162 research outputs found
Updating the Previously-Published Algorithms for Creating an ASES- and IKDC-Index from the PROMIS System
No full textWhile many manuscripts have worked to correlate the American Shoulder & Elbow Surgeons survey (ASES) and the International Knee Documentation Committee survey (IKDC) with the NIH PROMIS survey sets, only the Tenan et al. series of papers have demonstrated that a nonlinear combination of the PROMIS Pain Interference and PROMIS Physical Function scores, in conjunction with age, can be used to effectively recreate the ASES and IKDC surveys with a high fidelity. This preprint document, not planned for submission at a peer-reviewed journal, serves as an update to the algorithms previously made available by Tenan et al. and makes these updated algorithms available at the following link: https://osf.io/58g6u
PENERAPAN STRATEGI BAURAN PEMASARAN PADA PERUSAHAAN BATIK GRES TENAN DI SURAKARTA
No full textTHE IMPLEMENTATION MARKETING MIX STRATEGI BATIK GRES TENAN COMPANY IN SURAKARTA Mahendra.S.P.A F3212047 Along with the development and progress of the more modern era that led to every area of life change is no exception batik industry makes everyone vying to be the best. Marketing mix is as one way to increase sales volume, increase revenue and expand the market carried out by a company that wants rapid progress and maintain the existence in the midst of the batik industry in the country. Similarly, by the company Batik Gres Tenan to in order to remain victorious and exist in the onslaught of the emergence of creative batik industry at this time. Batik has become the new belle as part of the national culture and new fashions that batik demand continues to increase over time. Data collection methods used by the author is observation, interview, Library Studies and Corporate Documents. Companies Gres Tenan Batik is an industry engaged in the manufacture and distribution of batik clothes. Implementation of the marketing strategy is a way for the company to maintain its presence and increase sales volume Based on the above conclusions, the authors give advice to the company gres tenan batik include: Maintaining the quality and increase the quantity of batik products and expand the range of promotions to leverage the power of information technology. Keywords: Marketing Mix Strategy, Batik Gres Tenan
A multiregion community model for inference about geographic variation in species richness
No full textAn enduring challenge in ecology is to understand what drives spatial variation in the size and structure of communities. The ability to count the number of species present at a location is hindered by the fact that not all species are equally detectable, and invariably some go completely undetected. This makes comparing species richness across distinct spatial units (or regions) problematic as sources of error are usually unaccounted for in simple enumerations of species. Multi-species occupancy models explicitly incorporate a model for this observation uncertainty and provide a framework for estimating community size when detection is imperfect. Currently, however, the model is restricted to estimating the number of species at only a single region of interest. In this paper we extend the multi-species occupancy model to accommodate data collected across multiple regions of interest (e.g., reserves or biomes). We report improved model performance of the joint multiregion approach when compared to the more traditional two-stage approach of modelling spatial variation in species richness using simulations. Then, applying the model to data collected from eight avian communities in northern Italy, we demonstrate how species richness can be modeled as a spatially varying function of habitat complexity. Extending the multi-species occupancy model to accommodate data collected across multiple regions of interest (e.g., reserves or biomes) allows for joint estimation of region-specific community size and permits species richness to be modeled as a function of region-specific covariates. Our approach provides a mechanism for testing hypotheses about why and how species richness varies across space
Quantifying spatial variation in the size and structure of ecologically stratified communities
No full textIncluding ecological specialization (e.g. functional guild) in analyses performed across regions can help to study how size and structure of communities vary across environmental gradients. Multi-species occupancy models, and their extension to a multi-region framework, represent useful tools for such gradient analysis based on functional traits. However, in these models species richness is only a derived parameter and therefore explicit relationships cannot be inferred. We provide a novel hierarchical multi-region community model that allows for direct modelling of trait-based patterns of species richness along environmental gradients by partitioning communities into ecologically relevant strata (e.g. guilds). We illustrate the flexibility of the model by simulations, where we estimate guild richness and community composition using both categorical and continuous species traits. In addition, we apply our model to data from eight avian communities to explore how guild richness varies across elevational gradients. Simulations indicate that the model is able to estimate relationships between guild richness and environmental gradients even when the number of regions is low. Applying the model to the bird community data set, we show how the number of species in four feeding guilds varies in different ways across an elevational gradient. Understanding large scale variation in species richness and how it relates to environmental gradients requires an explicit treatment of community structure. Our modelling approach allows the testing of hypotheses directly and simultaneously on strata- and community-specific species richness while accounting for the issues of rarity and detectability, and can be used to investigate the mechanisms which shape large scale spatial variation in species richness
Effects of anthropogenic disturbance on primate density at the landscape scale
No full textAccurate estimations of the abundance of threatened animal populations are required for assessment of species’ status and vulnerability and conservation planning. However, density estimation is usually difficult and resource demanding, so researchers often collect data at local scales. However, anthropogenic pressures most often have landscape-level effects, for example, through habitat loss and fragmentation. We applied hierarchical distance sampling (HDS) to transect count data to determine the effect of habitat and anthropogenic factors on the density of 3 arboreal primate species inhabiting 5 distinct tropical forests across a landscape of 19,000 km2 in the Udzungwa Mountains of Tanzania. We developed a novel, multiregion extension of HDS that allowed us to model density and detectability jointly across forests without losing site-specific information. For all species, the effect of anthropogenic disturbance on density was overwhelmingly negative among metapopulations: −0.63 Angolan colobus (Colobus angolensis palliatus) (95% Bayesian CI −1.03 to −0.27), −0.54 Udzungwa red colobus (Procolobus gordonorum) (−0.89 to −0.22), and −0.33 Sykes' monkey (Cercopithecus mitis monoides) (−0.63 to −0.07). Some responses to habitat factors were shared, notably the negative effect of elevation and the positive effect of climber coverage. These results are important for conservation science and practice because: the among-populations negative responses to anthropogenic disturbance provides a foundation for development of conservation plans that hold at the landscape scale, which is a comprehensive and cost-efficient approach; the among-species consistency in responses suggests conservation measures may be generalized at the guild level, which is especially relevant given the functional importance of primates in tropical rainforests; and the greater primate densities in areas at low elevation, which are closer to human settlements, point to specific management recommendations, such as the creation of buffer zones and prioritization of areas for protection
Stable isotopes (C, N, O, H) of feathers collected in an Italian alpine region, during postbreeding migration
No full textOver the last 20 years the analysis of stable isotope ratios of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen and sulphur have gradually become a formidable tool for the animal ecologists (Hobson and Wassenaar, 1997; Marra et al., 1998; Inger and Bearhop, 2008). In particular many studies have been developed on tracking the movement and the diet of birds in time and space, fundamental to understanding their ecology, but also inherently difficult to determine.
The aim of this study was to deepen the origin and behaviour of migratory bird species crossing the Trentino area, an Italian alpine region, during the post-nuptial migration period, and monitored by a long term study by ringing activities (Progetto Alpi, Pedrini et al. 2008).
About 800 samples of feathers from 48 local bird species were collected during 2010 – 2012 years. Analysis of d13C, d15N, d18O and dD were performed on these samples using an Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometer (IRMS) interfaced with an Elemental Analyser or a pyrolyser after a pre-treatment of the feathers (cleaning with diethyl ether:methanol 2:1, equilibration to ambient humitity for 4 days and, for d18O and dD a final drying step wth P2O5 for another 4 days).
A first survey of the obtained data is presented in this work. As expected, the first statistical elaboration/’look’ of them confirmed that 13C can be used to trace the importance of different carbon pools to a consumer (e.g. C3, C4 or CAM plants, marine algae) whereas d15N vary as a function of a variety of biological, geochemical and anthropogenic processes and is a very effective tracer of trophic level. In particular, it was interesting to note that the specie Loxia curvirostra showed particularly high d13C and low d15N values probably due to the eating of conifer seeds and whereas the specie Motacilla flava, that bases its diet primarily on worms and insects, presented high d15N values. On the other hand d18O values mainly depends by geographical/diet factors whereas dD values are strongly affected by the geographical characteristics of the regions in which the birds grown or emigrated. The specie Troglodytes troglodytes, which is mainly sedentary, showed the higher dD values, whereas Carduelis spinus, which during autumn migrates from the north of Europe to the Mediterranean area, presented the lower values. As regards d18O, interesting was the very high values presented by Anthus pratensis specie.
Further elaborations/studies by adopting a multi-isotope approach could surely increase the resolution of migratory origins
Hierarchical models for describing space-for-time variationsin insect population size and sex-ratio along a primary succession
No full textChronosequences of glacier retreat are useful for investigating primary successions over time periods that are longer than direct observation would permit. In this context, space-for-time substitution studies have been applied to assess the effects of climate change on invertebrate assemblages. However, population dynamics of insect species following retreating glaciers has been under-investigated until now due to difficulty in applying capture-recapture methods and correctly identifying species in the field. Removal sampling methods are commonly used, but imperfect detectability is rarely accounted for in the analytical framework. In this paper we study the effects of environmental drivers of spatial, and indirectly temporal, variation in population size and sex-ratio of cold-adapted insects through a hierarchical framework for abundance. We show the importance of a metapopulation design, where samples are replicated in space and time, to model data from small and scattered populations, typically present in habitats with climate-mediated selective pressure like those along glacier forelands. This scattered distribution can influence the observation or sampling process and thus species detectability. Our results show that glacier retreat differently affects species-specific changes of population size and sex ratio along the chronosequence, even if the species are taxonomically related. Small-sized populations occur on the glacier surface, near the glacier front, and in sites deglaciated for at least 100 yrs. On the contrary, larger populations occupy sites deglaciated for more than 20 yrs, but less than 100 yrs. This pattern is described by the concave relationship of abundance with both species richness of other arthropods (proxy of habitat complexity) and soil organic matter (proxy of soil maturity). Sex-ratio showed opposite patterns in relation to time since deglaciation. Hierarchical models that estimate abundance of spatially distinct subpopulations represent useful tools for accurately assessing changes in species abundance following climate change while accounting for possible bias associated with imperfect detectability, an issue which is often neglected in space-for-time substitution studies on invertebrates and, more generally, in studies involving pitfall trapping
The use of stable isotopes (C,N,O,H) in the study of the postbreeding migration across the Alps
No full textIn animals the stable isotope ratios of bioelements such as carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen reflect those in the diet and drinking water, which in turn mostly depend on climatic, hydrological or geographical conditions, all this being due to isotopic fractionation occurring during physical and chemical processes and along metabolic pathways. For this reason, over the last 25 years analysis of stable isotope ratios has gradually become a formidable tool for animal ecologists. In particular, many studies have been carried out to track the movement and diet of birds over time and space, aspects fundamental for understanding their ecology, but also inherently difficult to determine.
The aim of this study was to extend knowledge of the origin and behaviour of migratory bird species crossing the Trentino area, an Italian alpine region, during the post-nuptial migration period, species monitored using ringing activities in a long term study within the Alpi project.
About 800 samples of feathers from 48 species were collected during the period 2010 – 2011 at Bocca di Caset ringing station (1605 msm). Analysis of d13C, d15N and d2H was performed on these samples using an Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometer (IRMS) interfaced with an Elemental Analyser or pyrolyser, after pre-treatment of the feathers (cleaning with diethyl ether : methanol 2:1, equilibration to ambient humidity for 4 days).
An initial survey of the data obtained is here presented. As expected, preliminary results confirmed that 13C can be used to trace the importance of different carbon pools in the foods consumed (e.g. C3, C4 or CAM plants, marine algae), whereas d15N varied on the basis of a variety of biological, geochemical and anthropogenic processes and is very effective in tracing trophic level. In particular species whose diet is based primarily on invertebrates (e.g. Motacilla flava), had the highest d15N values, whereas totally granivorous species (Carduelis spinus, Coccothraustes coccothraustes) showed the lowest values. Interestingly Loxia curvirostra showed particularly high d13C and low d15N values, probably due to the eating of conifer seeds. On the other hand, d2H values are strongly affected by the geographical characteristics of the regions in which the birds grew up. Species of central-European origin such as Troglodytes troglodytes showed the higher d2H values, whereas species that originate mainly from north-eastern Europe (e.g. Carduelis spinus, Fringilla montifringilla) showed the lower values. However, the range of values in some species (e.g. Delichon urbicum, Carduelis spinus, Fringilla montifringilla, Erithacus rubecula) was rather wide, probably due to a higher heterogeneity in their areas of origin.
The results are in agreement with the gained knowledge as regards both diet and possible origin of migratory birds in transit on the Alps and suggest that further elaborations with a multi-isotope approach might increase knowledge as regards migratory origin
Fluid Circulation And Solute Distribution In A Binary Fluid Mixture: Self-organization Under Osmosedimentation
No full textIn this work a theoretical analysis of the osmosedimentation process is presented. We investigate the role played by small-density non-uniformities in inducing fluid circulation and mass transport in a viscous binary mixture under a strong centrifugal field. We find that a Boussinesq term considered in the momentum equation is of fundamental importance in the convection-diffusion process. The strong centrifugal forces that develop in the solution as a result of the small-density inhomogeneities are responsible for the emergence of a dissipative structure: the fluid can show a complex arrangement of convection cells leading to solute mass redistribution. Time evolution of the cell patterns (convection cells and solution concentration cells) during the first stages of the osmosedimentation process is presented. The results are significant as a clue for understanding pattern formation in systems investigated in the laboratory. © 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.2571-4536541Chandrasekhar, S., (1961) Hydrodynamic and Hydromagnetic Stability, , ch. II, Oxford University Press, LondonGalembeck, F., Robillota, P.R., Pinheiro, E.A., Jokes, I., Bernardes, N., (1980) J. Phys. Chem., 84, p. 112Pires, A.T.N., Nunes, S.P., Galembeck, F., (1984) J. Colloid Interface Sci., 98, p. 489Galembeck, F., Pires, A.T.N., (1986) Separation and Purification Methods, 15, p. 97Nunes, S.P., Galembeck, F., (1987) J. Non-Equilibr. Thermodyn., 12, p. 205Rodrigues Neto, C., Tenan, M.A., (1994) J. Non-Equilibr. Thermodyn., 19, p. 157Kreuzer, H.J., (1981) Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics and Its Statistical Foundations, p. 114. , Clarendon Press, OxfordMello, C.A., (1994), Master Thesis, IQ - UNICAMP, BrazilSchachman, H.K., (1959) Ultracentrifugation in Biochemistry, p. 61. , Academic Press, New Yor
Gas-Phase Generation and Cyclisation Reactions of Imidoyl Radicals
No full textSome 1,2-diarylimidoyl radicals were generated in the gas-phase by intramolecular radical translocation from ortho-imino-aryloxyl radicals, in turn generated under flash vacuum pyrolysis (FVP)conditions. The imidoyls reacted with XR ortho¢-substituents in the N-aryl group to give (in most cases) modest yields of cyclisation products. Depending on the nature of the bridging atom (X), the formation of these products was initiated either by a further hydrogen atom translocation (X = CH2), or by ipso-attack onto the aryl group (R = Ph), or by direct substitution at the heteroatom (X = S). With XR = N(Me)Ph, the major reaction product was probably the result of a competing pathway not involving the corresponding imidoyl
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