to be included in the analysis separately and the effects they create on borrowing to be tested together constitute the original aspects of the research. As a result of the analysis, capital expenditures, operational balance, interest expenditures, ideology and political budget theory, which are the determinants of the metropolitan municipalities, and the shares taken from the general budget tax revenues, population, gross domestic product, and being a touristic city, which are the determinants of the central government, were determined to effect on the debt stock used as the explained variable
European Union budget and an assessment of its functionality within the process of European debt crisis
No full textAvrupa Birliği Bütçesi'nin iki temel özelliği vardır. Bunlardan ilki, Avrupa entegrasyon süreci içerisinde ortak politikaların finansmanını sağlamaktır. İkincisi ise, her mali yılın sonunda denk bağlanmasına yönelik getirilen ilkedir. Birlik bütçesinin ikinci özelliği, onun ekonomik ve parasal birlik içerisinde ve siyasal birlik sürecinde işlevsel bir araç olmasını engellemektedir. Çünkü Birlik bütçesine yönelik belirlenen denklik ilkesi, onun özellikle gelirin yeniden dağılımını ve makrokeonomik istikrarı sağlayıcı işlevlerini yerine getirmesinde gerekli olan yeterli büyüklüğe ulaşamaması sonucunu doğurmaktadır. Nitekim Avrupa Birliği'nde ortaya çıkan ve olumsuz etkileri derinleşerek günümüzde de devam eden borç krizi, ileri sürülen görüşü doğrular niteliktedir. Avrupa Birliği Bütçesi'nin gerek normal dönemlerde gerekse kriz dönemlerinde işlevsel ve politik bir araç olamamasında, Birlik'te inşa edilen ve uygulanmakta olan neo-liberal politikaların da etkisinin olduğu görülmektedir. Borç krizine karşı Birlik'te alınan önlemler de neo-liberal politikaların varlığını ve Birlik bütçesinin işlevsel bir araç olmadığını ve ondan gittikçe uzaklaştırıldığını pekiştirir niteliktedir.European Union Budget has two main features. The first of these is to finance common policies within the process of European integration. The second one is a principle handed towards balancing revenues and expenditures at the end of fiscal years. The principle of equivalence, the second main feature of European Union Budget, restrains that the European Union Budget is a functional instrument within the process of political union and economic and monetary union. Due to the principle of equivalence, the European Union Budget has not enough magnitude to carry out the functions of redistribution of income and macroeconomic stability. Indeed, the debt crisis arising and continuing nowadays by deepening in European Union confirms the argument. Not only the principle of equivalence but also neo-liberal policies implemented within European Union influences that European Union Budget is not a political and functional instrument within both ordinary periods and the times of economic crisis. The measures guarded against debt crisis within European Union reinforces that European Union Budget is not a functional instrument and the neo-liberal policies exists
European Union budget and an assessment of its functionality within the process of European debt crisis
Full text linkAvrupa Birliği Bütçesi'nin iki temel özelliği vardır. Bunlardan ilki, Avrupa entegrasyon süreci içerisinde ortak politikaların finansmanını sağlamaktır. İkincisi ise, her mali yılın sonunda denk bağlanmasına yönelik getirilen ilkedir. Birlik bütçesinin ikinci özelliği, onun ekonomik ve parasal birlik içerisinde ve siyasal birlik sürecinde işlevsel bir araç olmasını engellemektedir. Çünkü Birlik bütçesine yönelik belirlenen denklik ilkesi, onun özellikle gelirin yeniden dağılımını ve makrokeonomik istikrarı sağlayıcı işlevlerini yerine getirmesinde gerekli olan yeterli büyüklüğe ulaşamaması sonucunu doğurmaktadır. Nitekim Avrupa Birliği'nde ortaya çıkan ve olumsuz etkileri derinleşerek günümüzde de devam eden borç krizi, ileri sürülen görüşü doğrular niteliktedir. Avrupa Birliği Bütçesi'nin gerek normal dönemlerde gerekse kriz dönemlerinde işlevsel ve politik bir araç olamamasında, Birlik'te inşa edilen ve uygulanmakta olan neo-liberal politikaların da etkisinin olduğu görülmektedir. Borç krizine karşı Birlik'te alınan önlemler de neo-liberal politikaların varlığını ve Birlik bütçesinin işlevsel bir araç olmadığını ve ondan gittikçe uzaklaştırıldığını pekiştirir niteliktedir.European Union Budget has two main features. The first of these is to finance common policies within the process of European integration. The second one is a principle handed towards balancing revenues and expenditures at the end of fiscal years. The principle of equivalence, the second main feature of European Union Budget, restrains that the European Union Budget is a functional instrument within the process of political union and economic and monetary union. Due to the principle of equivalence, the European Union Budget has not enough magnitude to carry out the functions of redistribution of income and macroeconomic stability. Indeed, the debt crisis arising and continuing nowadays by deepening in European Union confirms the argument. Not only the principle of equivalence but also neo-liberal policies implemented within European Union influences that European Union Budget is not a political and functional instrument within both ordinary periods and the times of economic crisis. The measures guarded against debt crisis within European Union reinforces that European Union Budget is not a functional instrument and the neo-liberal policies exists
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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