339 research outputs found
Valutazione del profilo di espressione genica cerebrale nel modello murino per la mucopolisaccaridosi di tipo II (sindrome di Hunter) effettuata mediante tecnologia RNA-Seq
No full textHunter Syndrome (mucopolysaccharidosis type II, MPS II) is an inherited metabolic disease belonging to the wide group of lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs), including nearly 50 different pathologies. Although individually rare, these pathologies have a collective incidence from 1:4000 to 1:7000 live births, depending on the analyzed population.
Most LSDs are due to single, or more rarely multiple, deficit of lysosomal enzymes, responsible of macromolecules degradation. Unmetabolized substrates result in multiorgan and multisystem diseases, which in the vast majority of the patients seriously affect also the central nervous system.
Very little is known on LSDs pathophysiology and even less on the determinants of their neurological impairment.
Since ERT (enzymatic replacement therapy) is getting promising results only in treatment of the LSDs without neurological involvement, because the enzyme cannot efficiently cross the blood brain barrier, more attention should be put in handling the cognitive and behavioral components of these pathologies.
In this scenario, the comprehension of the neurological pathogenesis of these diseases, and in this specific case, of Hunter syndrome, becomes mandatory. Such understanding, although quite complex, might allow, among others, the development of new specific therapeutic strategies targeted to the brain.
In this pre-clinic investigation, the murine MPS II model was used for a complex molecular analysis through high-throughput technology. RNAs from two different brain areas, cortex and midbrain, have been analyzed with next generation sequencing, by using SOliD® (Sequencing by oligo ligation and detection) technology. Although this technology is considered the most specific for RNA sequencing, it has not been extensively used so far due to its very high costs and to the complexity of the data analysis requiring advanced bioinformatics competence and a good capacity of software handling. RNA sequencing is a very powerful technology that, in contrast to microarray, can point out every single cellular transcript indistinctly.
This work is a comparative study between brain areas derived from the IDS-knock-out and the healthy control mice. Data obtained, after alignment and filtration, have been classified according to Gene Ontology Domains, and analyzed by functional categories.
The analysis has clearly pointed out the involvement of a wide group of genes and pathways implicated in neurological processes.
Altered structures and cellular functions have been highlighted both through the analysis of terms that have the same alteration in the two cerebral areas and, in a more specific way, through the analysis of terms related to each area. This approach can underline genes whose altered expression is directly related to the cell pathological condition and, at the same time, genes with differential expression, representing instead specific pathways for the function of the brain area considered.
Also the detection of alterations in genes involved in some common neurodegenerative diseases (as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s) could be very interesting; common pathways could be hypothesized for the disease development or as a consequence of the pathological state.
The last part of this work has focused on some selected pathways that have been chosen as the most interesting candidates for the pathogenesis of the disease: heparan sulphate binding protein, calcium homeostasis, oxidative stress, autophagy, axon guidance, neuroinflammation, correlation with other neurodegenerative diseases and the growth hormone.
A significant endocellular alteration, due to progressive increase of glycosaminoglican deposits and also of secondary deposits as gangliosides, could justify the involvement of proteins related to calcium metabolism, detected by the present analysis; since calcium plays an important ubiquitous messenger function in different biological processes, its role of leitmotiv in many pathways emerging from this analysis is not surprising.
In conclusion, although very complex, the analysis here presented has highlighted the great power of this technology, due to its ability to detect, not only pathways obviously related to this disease, but also non-suspected pathways, whose role in the determination of the pathological condition has not been yet clarified.La Sindrome di Hunter (o Mucopolisaccaridosi di tipo II, MPS II) è una patologia ereditaria appartenente al più vasto gruppo delle malattie da accumulo lisosomiale (Lysosomal Storage Disorders, LSDs), comprendente quasi 50 diverse patologie. Tali patologie, sebbene individualmente molto rare, presentano un’incidenza complessiva che va da 1:4000 a 1:7000, a seconda della popolazione considerata. Le LSDs, che risultano per lo più da deficit singoli, e più raramente multipli, di enzimi lisosomiali deputati alla degradazione di molecole complesse, sono devastanti malattie multiorgano e multisistemiche che, in buona parte dei casi, comprendono un coinvolgimento neurologico grave.
Poco è noto tuttora sulla patofisiologia di queste sindromi e, ancor meno, sulle cause del loro deficit neurologico. Nel momento in cui alcune di queste patologie trovano finalmente beneficio dall’applicazione della terapia enzimatica sostitutiva, risalta maggiormente la problematica del trattamento della componente cognitiva e comportamentale. Essa infatti non trova beneficio da questi nuovi approcci terapeutici, poiché gli enzimi impiegati non sono in grado di attraversare la barriera emato-encefalica. Nasce da qui la necessità di comprendere la patogenesi neurologica di queste sindromi e, nel caso specifico di questo lavoro, della sindrome di Hunter. Tale comprensione, seppure molto complessa, potrebbe consentire, tra le altre cose, lo sviluppo di specifiche strategie terapeutiche mirate al cervello.
In questo lavoro di ricerca preclinica, il modello murino per la MPS II è stato impiegato per effettuare una valutazione molecolare complessa attraverso l’impiego di tecnologie high throughput. RNA derivati da 2 aree cerebrali, la corteccia e il mesencefalo, sono stati analizzati mediante next generation sequencing, impiegando la procedura SOLiD® (Sequencing by Oligo Ligation and Detection). Questa tecnologia, seppure estremamente indicata proprio per il sequenziamento dell’RNA, è stata finora poco utilizzata a questo scopo, a causa dei costi ancora piuttosto elevati, ma soprattutto, a causa della complessità dell’analisi che richiede notevoli competenze bioinformatiche e capacità di gestione dei software. Il sequenziamento dell’RNA è una tecnologia estremamente potente in grado di evidenziare, a differenza della tecnica del microarray, tutti i trascritti cellulari in maniera indistinta.
Il lavoro qui presentato è un’analisi di tipo comparativo tra le aree cerebrali dell’animale knock-out per l’IDS e le corrispondenti aree dell’animale sano di controllo. I dati, dopo la fase di allineamento e di filtrazione, sono stati classificati secondo i domini della Gene Ontology e analizzati in base alle principali categorie funzionali.
L’analisi ha chiaramente evidenziato il coinvolgimento di molti geni e di parecchie vie specificamente implicati in processi neurologici. L’alterata struttura e funzione cellulare sono state evidenziate sia in modo generico, attraverso analisi di termini ugualmente alterati nelle due diverse aree cerebrali, sia in modo specifico, all’interno di ciascuna area cerebrale. Ciò consente di mettere in risalto i geni la cui alterata espressione è direttamente correlata allo stato di accumulo patologico della cellula e i geni con espressione differenziale che, invece, rappresentano pathways specifici per le funzioni svolte da quell’area cerebrale.
Molto interessante potrebbe risultare anche l’alterazione di geni implicati in alcune comuni patologie neurodegenerative croniche quali il morbo di Alzheimer e di Parkinson. Vie comuni potrebbero essere ipotizzate per l’instaurarsi delle malattie o come conseguenza dello stato patologico.
La parte finale dell’analisi ha preso in considerazione le vie di segnale e le correlazioni più interessanti, alcune delle quali già precedentemente considerate come potenziali candidati nella patogenesi delle malattie da accumulo lisosomiale: l'eparan solfato binding protein, l'omeostasi del calcio, lo stress ossidativo, il processo dell’autofagia, l'axon guidance, la neuroinfiammazione, la correlazione con altre malattie neurodegenerative e l'ormone della crescita.
Una forte alterazione del comparto endocellulare dovuta al progressivo, patologico aumento dei depositi primari di glicosaminoglicani, ma anche di quelli secondari quali i gangliosidi, potrebbe giustificare il coinvolgimento delle proteine implicate nel metabolismo del calcio cellulare, rilevato da questo lavoro. Essendo poi il calcio un messaggero ubiquitario coinvolto in differenti processi biologici non stupisce il ruolo di filo conduttore in molti pathways, evidenziato da questa analisi.
In conclusione, seppure fortemente complessa, l’analisi intrapresa in questo studio ha evidenziato le enormi potenzialità della procedura, dovute alla sua caratteristica capacità di mettere in luce, oltre a processi correlati in modo sospetto alla patologia, anche pathways non sospetti o la cui implicazione nella determinazione dello stato patologico non sia ancora stata definita
Genistein reduces glycosaminoglycan levels in a mouse model of mucopolysaccharidosis type II.
No full textBACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:
Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) are lysosomal storage disorders resulting from a deficit of specific lysosomal enzymes catalysing glycosaminoglycan (GAG) degradation. The typical pathology involves most of the organ systems, including the brain, in its severe forms. The soy isoflavone genistein has recently attracted considerable attention as it can reduce GAG synthesis in vitro. Furthermore, genistein is able to cross the blood-brain barrier in the rat. The present study was undertaken to assess the ability of genistein to reduce urinary and tissue GAG levels in vivo.
EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH:
We used mice with genetic deletion of iduronate-2-sulphatase (one of the GAG catabolizing enzymes) which provide a model of MPS type II. Two doses of genistein, 5 or 25 mg.kg(-1).day(-1), were given, in the diet for 10 or 20 weeks. Urinary and tissue GAG content was evaluated by biochemical and histochemical procedures.
KEY RESULTS:
Urinary GAG levels were reduced after 10 weeks' treatment with genistein at either 5 or 25 mg.kg(-1).day(-1). In tissue samples from liver, spleen, kidney and heart, a reduction in GAG content was observed with both dosages, after 10 weeks' treatment. Decreased GAG deposits in brain were observed after genistein treatment in some animals.
CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS:
There was decreased GAG storage in the MPSII mouse model following genistein administration. Our results would support the use of this plant-derived isoflavone in a combined therapeutic protocol for treatment of MPS
Loss of lysosomal iduronate sulfatase function perturbs FGF signaling and the expression of downstream key osteogenic factors.
No full textMucopolisaccaridosis II (MPSII), also called Hunter syndrome, is a rare X-linked lysosomal storage disease caused by defects in the activity of the lysosomal enzyme iduronate-2-sulfatase (IDS). IDS is an ubiquitously expressed hydrolase that catalyses the removal of O-linked sulfates from glycosaminoglycans heparan and dermatan sulfate. The disease is multi-systemic and patients exhibit a wide spectrum of clinical features with a distinct early childhood-onset and chronic progressive course. Clinical manifestations include severe skeletal abnormalities, a marked cardiomyopathy and cardiac valve alterations.
The current hypothesis suggests that loss of IDS function is tightly associated toa progressive accumulation of partially degraded glycosaminoglycans, which in turn is responsible for the multi-organ failure. However, the cascade of pathogenetic mechanisms is not well understood yet. We recently demonstrated that iduronate-2-sulfatase activity is critical during early vertebrate development (Moro et al.; 2010). We, therefore, hypothesize that major skeletal defects may occur during early development, before the onset of GAG accumulation.
To explore this hypothesis we generated a fish model for Hunter syndrome in order to assess early molecular defects occurring as a consequence of IDS loss of function. To shed light on bone impairments we have analyzed several key markers on fish morphants at different developmental stages. Moreover, we carried out IDS loss of function analysis in transgenic reporter lines for major developmental signaling pathways.
We found a significant decrease of FGF signaling in morphants, and altered expression of key transcription factors during osteogenesis. Therefore, our preliminary results support the hypothesis that IDS deficiency causes an early dysregulation of the FGF signaling pathway which may be associated with impaired expression of genes involved in bone development
Long-Term Pterostilbene Supplementation of a High-Fat Diet Increases Adiponectin Expression in the Subcutaneous White Adipose Tissue
No full textPterostilbene (Pt) is a natural phenol found in blueberries and grapes; it shows remarkable biomedical activities similar to those of resveratrol, but its higher bioavailability is a major advantage for possible biomedical applications. Our group has recently demonstrated that long-term (30 weeks) administration of Pt to mice maintained on a high-fat diet counters weight gain and promotes browning of subcutaneous white adipose tissue (sWAT). By Real-time quantitative PCR and Western Blot analysis of the sWAT and visceral white adipose tissue (vWAT) from the same mice used in the previous study, we show here that Pt induced a long-term increase of Adiponectin, Interleukin 10 and of M2 macrophage marker Cd206. The effects were observed in sWAT, while no significant changes were detected in vWAT. The process taking place seems to mimic that occurring in sWAT during cold-induced browning. Analysis of a few pro-inflammatory cytokines (Interleukin 6, Tumor necrosis factor α) and of the NFkB pathway did not reveal marked effects of Pt supplementation. In summary, the mechanisms and processes through which Pt acts in adipose tissue appear to closely mimic those set in motion by cold-induced browning, and point to a possible impact of experimental conditions in the final output of a nutraceutical intervention
The zebrafish model as a novel tool to uncover the complex bone pathogenesis of type I Gaucher disease
No full textCisplatin liposome and 6-amino nicotinamide combination to overcome drug resistance in ovarian cancer cells
No full textOvarian cancer is an aggressive and lethal cancer usually treated by cytoreductive surgery followed by chemotherapy. Unfortunately, after an initial response, many patients relapse owing mainly to the development of resistance against the standard chemotherapy regime, carboplatin/paclitaxel, which is also affected by heavy side effects. In view to addressing such issues here, an association of liposomal cisplatin with 6-amino nicotinamide is investigated. It is known that resistant cells increase their demand for glucose, which is partially redirected toward the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). Interestingly, we have found that also a cisplatin-resistant subclone of the ovarian cancer cells IGROV1 switch their metabolism toward the glycolytic pathway and rely on PPP to elude cisplatin cytotoxicity. The drug 6-amino nicotinamide, an inhibitor of the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (the rate-limiting step of the PPP) can restore the sensitivity of resistant cells to cisplatin. Then, to reduce the toxicity of cisplatin and prolong its action, a lyophilized stealth liposomal formulation of cisplatin was developed. The combination treatment of liposomal cisplatin and 6-amino nicotinamide showed promising cytotoxic activities in drug-resistant cells and a prolonged pharmacokinetics in rats, thus opening the way for a new therapeutic option against ovarian cancer
RNA-seq Transcriptome Profiling Of Primary Hunter Cells Following Treatment With Recombinant IDS As A First Step For Identification Of ERT Efficacy Markers
No full textBrain RNA-seq profiling of the mucopolysaccharidosis type II mouse model
No full textLysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) are a group of about 50 genetic metabolic disorders, mainly affecting children, sharing the inability to degrade specific endolysosomal substrates. This results in failure of cellular functions in many organs, including brain that in most patients may go through progressive neurodegeneration. In this study, we analyzed the brain of the mouse model for Hunter syndrome, a LSD mostly presenting with neurological involvement. Whole transcriptome analysis of the cerebral cortex and midbrain/diencephalon/hippocampus areas was performed through RNA-seq. Genes known to be involved in several neurological functions showed a significant differential expression in the animal model for the disease compared to wild type. Among the pathways altered in both areas, axon guidance, calcium homeostasis, synapse and neuroactive ligand–receptor interaction, circadian rhythm, neuroinflammation and Wnt signaling were the most significant. Application of RNA sequencing to dissect pathogenic alterations of complex syndromes allows to photograph perturbations, both determining and determined by these disorders, which could simultaneously occur in several metabolic and biochemical pathways. Results also emphasize the common, altered pathways between neurodegenerative disorders affecting elderly and those associated with pediatric diseases of genetic origin, perhaps pointing out a general common course for neurodegeneration, independent from the primary triggering cause
Browning Effects of a Chronic Pterostilbene Supplementation in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet
No full textThis article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Brown and White Adipose Tissue 2.0Obesity and related comorbidities are a major health concern. The drugs used to treat these conditions are largely inadequate or dangerous, and a well-researched approach based on nutraceuticals would be highly useful. Pterostilbene (Pt), i.e., 3,5-dimethylresveratrol, has been reported to be effective in animal models of obesity, acting on different metabolic pathways. We investigate here its ability to induce browning of white adipose tissue. Pt (5 mu M) was first tested on 3T3-L1 mature adipocytes, and then it was administered (352 mu mol/kg/day) to mice fed an obesogenic high-fat diet (HFD) for 30 weeks, starting at weaning. In the cultured adipocytes, the treatment elicited a significant increase of the levels of Uncoupling Protein 1 (UCP1) protein-a key component of thermogenic, energy-dissipating beige/brown adipocytes. In vivo administration antagonized weight increase, more so in males than in females. Analysis of inguinal White Adipose Tissue (WAT) revealed a trend towards browning, with significantly increased transcription of several marker genes (Cidea, Ebf2, Pgc1 alpha, PPAR gamma, Sirt1, and Tbx1) and an increase in UCP1 protein levels, which, however, did not achieve significance. Given the lack of known side effects of Pt, this study strengthens the candidacy of this natural phenol as an anti-obesity nutraceutical.This research was funded by the Italian Ministry of University and Education (PRONAT project) and by Regione Veneto-European Social Fund (project n. 2105-50-11-2018). M.A. gratefully acknowledges support by a fellowship from Fondazione Umberto Veronesi
Cantieri tanatologici. Trauma vs scrittura nell’opera di Chloé Delaume
No full textThis article investigates the relationship between trauma and writing in Chloé Delaume’s oeuvre. Autofiction, the genre chosen by the French author, together with her personal idea of literature, creates a fictional universe whose aim is to change the real one. In this way, trauma is, at the same time, the subject of Delaume’s books and the result she wants to achieve. The mise en scène of her private story, through formal research and language experimentation, aspires to create a new identity for herself and to involve her readers in an individual search for awareness
- …
