238 research outputs found
EMMA Talks: Dr. Amina Wadud: Feminist Muslim Voices
No full textA presentation from EMMA Talks, Dr. Amina Wadud talks about the evolution of Muslim women are in the 21st Century as it relates to her own personal history and story. Dr. Amina Wadud is Professor Emiratis of Islamic Studies and Visiting Scholar at Starr King School for the Ministry. Author of Qur’an and Woman; and, Inside the Gender Jihad; she is a founding member of Sisters in Islam and resource person for Musawah: the global movement for reform in Muslim Personal Status Law
From Islamic Fundamentalism to a New Life in the West: Ali Eteraz and the Muslim Comedy Memoir
No full textThis chapter analyses the Muslim memoir as a hybrid text that both authenticates and satirises the subjectivity of the narrator. Given the social capital of the memoir form, I argue that its trustworthiness is inverted by the author Ali Eteraz to question the premise of social trust. The memoir delineates social trust through the expression of piety and Muslim modernity articulated by the narrator in his different avatars. Eteraz’s satirical representations of himself invite the reader to read against the grain of the by now familiar Muslim fundamentalist-turned-Sufi story. He reverses the contexts of Islamist violence with the performativity of humour and it is in that humour that we can see traces of a multicultural coexistence and a rebuilding of social trust
Poems
No full textNine poems by Amina Said Ali, a Somali author and poet.Sagaal buraambur oo ay tirisay Aamina Saciid Cali, oo ah qoraa iyo gabyaa soomaaliyeed.Nove poesie composte da Amina Said Ali, autrice e poetessa somala.Document provided by Bildhaan, Digital Commons at Macalester College.Dokumentigan waxaa dadka u soo bandhigay Bildhaan, Digital Commons ee jaamacadda "Macalester College".Documento messo a disposizione da Bildhaan, Digital Commons del Macalester College.Link: http://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/bildhaan
PRODUCTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF siRNA LOADED MAGNETIC NANOPARTICLES TO BE USED IN CANCER TREATMENT
No full textABSTRACT
PRODUCTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF siRNA LOADED MAGNETIC NANOPARTICLES TO BE USED IN CANCER TREATMENT
AMINA SELIMOVIC
Master of Science, Bioengineering
Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Emir Baki DENKBAŞ
June 2017, 73 pages
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in economically developed and developing countries and factors such as smoking, physical inactivity and nutritional habits are increasing the possibility of its development. After decades of extensive research of cancer, today it can be described as a genetic disease of the somatic cell. Genetic changes such as rearrangements of chromosomes (deletion, translocation, insertion), point mutation, gene amplification are affecting kinase inhibitors, growth factors, receptors, a cascade of transcription factors and signal transduction members are leading to an impaired balance of cell proliferation and changes in the function of genes that induce apoptosis. These actions are leading to the abnormal growth of the cells called neoplasia. An approach based on nanotechnology provides a great promise in developing strategies for cancer treatment by helping to improve the safety and efficacy of therapeutic delivery vehicles. Powerful investigational tools with great potential in therapeutics-RNA interference (RNAi) is known as a highly efficient regulatory process in which short double-stranded RNAs are giving rise to sequence-specific posttranscriptional gene silencing. With time it has been proven that specific protein expression can be inhibited. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) as part of RNA interference process has been extensively studied to treat various genetic diseases, cardiovascular diseases and various cancers. However, due to its polyanionic nature siRNAs cannot cross the cellular membrane that is why it needs a carrier to prevent enzymatic degradation and to take siRNA to the specific target inside the cell. Properties such as safety, effectiveness, ease of manufacturing and production are quite important to consider when selecting a proper carrier for siRNA. In this work iron oxide nanoparticles are coated with natural biopolymer gelatin, loaded with mTOR siRNA targeting specific oncogene with the aim to deliver gene silencing complex to colon cancer cells inducing therapeutic effect. For this iron oxide and gelatin coated iron oxide nanoparticles were synthesized, optimized and characterized. Morphological characterization was done using SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy). Size and surface charge of produced nanoparticles was revealed by Zeta-Sizer (3000 HSA, Malvern, England). To determine the chemical structures of the nanoparticles, molecular bond characterization had been performed using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) (Nicolet iS10, USA). VSM (vibrating sample magnetometer) and ESR (electro spin resonance) are used to analyse magnetic properties of the prepared particles. siRNA was loaded to gelatin coated iron oxide nanoparticles and its binding efficiency (%) was examined. siRNA loaded nanoparticles were transfected to colon cancer cell line CaCo-2 and mouse fibroblast cell line L929. Cell cytotoxicity test, MTT was performed using different concentrations of siRNA and under different incubation time MTT assay showed that toxic effect in both cell lines was significantly higher when siRNA loaded gelatin coated IONs were used. Also, according to the results obtained, synthesized gelatin coated IONs showed similar anticancer activity as HiperFect which is commercial siRNA carrier. This work showed that gelatin coated iron oxide nanoparticles as cheap and easily synthesized carrier are promissing tool for siRNAs delivery.
Keywords: nanooncology, iron oxide nanoparticles, gelatin, siRNA1. INTRODUCTION
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in economically developed and developing countries. After decades of extensive research today it can be described as a genetic disease of the somatic cell where changes in the sequence of the genome occur. Genetic changes such as rearrangements of chromosomes (deletion, translocation, insertion), point mutation, gene amplifications are affecting kinase inhibitors, growth factors and their receptors, cascade of transcription factors and signal transduction complex members. Today, gene therapy has emerged as one of the promising ways to treat cancer cells. Gene therapy is referring to gene replacement where the right copy (DNA or RNA fragments) of the mutated gene is delivered to the cell without causing toxicity to neighbouring cells and tissues. Gene therapy is providing the possibility to silence the gene that potentially causes hereditary disease. Gene replacement in gene therapy is considered successful if the right delivery vehicle is used to cause gene expression in the target cell. Today, instead of traditional approaches to cancer treatment, great interest is dedicated to targeted therapies because it does not harm healthy cells and have high selectivity. Nanoparticles are having the ability to deliver drugs, vaccines, siRNAs and proteins to different body organs such as lungs, brain, lymphatic system, spleen and lymphatic system for targeting. In this context, a promising approach is RNA interference system where siRNA therapy operates on mRNA level preventing genes from being translated into protein. RNA interference mechanism is a revolutionary process of post transcriptional gene silencing led by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) who is homologous in the sequence to a target protein inducing sequence-specific degradation of mRNA of interest. Double-stranded RNAs known as siRNA found in the cytoplasm are capable of silencing own complementary mRNA. Dicer is cleaving long dsRNAs into short interfering RNA (siRNA) that is usually RNA double stranded sequence of 21-24 nt in length. Subsequently, obtained siRNAs will be loaded onto activated form of RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) where protein Ago-2 will cleave dsRNA sequence and release it as ssRNA. Released ssRNA represents guide sequence right toward mRNA of the target with whom it has a high degree of sequence complementarity. All molecular players of RISC complex are yet unknown, however, the susceptibility of siRNA to rapid degradation and its short half-life is an important barrier that restricts therapeutic use.
The efficiency of siRNA delivery in great extent depends on its delivery vehicle and surface modification which gives protection to siRNA complex ones found in the biological environment during circulation.
Basically, in order to avoid systematic elimination of siRNA, chemical modification and selection of nano-sized carrier is crucial. In order to avoid „off-target-effect" and innate immune response there exist several properties in design and synthesis of nanoparticles such as size, shape, surface charge, density, composition, and surface chemistry that gives rise to the amount of efficiency in performing a function. The development and application of nano-oncology have raised as a promising tool for early termination of cancer because coated nanostructures have great potential to carry and deliver oncogene silencing complex to the cells without disturbing its integrity and with no causing damage to healthy tissues. Work of Jiang et al, states that iron metabolism which occurs in the human body through multiple pathways and dextran-coated iron oxide nanoparticles have been clinically tested and approved by the FDA which made it potential drug in cancer treatment but the problem was seen with nanoparticle toxicity and off-target siRNA effects [1, 2]. That is why in order to decrease toxicity biodegradable polymers were used to coat nano carriers to increase results efficiency. In line with a prior study done by of Chen et al, where it is stated that magnetic nanoparticles (IONs) covered with a layer of biodegradable polymer are noted to be effective magnetic drug carrier [3] this study is based on delivering siRNA mTOR to CaCo-2 cell culture by using magnetic nanoparticles covered with a layer of biodegradable polymer gelatin. Gelatin, biological macromolecule except being cheap it is also biodegradable, biocompatible and vastly used in pharmaceutical and nanotechnological approach as drug delivery or vaccine release system. When comparing with other delivery systems, gelatin nanoparticles are a solid delivery system for drug molecules or siRNA they encapsulate. The whole study is composed of three parts where firstly iron nanoparticle synthesis and characterization by the co-precipitation method using iron salts in alkaline medium is done, then same nanoparticles were coated with gelatin. After coating with gelatin, iron oxide nanoparticles were loaded with mTOR siRNA so that interaction and gene silencing performance of produced nano platform could be tested when transfected to CaCO-2 colon cancer cell culture.
2.GENERAL INFORMATION
2.1. Gene therapy
Twenty years after revealing DNA structure in 1953 by Watson and Crick, DNA restriction enzymes popped out as a new tool in DNA recombinational technology. Recombinant DNA technology provides different ways of DNA usage by DNA recombinant expression in bacteria, expressing recombinant DNAs in transgenic animals or just using DNA recombinant as therapy for replacing or silencing genes causing a specific disease. Right after recombinant technology popped out gene therapy strategies started to be a theme of interest in scientific circles. Gene therapy is referring to gene replacement where the right copy (DNA or RNA fragments) of the mutated gene is delivered to the cell without causing toxicity to neighbouring cells and tissues. Also, gene therapy is providing silencing of the gene that potentially can cause hereditary disease. Gene replacement in gene therapy is considered successful if the right delivery vehicle is used to cause gene expression in the target cell. Delivery to the cell can be made throughout either viral or non-viral method. So far, viral vectors that showed promissing results are lentiviral, retroviral, and adeno-associated viral vectors which have the ability to fuse into the human genome. Also, transfection can be done by microinjection, electroporation, ballistic DNA injection or a gene gun, sonoporation or ultrasound, photoporation, magnetofection, jet injection and using many other methods [4, 5].
Figure 2.1. Direct and cell-based delivery in gene therapy [4].
In so-called cell-based delivery or more known as ex-vivo delivery, cells of interest taken from a patient are genetically modified in the laboratory and packaged with a viral or non-viral delivery vector to be re-transfected to patients. In vivo therapy is relying on delivering vector loaded with genetic material to direct gene modification and permanent silencing of gene expression after entering the cell. In direct delivery or so-called in situ gene therapy, the genetic material after packaging in the delivery vehicle is directly transfected to the target tissue. This method is used in respiratory tract disease treatment using lipids and adenoviruses where the low efficiency of transfection is noted [5]. Gene therapy is reported to have success in treatment primary stages of the disease. To increase the success of therapy proper gene delivery agent has to be chosen to decrease toxicity and increase the cure rate.
2.2. Gene silencing strategies
It is reported that small RNAs, miRNAs, siRNAs are involved in sequence-specific inhibition of specific gene. Gene expression is controlled throughout translational repression, chromatin modification and mRNA degradation.
Figure 2.2. Gene control mechanisms [6].
There are two ways how gene control mechanism is taking place; throughout miRNA found in the nucleus or by siRNA found in the cell cytoplasm. miRNA leads to translational inhibition where on the other side siRNA leads to mRNA cleavage after dsRNAs are formed in the cytoplasm or complementary strand is synthetically injected by a viral agent or transfected using different delivery systems [6].
2.2.1. miRNA Mechanism
In the cell nucleus, transcripts of miRNA genes, mostly known as introns are folding into hairpin shape making miRNAs. These miRNAs before leaving nucleus are reaching maturation stage by the help of RNase III family enzymes; Drosha and Dicer making so-called Drosha-Pasha complex. After being processed with Dicer, siRNAs and miRNAs are associated with Argonaut proteins. Like siRNAs, miRNAs are incorporated into RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) that eventually leads to sequence-specific inhibition of gene expression. With help of exportin-5 pre-miRNA are transported to the cytoplasm. If siRNA is associated complex is known as RISC, but if miRNA is associated miRNPs complex is formed [6].
2.2.2. siRNA Mechanism and RNAi
RNA interference mechanism is a revolutionary process of post transcriptional gene silencing. This mechanism is led by double-stranded RNAs which are homologous in the sequence to a target protein leading to specific degradation of target mRNA. Double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) known as siRNAs found in the cytoplasm are capable of silencing own complementary mRNA. siRNAs are part of the non-coding RNAs family (ncRNAs) which is composed of long ncRNAs (lncRNAs) and small ncRNAs. The most well-known small ncRNAs that have a function in transcriptional regulation and post-transcriptional gene silencing are siRNA and miRNA while on the other side long dsRNAs are precursors for siRNAs. Gene silencing mechanism with help of endoribonuclease Dicer is cleaving long dsRNAs into short interfering RNA which are usually RNA double stranded sequences of 21-24 nt in length as shown in Figure 1. Name Dicer (DCR) is coming from the fact it is having the capacity to digest dsRNA into small RNAs of a proper size. As stated in work of Agrawal N. et al, DCR has shown same function and outcome as nucleases of RNAase III family members. It is reported that RNAase III-like enzyme in Drosophila showed the same outcome giving final product of 22nt fragments [7].
Subsequently, obtained siRNAs fragments will be loaded onto activated form of RISC where protein Ago-2 will cleave dsRNA sequence and release it as ssRNA. For proper RISC activation, the passenger strand is removed, while onto Ago-2 guide strand is loaded. Ago-2 cleaves the target mRNA at 5′ end between 10 and 11 base of the siRNA antisense strand. Released ssRNA represents guide sequence right toward mRNA of the target with whom it has a high degree of sequence complementarity. All molecular players of RISC complex are yet unknown, so far it is known that Ago2 protein complex has great role in post transcriptional silencing [8].
Figure 2.3. siRNA mediated gene silencing process [9].
After thermodynamically favourable base pairing of siRNA and mRNA is done mRNA is cleaved and destructed by cellular nucleases. Right after finishing this cycle RISC complex is free to take up additional mRNA molecules of the target.
When it comes to the internalisation process major role play endocytosis enabling molecules internalisation together with cell membrane component. Naked siRNA cannot readily cross anionic cell membrane because of its high molecular weight, large size and negative charge coming from hydrophilic phosphate backbone. It is known that if a carrier is coated with ligands or antibodies specific binding of a carrier to cell membrane enables much easier passage into the cell. In the process of endocytosis, anionic proteoglycans are making interaction with negatively charged siRNAs forming an endocytic vesicle on the cell surface [8]. When RNAi enclosed in endosome is released in cytoplasm it is ready for interaction with RISC. Once RNAi is taken up via endocytosis it is exposed to the degradation by nucleolytic enzymes if successfully avoids it successful delivery is done.
2.2.2.1. Function of Dicer in silencing
Dicer is part of RNase enzyme family composed of PAZ domain, helicase /ATPase, DUF283 domains, a C-terminal dsRBD and two catalytic RNase III domains (RIIIa and RIIIb). Dicer’s main role is to process dsRNA to siRNA and to induce cleavage of pre-miRNA to 20-bp miRNA sequences in the cytoplasm. Dicer protein is known to be involved in assembly of RISC complex and close interaction with Argonaute proteins.
Figure 2.4. Schematic representation of Dicer’s function [6].
Two catalytic sites RIIIa and RIIIb direct cleavage of dsRNA just 20bp from its terminus. PAZ domain recognises pre-miRNA 3’overhang which is coming from Drosha processing. The function of helicase/ATPase in not fully understood. In RNA silencing Dcr-1 is functioning in the processing of miRNA were on the other side Dcr-2 is involved in RNAi processing [6].
2.2.3. Design of siRNA
When designing siRNAs, basic parameters such as internal bps repeats at specific positions at the sense strand, GC content and siRNA length of around 19–22 bps should be considered. According to Draz et al, substitution of 2'-O-methyl ribosyl group at position 2 in the guide strand could reduce silencing of most off-target transcripts which are complementar to the siRNA guide [10].
2.2.4. siRNA and cell interaction
One of the leading challenges when it comes to delivery of siRNA⁄nanoparticle complex to the cell is the way because to yield significant effect on a target cell ratio between siRNAs and delivery reagent must be adjusted. Therapeutic use of siRNA is shortened because it is rapidly degraded by nucleases in the cytoplasm and therefore it has a short half-life. For this, it is a great need for the use of effective and suitable carrier system for siRNA to trigger RNAi mechanism. Although effective viral delivery systems have been developed to address this problem risk of virus recombination and strong immunogenicity are limiting its use. The ability of nanoparticles to pass easily through the cell membrane has offered alternative treatment methods by carrying DNA or RNA oligonucleotides. In order to reach the target in the cytoplasm by freely passing through the cell membrane and escaping from the cytoplasmic vesicle; liposomes, peptides, polymer-based, magnetic nanoparticles were offered as an alternative in transfection.
2.3. Cancer development
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in economically developed and developing countries. After decades of extensive research, cancer can be described as a genetic disease of the somatic cells where certain changes in the sequence of the gene occur. Genetic changes such as rearrangements of chromosomes (deletion, translocation, insertion), point mutation and gene amplification are affecting kinase inhibitors, growth factors, growth factor receptors, a cascade of transcription factors and signal transduction complex members.
Mutations in germ and somatic cells increase the likelihood for cancer-causing random tumour development. The final result increases in tumour cell number which is coming either by stimulation of cell division or dysregulation in cell death program. Impaired balance of cell proliferation and changes in genes that regulate cell death are giving rise to the abnormal growth of the cells. Cells, the simplest building blocks of all living things are taking control of their life cycle. If something goes wrong in cell cycle cells are starting to grow irregularly. Irregular cell growth is giving harm to functions and organs in the body. Cell proliferation is regulated through cell cycle which is comprised of four check phases known as G1 (gap 1), S (DNA synthesis), G2 (gap 2) and M (mitosis). The cell cycle is controlled at two checkpoints at G1 and G2. RB tumour suppressor protein is controlling G1 checkpoint, whereas p53 activation triggers cell cycle arrest at G1 or G2 point once DNA damage or some other abnormal behaviour is sensed. There are three types of genes which are known to be affected by gene alterations. These are tumor-suppressor genes, oncogenes and stability genes (caretakers). Mutations in tumour suppressor and oncogenes are leading to uncontrolled cell growth that is having the potential for constant replication. Stability genes or caretakers promotes tumour development in a way that mistakes in control points of DNA replication are made. These are mismatch repair (MMR), nucleotide-excision repair (NER) and base-excision repair (BER) genes [11]. Normal cells, as part of their life span, are falling into the process of senescence where cells are reaching a critical number of division and stop growing. Although, most tumour cells do not undergo senescence and tend to replicate constantly. Cancer cells are known to have limitless replicative potential, sustained angiogenesis, insensitiveness to anti-growth signals, developed a system to evade apoptosis leading to tissue invasion and metastasis. The metastatic tumour is formed when the malignant cells are gaining the ability to leave the primary tumour and migrating to the circulative system. Tumour cells are settling and gaining the ability to proliferate in new microenvironment [12].
Figure 2.5. Schematic representation of cell cycle [12].
In cancer development process, both genetic alterations and epigenetic changes are having influence. These changes are leading to activation or silencing of genes which are in charge of cancer development. Genetic changes such as mutations, polymorphism and translocation are triggering cancer development. Various genetic alterations can be found within one single tumour. Alterations in DNA structure, nucleotide point mutations where specific gene responsible for cancer development is affected, chromosome tr
L''attribuzione' dell'intento genocidario allo Stato
No full textThis article addresses the question whether a State can be held internationally responsible for the commission of genocide under international law on the basis of the attribution to it of the conduct and, most importantly, of the genocidal intent of any individual having the status of organ – as the doctrine of the dual responsibility (of the individual and of the State) for acts of genocide posits; or whether the attribution of genocidal intent to the State operates according to different theoretical and normative assumptions. After surveying and discussing the main theories on the conditions for the rise of State responsibility for genocide, the Author analyses the relevant and most recent international practice on the attribution of genocidal intent to the State. She concludes that the intent which can be attributed to the State is only the intent of those persons, among the State organs, who are in a position to effectively direct the political and military action of the State and who, being in this position, intend to use the State apparatus to carry out a plan or policy aimed at destroying a national, ethnic, racial or religious group. This can be better explained in terms of content of the primary rule prohibiting genocide, rather than of the functioning of alleged special secondary rules on the attribution of conduct to the State. In this sense, genocide turns out to be a ‘leadership’ international wrongful act, although not being a ‘leadership’ crime
Menanggapi Hadis Perempuan Sebagai Imam Sholat dalam Perspektif Amina Wadud (Analisis Hermeneutika Feminis)
No full textIsu-isu gender di era kontemporer kini marak diusung oleh beberapa tokoh Feminis, salah satunya yakni Amina Wadud. Berangkat dari konstruksi sosial yang dialami semasa hidupnya, dimana perempuan mendapatkan kedudukan di bawah laki-laki, ia memunculnya paradigma baru yang memperjuangkan hak-hak perempuan. Salah satu fenomena yang menimbulkan berbagai kontroversi dari pemikiran Amina Wadud yakni pelaksanaan sholat jumat di Amerika Serikat dimana dia menjadi imam sholat bagi jamaah yang terdiri dari laki-laki dan perempuan. Berbagai kritik datang dari beberapa ulama klasik terutama di bidang fikih mengenai hal tersebut. Pada redaksi hadis yang diriwayatkan oleh Ummu Waraqah, hadis tersebut dinilai shahih derajatnya. Dalam hal ini, Amina Wadud memberikan tanggapan yang pro terhadap hadis tersebut dengan metodologi yang baru yakni hermeneutika feminisme.Dalam penelitian ini penulis menggunakan analisis hermenutika feminisme yang dikembangkan Amina Wadud Muhsin dimana di dalamnya terdapat penelitian metodologis dan analitis untuk menelisik paradigma yang dibangun oleh Amina Wadud dalam menanggapi hadis tersebut.[On this article refers to issues gender in this contemporary era which is intensely brought by several feminist figures, one of them is Amina Wadud. According to the social construction during her lifetime, when women were subordinated over the man, therefore she brings a new paradigm which is the fight for women’s rights. One of the controversy phenomena from Amina Wadud’s thought is that she performs as imam during Jumah’s prayer for both men and women. Many critics come from several classic ulama, mainly in the fiqh field, concerning about that issue. On the redaction of hadith narrated by Ummu Waraqah, that is included to shahih based on the level. In this case, Amina Wadud gives an affirmative response regarding the hadith with a new methodology, Feminism Hermeneutic. In this observation, the author uses analysis of feminism hermeneutic that developed by Amina Wadud which includes the analytical and methodological observation to know the paradigm used by Amina in hadith.
PENDEKATAN HERMENEUTIKA TERHADAP GERAKAN GENDER (INTERPRETASI AMINA WADUD)
No full textInequality regarding gender bias is a rather complicated problem. This happens because the problem is a product of the social construction of a patriarchal society. Worse yet, this is supported by the interpretation of the Qur'an which in fact is only done by men. This has an impact on interpretations that are gender biased, without glancing at the perceptions, goals, and characteristics of women. This problem initiated Amina Wadud to reconstruct the interpretation of the Koran so that there would be a product of interpretation that was female in style and seemed fair or equal. In interpreting the Qur'an, Amina Wadud uses the hermeneutic approach offered by Fazlur Rahman. So Amina Wadud views that the origins and potentials of men and women are the same regardless of gender differences. The purpose of this study is to find out what Amina Wadud's view of the creation of man and the Koran's view of women are like. The research method that the author uses is qualitative research with a library research approach that is relevant to the object of discussion. Data collection technique in this research is documentation technique. Documentation technique is data collection by selecting data that correlates with the research title
Menanggapi Hadis Perempuan sebagai Imam Sholat dalam Perspektif Amina Wadud (Analisis Hermeneutika Feminis)
No full textIsu-isu gender di era kontemporer kini marak diusung oleh beberapa tokoh Feminis, salah satunya yakni Amina Wadud. Berangkat dari konstruksi sosial yang dialami semasa hidupnya, dimana perempuan mendapatkan kedudukan di bawah laki-laki, ia memunculnya paradigma baru yang memperjuangkan hak-hak perempuan. Salah satu fenomena yang menimbulkan berbagai kontroversi dari pemikiran Amina Wadud yakni pelaksanaan sholat jumat di Amerika Serikat dimana dia menjadi imam sholat bagi jamaah yang terdiri dari laki-laki dan perempuan. Berbagai kritik datang dari beberapa ulama klasik terutama di bidang fikih mengenai hal tersebut. Pada redaksi hadis yang diriwayatkan oleh Ummu Waraqah, hadis tersebut dinilai shahih derajatnya. Dalam hal ini, Amina Wadud memberikan tanggapan yang pro terhadap hadis tersebut dengan metodologi yang baru yakni hermeneutika feminisme.Dalam penelitian ini penulis menggunakan analisis hermenutika feminisme yang dikembangkan Amina Wadud Muhsin dimana di dalamnya terdapat penelitian metodologis dan analitis untuk menelisik paradigma yang dibangun oleh Amina Wadud dalam menanggapi hadis tersebut.[On this article refers to issues gender in this contemporary era which is intensely brought by several feminist figures, one of them is Amina Wadud. According to the social construction during her lifetime, when women were subordinated over the man, therefore she brings a new paradigm which is the fight for women's rights. One of the controversy phenomena from Amina Wadud's thought is that she performs as imam during Jumah's prayer for both men and women. Many critics come from several classic ulama, mainly in the fiqh field, concerning about that issue. On the redaction of hadith narrated by Ummu Waraqah, that is included to shahih based on the level. In this case, Amina Wadud gives an affirmative response regarding the hadith with a new methodology, Feminism Hermeneutic. In this observation, the author uses analysis of feminism hermeneutic that developed by Amina Wadud which includes the analytical and methodological observation to know the paradigm used by Amina in hadith.
HERMENEUTIKA AL-QUR`AN AMINA WADUD MUHSIN
No full textAl-Qur'an has an important position in Islamic studies, beyond its function as a guidance, Holy Qur'an also functioned to be a differentiator. In interpreting hermeneutics, this is a form of interpretation method which in its operation is used to derive conclusions about the meaning of a text or verse. According to Amina Wadud, there is no truly objective method of interpreting the Qur'an. Each commentator sets several subjective choices. In Islamic studies, there are several approaches offered by intellectuals to get the moral message of Islam as a religion that has a gender perspective. Here the author attempt to discuss several examples of Amina Wadud's interpretation with her hermeneutical model regarding the issue of women's rights and roles. The aim is to evaluate the extent to which the position of women in Muslim culture has truly reflected the meaning of Islam regarding women in society. In addition, the specific goal is to demonstrate the ability to adapt the worldview of the Qur'an to women's issues according to the modern context. The author argues that the ultimate purpose of the theory is to build a harmony among of Islamic teaching: law, ethics, and theology, each of which has to support one another
China and the world economy: a European perspective
No full textJean Pisani-Ferry discusses the emergence of China as a key economic and global player from a European perspective. Looking ahead, this paper focuses on two key aspects, the rebalancing of global growth and the strengthening of global governance, and explains how these will shape Sino-European economic relations. The author argues that now is the time for high-quality dialogue between policymakers from both sides. China and the European Union must overcome their institutional differences to pave the way for fruitful economic cooperation.
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