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CLINICAL IMPACT OF PREEXISTING AND DE NOVO ANTIENDOTHELIAL CELL ANTIBODIES DETECTED BY A NEW INDIRECT IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE ASSAY IN KIDNEY AND PANCREAS TRANSPLANTATION
No full textTORQUETENOVIRUS VIREMIA KINETICS AS A NOVEL MARKER OF FUNCTIONAL IMMUNE DEFICIENCY IN SOLID ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION
No full textCLINICAL IMPACT OF PREEXISTING AND DE NOVO ANTIENDOTHELIAL CELL ANTIBODIES DETECTED BY A NEW INDIRECT IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE ASSAY IN KIDNEY AND PANCREAS TRANSPLANTATION
No full textCLINICAL IMPACT OF PREEXISTING AND DE NOVO ANTI-ENDOTHELIAL CELL ANTIBODIES DETECTED BY A NEW INDIRECT IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE ASSAY IN KIDNEY AND PANCREAS TRANSPLANTATION
No full textAttempt to classify the clinical impact of DNA viruses according to the ability to activate the innate immune system
Get PDFThe innate immune system represents the first barrier a microbe has to meet in order to colonize and infect the host. Even in vertebrates, the adaptive immune system is polarized on the basis of what is sensed by the innate immune system. Viruses interact with cells of the innate immune system mainly via Toll-like receptors (TLRs): in particular, unmethylated CpG dinucleotides in the genome of DNA viruses can bind TLR9 [Krug et al., 2001] in addition to KIR3DL2 [Sivori et al., 2010]. TLR-9 binding can have stimulatory or inhibitory effects according to the exact sequence of the CpG motif [Krieg, 2002], and the cumulative effect of stimulatory and inhibitory motifs within a genome has been called the "CpG index." Extending previous observations by other investigators [Hoelzer et al., 2008], we calculated the CpG index for many single- (Anelloviridae, Parvoviridae) and double-stranded (Poliomaviridae and Poxviridae) DNA viruses using genomes from the publicly available reference sequences (RefSeq) in Genbank. A spectrum of indexes ranging from positive (+3.8 for bocavirus) to negative (-6.653 for vaccinia virus) resulted (Table I). An attempt was made to group viruses according to their CpG index and we checked for common denominators in their clinical impact. DNA viruses with a high CpG index (e.g., adenovirus type 12 [Krieg et al., 1998], herpesviruses, TTV, parvovirus B19, and bocavirus) stimulate strongly innate immunity with a potential of leading to autoimmunity [Maggi and Bendinelli, 2009] and are subject to a strict immunosurveillance. When they are not cleared they usually become latent accompanied by methylation of CpG motifs [Winocour et al., 1965; Gunthert et al., 1976; Szyf et al., 1985; Badal et al., 2003], and increase in replication only during mild immunosuppression [Maggi et al., 2008], but are rarely directly pathogenic per se. DNA viruses with neutral CpG index (e.g., polyomavirus and parvovirus 4) are likely to become symbionts and make life-threatening damage only during heavy immunosuppression, either iatrogenic or disease associated. In contrast, DNA viruses with negative CpG indexes (e.g., adenovirus type 2 and 5 [Krieg et al., 1998], and poxviruses), by evading innate immunity, are subject to very poor immune surveillance and can replicate without control, resulting in life-threatening illness or chronic infection even in immunocompetent hosts. Of interest, vaccinia virus requires additional skin damage by scarification for inducing tissue inflammation in order to elicit protective immunity. It is suggested that a classification of DNA viruses according to their ability to stimulate the innate immune system is now feasible and clinically sound. Although this classification cannot make predictions on cell tropism, prevalence in the healthy population, or ability to be cleared effectively by the adaptive immune system, it may be useful for predicting the pathogenicity of emerging DNA viruses. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc
TORQUETENOVIRUS VIREMIA KINETICS AS A NOVEL MARKER OF FUNCTIONAL IMMUNE DEFICIENCY IN SOLID ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION
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Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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