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(14(4):1-10)FURTHER STUDIES ON THE INHERITANCE OF RESISTANCE TO LEAF AND NECK BLAST DISEASES IN RICE－GENIC ANALYSIS IN RICE VI－
No full text利用蓬萊、在來及突變稻等 44 品種為親本作雜交，獲 32 個雜交組台，將其 Fl F2 及其双親，同時種植於毫中縣東勢，在自然環境下任其發病。葉稻熱病之發生程度，根據葉病斑面積率，然後換算為罹病指數，穗頸稻熱病之發生程度以罹病百分率表示之。
部分材料在臺北本所玻璃室內用噴撒法將胞子接種於幼苗上，並調查其病斑，另一試驗採用葉鞘接種法接種，並在顯微鏡下觀察細胞內之菌絲伸長度，以定感病之程度。
試驗結果，抗病 × 抗病之 Fl 及 F2 均為抗病，抗病 × 感病或感病 × 抗病之 Fl 為抗病，表示抗病性為顯性，在 F2 抗病及感病，則分離為 3 : 1 或 9 : 7 ，表示抗病性至少受二對之遺傳因子所支配。穗頸稻熱病之抵抗性在 F2抗病與感病之分離比有 3 : 1，9 : 7，27 : 37等三種，表示穗頸稻熱病之遺傳因子至少有三對。筆者等認為第 1 及第 2 抗病遣傳因子Pi1 Pi2 支配葉稻熱病，而另外加上第 3 因子Pi3支配穗頸稻熱病之抗性。求葉稻熱病與穗頸稻熱病抵抗性之相關結果，在本研究之範圍內大部分之情形下兩者之間有正相關關係。在自然發病狀態下抗病因子Pi與無葉舌因子lg有連鎖關係，但在玻璃室人工接種之狀態下則無此種連鎖關係發現，不同生理小種及不同環境，可能為其結果不同之原因。本研究中Pi與花青素著色因子 C 及 A 光穎因子 Ih ，芒因子 An糯性因子wx，穗枝彎曲因子Ur之間無連鎖關係發現。
F2 plants of 32 crosses together with their parents were planted in the field under the condition of natural infestion at Tunshu, Taichung Prefecture. Percentage of diseased leaf area was examined to determine the degree of disease infection. For artificially inoculated seedlings under the green house condition, disease lesion types were observed.
The F2s of crosses between two resistant strains were all resistant while those of between resistant and susceptible showed 3:1 and 9:7 ratios. This indicates that at least two genes are responsible for leaf blast resistance. For neck blast resistance, in the cross between resistant and susceptible strains 3:1, 9:7 and 27:37 ratios were found showing that three genes are concerned.
Positive correlation between leaf and neck blast resistances was found. It was assumed that genes Pi1 and Pi2 might control neck blast as well and the third gene Pi3 might work as a modifier.
Linkage between Pi and liguleless gene lg was found when the experiment was conducted under the natural infection condition; but no such linkage relation was recognized when the materials were artificially inoculated under the controlled glass-house condition. The course of such difference might be due to the different environmental conditions as well as different physiological races of blast fungus involved at that time.
Further, no linkage was found between genes of Pi and C, A, lh, An as well as wx
(4(4):1-10)STUDIES ON BEHAVIOR OF CHROMOSOMES AND DEVELOPMENT OF EMBRYOSACS AND POLLEN GRAINS IN HAPLOID RICE PLANT
No full text1．本研究係觀察單元體稻染色體之行爲，胚囊及花粉粒發生之過程，藉以解釋其不稔性之原因以及考察稻染色體組(genom)之構造者。
2．在花粉母細胞之肥厚期與第一中期，可認出1~2個之双價染色體(bivalent)。由單價染色體間之接合現象，可推想，在單元體之12個單價染色體之間亦有若干相同染色體之存在。
3．在大部份之情形下，胚囊母細胞在分裂直後形成兩個或三個大胞子，而此等大胞子不久即開始退化。正常胚囊則未能發現之。
4．在花粉發生之過程中，觀察相當於四分子之時期時，除可認出正常四分子之外，尚可認出三分子、二分子及一分子。
5．單元體稻完全不結實，其主要原因可歸於減數分裂之失敗。
1. The present paper describes the behavior of chromosomes in meiosis and the development of embryosacs and pollen grains in haploid rice plant.
2. Two haploid plants were observed; in both of them, pollen mother cells at diakinesis of first metaphase were found to have one or two bivalent chromosomes. This seems to suggest that certain chromosomes in haploid set are to some extent homologus with each other.
3. The second division was not found in a majority of pollen mother cells. This seems to be due to the failure of the first division.
4. In a larger part of cases, two or three megaspores were formed from an embryosac mother cell and they seemed to degenerate soon. No normal embryosac tetrad was found.
5. The number of microspores produced from one pollen mother cell varied from two to four.
6. The haploid plants were completly sterile due to the failure of meiosis such as mentioned above
(17(2):1-8)THE INHERITANCE OF COLORATION AND SOME OTHER CHARACTERS OF AN INDUCED DWARF MUTANT GENIC ANALYSIS IN RICE, X
No full textD-155-8是臺中155號放射線誘變而得之突變矮稻，稃尖無色、葉細、深綠色、有葉舌、矮（高約 70cm）。謝（1962）將此矮性因子訂為d9，Chang和Jodon（1963）統一改定為d31。在D-155-8×T201等7組合之分析中，得知此D-155-8親本稃尖和柱頭顏色之因子為CBPa P Ps1 Ps2 I-Ps1。同時得知，柱頭著色為稃尖著色因子之下位，此點和Nagao及Takahashi等之報告相同。同時柱頭色之分離，較稃尖色複什。除與前人報告相同者外，並發現一新的分離現象（13有色：3無色）。
至於矮性因子（d31）、細葉（nal）、石炭酸反應因子（Ph）、無葉舌因子（lg）、密穗因子（Dn）、向地性（la）、莖葉脆性（bc）、等性狀本研究中發現均受一對遺傳因子所支配。而另在連鎖研究中發現，矮性因子（d31）、紫穎色因子(Pr)、紫色柱頭因子（PS2）、石炭酸反應因子（Ph）及無葉舌因子（lg）與細葉因子（nal）間等均有明顯的連鎖關係。且這些因子均屬於Nagao之第二染色體連鎖羣。但細葉因子（nal）卻和稃尖因子（C）、矮性因子（7245-d）、密穗因子（Dn）、莖葉脆性（bc）及向地性因子（lg）等因子相互獨立。
D-155-8, an X-ray induced dwarf mutant from Taichung no. 155, is measured about 70 cm in height at maturity, and the leaves being narrow and dark green in color. This strain was crossed with three gene markers of rice and five cultivated varieties. This paper, therefore, dealt mainly with the inheritance of the pigmentation and some morphological characters of those crosses.
The inheritance of dwarfness (d), narrow leaf (nal), phenol reaction (Ph), ligulelessness (lg), dense panicle (Dn), laziness (la), and brittle culm (bc) characters was controlled by single gene, respectively. These results were consistent to earlier workers (Nagao 1951, Nagao and Takahashi 1960, Hsieh 1962). The inheritance of pigmentation on apiculus, four out of six crosses, are controlled by two complementary genes, the others are controlled by single gene. Same genes controlled the inheritance of stigma coloration in most cases, but a new mode of segregation ratio of 13 colored to 3 colorless on stigma coloration was also observed and dissussecd in this study. Therefore, the genotype of D-155-8 on apiculus and stigma coloration was postulated as CCaaPPPs1Ps1Ps2Ps2I-Ps1 I-Ps1.
The linkage relationships between combined characters was estimated. The recombination value was 3.95±0.14% between purple stigma and purple hull, and that of 38.31±7.36% between phenol reaction and stigma coloration. The other linkage intensities between combined characters were ranged from 13.89% to 38.10% in six other pairs, as shown in Table 5
(5(1-2):17-30)Studies on the Development of Embryosac and Pollen Grain in Tetraploid Rice
No full text1．本研究係觀察四元體稻之胚囊，與花粉粒之發生以及考察胚囊與花粉粒發生之異常對植物不稔性之關係等。
2．四元體稻胚囊發生之異常均於一核期以後開始，共後隨時期之進行，異常之頻度亦漸增加。
3．成熱期之胚囊有各種異常型，而共異常程度順著者概發生於初期，輕微者概發生於後期。
4．成熟期之異常胚囊比率在本研究所用之同源四元體稻內約爲2/5，較不稔率爲低。
5．花粉粒之退化均發生於比較後期，卽於第二收縮期以後，始能看相清楚，其正常花粉率較結實率爲高。
1. The present paper dea1s with the development of embryosac and pollen grain in tetraploid rice which was observed in order to gain information on the cause of sterility of tetraploid rice.
2. Deterioration was found to become visible at one nucleus stage (after the collapse of outer three cells of an embryosac tetrad) and seemed to increase with the progress of stage.
3 At the time of maturation. different types of irregularities were found ranging from such that the embryosac cavity was filled by nucellar cells to nearly normal ones. The higher the degree of change. the earlier the stage of beginning of deterioration. 4 At the time of heading, abnormal embryosacs were found in about 2/5 of those observed. This ratio is much lower than the percentage of steri'e seed. Since the assortment of chromosomes seems to be numerically normal in a greater part of cells, the sterility in tetraploid plaits may be due maigldy to some physical disturbances.
5. In the course of microsporogenesis, degeneration of pollen grain was found to increase after the second contraction stage. Good pollen percentage was higher than the percentage of fertile seed
(27(3):199-212)Breeding for high protein content in rice 2. Genetical studies on protein content, heading date and other agronomic characters in the cross between early and late maturing japonica rices
No full text為探討早熟E基因與米粒蛋白質含量之關係，乃利用攜有不同來源之早熟基因的isogenic系統為材料，進行早晚熟稻間之雜交，以究明各雜交後代集團之米粒蛋白質含量等性狀之遺傳與變異及各性狀彼此間之相關關係等。玆將主要試驗結果摘要如下：早熟親本（BB-11-5-8-6，Bl-1-4-11及BI-14-4-2-6）之米粒蛋白質含量為9.6%，較晚熟親本(40-20-5-6)之7.8%約高1.8%。F2集團蛋白質之平均含量或與低蛋白親本相近或低於兩親之中間值，表示蛋白質含量低者對高者似為顯性或部份顯性。早晚熟稻間雜交組合之F2世代分離成3早熟性：1晚熟性之比例，表示抽穗期受1對主效基因所控制。而由超越分離現象知抽穗期可能尚受微效基因之修飾。F2世代早熟性與蛋白質含量呈負相關，表示早熟植株之米粒蛋白質含量較晚熟者為高。一般而言，各性狀之遺傳相關值遠較環境相關值為大；而表現型相關值則介於兩者之間。米粒蛋白質含量與各性狀間之相關值均為負值，與穗重之負相關則達極顯著之水準，餘者之顯著性概因組合之不同而異。估得米粒蛋白質含量之遺傳率介於0.31~0.56之間，控制米粒蛋白質含量之有效基因對數為1~2對。綜合本試驗結果，推論控制米粒蛋白質含量之因子與早熟E基因之間有連鎖關係，故認為由早晚熟稻閒之雜交集團應可選獲高蛋白質含量之早熟豐產的理想因子型。
Various early maturing isogenic lines of rice having the same genetic background were crossed with the late maturing lines, and protein content, days to heading as well as various agronomic characters were studied genetically. The results of the experiment are summarized in the followings:
1. The mean percent protein of early maturing isogenic lines (BB-11-5-8-6, BI-1-4-11 and BI-14-4-2-6) was found to be 9.6% which was 1.8% point higher than that of late maturing line 40-20-5-6 (7.8%) . The mean percent protein of the F2 population was either similar to that of lower-parent or lower than that of mid-parent, indicating that the low percent protein was dominant or partial dominant over the high percent protein.
2. In the F2s of early and late crosses, early and late plants were segregated into a 3:1 ratio showing that the early heading was controlled by a pair of dominant gene. It was inferred from the appearance of much earlier plants than both parental lines that the modifing genes were involved for heading time, in addition to the major gene. A significant negative correlation between percent protein and days to heading was observed, showing that the earlier the heading time the higher the percent protein.
3. The genetic correlation between various characters tended to be larger than the environmental as well as phenotypic correlations. A significant negative correlation was observed between percent protein and plant height, panicle weight or negatively with panicle number, percent seed setting and 1,000 kernel weight depending on cross combinations.
4. Heritability value of percent protein was estimated to be 0.31-0.56 showing that selection for high protein would be effective. It was estimated further that the number of effective genes for protein content was one to two pairs.
5. In view of the close relation between days to heading and percent protein, it is considered to be relatively easy to select high protein lines by developing the early maturing lines, though its problem of lower grain yield needed to be solved
(31(3):177-186)Genetical Studies on Grain Characters in Rice
No full text本試驗以Mira（Pl）× Norin 20（P2）組合之包括Pl、P2、Fl、F2、BCl及BC2等六個遺傳集團為材料，探討該組合稻穀之粒長、粒厚、粒寬及百粒重等4 個穀粒性狀之遺傳行為，結果獲知：粒長、粒厚、粒寬及百粒重等4 個穀粒性狀在F2集團之頻度分布圖形均呈連續性分布，但4 穀粒性狀分布圖形之樣式則不盡一致。雜種優勢、純雜種優勢及自交衰退量等三種遺傳介值普遍存在4 穀粒性狀，其經以Potence value 判定4 穀粒性狀在Fl之顯性程度及Mather and Jinks 變方成分劃分以評定4 穀粒性狀顯性度之估算結果十分近似，均呈短粒對長粒及粒厚對粒薄為不完全顯性；粒寬為超顯性；粒重方面則為微小程度之不完全顯性。經世代平均值分析指出，粒長及粒重之遺傳變異由累加性、顯性、累加性 × 累加性交感、累加性× 顯性交感、顯性 × 顯性交感等成分所支配，且兩性狀之顯性及顯性 × 顯性之交感等兩成分符號相反，表示屬重覆型之上位性。而粒厚之變異主要係累加性、顯性及累加性 × 累加性交感成分之效應。粒寬之變異則由顯性及累加性 × 顯性交感兩成分之效應所左右。4 穀粒性狀之廣義遺傳率介於82-94%之間，狹義遺傳率介於34-69 %之間，其中以粒長之遺傳率較高，而以粒厚者較低。相關分析之結果發現粒重與粒長、粒厚及粒寬均呈極顯著之正相關。
Genetical studies were made on four grain characters in rice using Fl F2 BCl and BC2 populations of the cross between Mira (Pl) and Norin 20 (P2) varieties. The grain length, grain thickness, grain width and 100-grain weight in F2, all showed continuous and unimodal distributions. However, the distribution curves are not symmetrical as indicated by different values of skewness and kurtosis for respective character.
Heterosis, heterobeltiosis and inbreeding depression of each character was detected in Fl of this cross, because the statistic of each characters was significantly departed from the zero value. The degree of dominance of the respective character expressed by potence value and the value estimated by Mather and Jinks’s formula of the comprehension of components of variance was quite similar, i. e. short grain is incompletely dominant over long grain the thick-grain is incompletely dominant over thin-grain; the wider grain is over-dominant to narrow grain and the heavy-grain weight is slightly partial dominance over light-grain weight.
The results of generation mean analysis indicated that the variations in grain length and 100 grain weight were mainly due to the gene effects of additive, dominance, additive × additive, additive × dominance and dominance × dominance. A difference in the signs of dominance and dominance × dominance components was observed, indicating a duplicated type of epistasis. The variation of grain thickness was largely due to additive, dominance and additive × additive gene effects. For grain width, the gene effects of dominance and additive × dominance components appeared to be more important.
The broad sense heritabilities of four grain characters ranged 82-90% while narrow sense heritabilitie ranged from 34-69%. The grain length and grain thickness showed the highest and lowest heritabities respectively among the four grain characters studied. It was observed further that 100-grain weight was possitively correlated with grain length, grain thickness and grain width
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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