1,721,185 research outputs found
(37(2):151-164)Characteristics of Corn Production in the Drained Paddies and Their Fertility Managements 2. Effect of in-row subsoiling with deep banding of fertilizers
No full text於1983～1987年間在霧峰（本所）、二崙、學甲、太保等地共八處，探討轉作田秋作玉米之播植行深犂同時深施肥料（in-row subsoiling with deep banding of fertilizers）之效果。深犂‧深施處理係使用一種深犂和淺犂所組合之雙層施肥播種機將所需磷鉀肥之全量及氮肥之半量（或2/3量）於播種時，以2 : 1比例各深、淺施於播植行下深約25公分處及播種溝旁（均使用粒狀複合肥料）；餘半量（或餘1/3量）氮肥則於膝高期追施（使用尿素）。
播值行深犂同時深施肥料之效果在10～30公分土層平均硬度大於30 bar，具有顯著犂底層的土壤地點最為顯著；霧峰四處之試驗，顯示在整地下，其效果較一般施肥法增產子實0.7～1.3 t/ha，增產率達11～25％，氮肥需用量亦可節省20％左右。此種效果之約半可歸因於播植行深犂本身，不同深度之深犂‧深施效果亦以25公分深顯著大於其一半深度者。
在本試驗之初期不整地下之播植行深犂‧肥料深施效果並未顯著，但經改善播種溝土壤之物理性（即該施肥播種機附加小迴轉犂打碎土塊並予壓實）後效果已顯著提高，接近於整地而行播植行深犂‧肥料深施者。
播植行深犂‧肥料深施之效果有顯著之土壤間差異；與各地10～30公分剖面土壤之平均硬度有顯著正相關（即與有效土層之厚度成負相關），顯示土壤硬度大、密實或有效土層淺等阻礙作物根系發展係轉作田玉米生長之主要限制因子，值得注意。
Effects of in-row subsoiling with deep banding of fertilizers were tested on eight locations of drained paddies which differ in compactness in the subsoils during 1983~1987. The subsoiling with deep banding of fertilizer was conducted by a mechanized planter．fertilizer applicator attached with subsoilers so that 2 : 1 portions of the basal fertilizers were banded simultaneously to the depth about 25cm beneath and 5cm beside seed rows, respectively. The basal fertilizers consisted of the total amount of phosphate and potassium fertilizers and one half (or two third) of the nitrogenous fertilizer required for the crop. The remainder half (or the remainder one third) of the nitrogen was applied as top dressing at the knee-high stage.
The effect of in-row subsoiling with deep banding was found generally significant in the drained paddies diverted for corn production; An yield increase of 0.7~1.3 t/ha, corresponding to 11~25% of the check yield as well as a higher fertilizer efficiency which save about 20% of the nitrogenous fertilizer were obtained in the paddies with high soil strength (mean penetrometer resistance greater than 30 bars) and significant plow pan in the 10~30cm stratum.
About one half of the effect was attributed to that of subsoiling itself and the effect of 25cm subsoiling was superior than that of 12.5cm.
The effect of in-row subsoiling with deep banding, however varied considerably among locations; There was a significant positive correlation between the mean strength of 10-30cm layer soil and the yield response to the in-row subsoiling with deep banding of fertilizers, indicating that either mechanical resistance or compactness of the soil that restrict root development is a main factor limiting the growth of corn in the drained paddies.
keywords: paddy field diversion, corn production, tillage, no-tillage, in-row subsoiling, deep banding of fertilizers
(35(3):318-334)Fertilizer Requirements of Corn in the Drained Paddies Related to Soil Fertility
No full text本試驗於兩年期間舉辦秋作試驗16處和春作試驗13處，探討臺農351號玉米在轉作田之肥料需要量與土壤肥力之關係，並概定各種要素之需肥診斷基準如下：
（1）各地之玉米施肥效應以氮和磷較高，鉀較低。秋作之氮素需要量平均為180公斤／公頃左右，其經濟用量平均則約為165公斤／公頃。氮肥效應之土壤間差異很大，但與有機質含量亦有粗略之負相關；故個別地點之氮需要量可由土壤有機質含量和該地之收量潛力決定。
（2）秋作磷酐的經濟用量平均在100公斤／公頃左右。各地磷肥效應與土壤有效磷測定值有密切關連，其中與Olsen 氏法之測定值關係較佳。土壤磷之診斷基準與磷肥之推薦量暫定如文中表4。
（3）秋作鉀（K2O）之經濟用量平均約為75公斤／公頃。各地之鉀肥效應亦與土壤之置換性鉀或孟立克氏鉀含量有粗略相關。土壤鉀測定值之診斷基準與鉀肥之推薦量暫定如文中表5。
（4）收量6.5噸／公頃之玉米植株三要素吸收量為N、P2O5、K2O各120、45、100~120公斤／公頃；其中子實之三要素奪取量各為85、35、24公斤／公頃。故N、P2O5之推薦量各165和100公斤／公頃實際上均已超過此等要素之植株全吸收量或子實之奪取量；吸收剩餘之磷肥固可蓄積於土壤中而提高其磷肥力，但剩餘之氮素在土壤中之動向卻值得注意。
（5）以上三要素推薦量係以中南部秋作為主所定。由於北部及東部為主之春作收量水準顯著低於秋作，其三要素需要量亦較秋作為低；氮、磷酐、氧化鉀平均需要量各在100~150、50~100、50公斤／公頃左右；上述各表中之不同土壤肥力級別磷、鉀推薦量於春作時亦應酌量減少。
又以上各種施肥推薦量係以整地栽培為主之情形下所定；在不整地情形下因氮肥的揮失、固定等較多而土壤氮的礦化供應卻減，其氮推薦量一般應較整地者酌予增高。
（6）玉米葉鎂濃度與土壤中之置換性鎂含量關係不大，卻與其置換性鎂／鉀比及葉鉀濃度關係密切，各呈顯著的正、負相關。故土壤中之置換性鎂含量很低固可導致玉米缺鎂，鉀肥施量過多亦會導致缺鎂現象。
在本試驗中雖有少數地點之玉米呈缺鎂徵狀，但施鎂之效果卻甚有限，詳細情形尚待進一步試驗。
To meet the current situation of large extension of corn in the drained paddies under the Rice Crop Substitution Program, a trial on the fertilizer requirements of the crop in the drained paddies was conducted on 16 and 13 locations, respectively in the fall and spring crop seasons during 1983-1985.
The cultivar tested was Tainung No. 351 which is a mid-maturing variety with growth duration of 120-130 days bred for the Program. The locations of the fall crop experiment were mainly distributed in the central and southern parts of the island, while those of the spring crop experiment were distributed in the eastern, northern and central parts of the island; among the locations, two in the central part of the island were conducted with both crops of the experiment. The results are as follows.
1. In the fall crop, the corn responds to N and P in most of the locations, whereas the response to K is smaller in most of the locations. The mean economic rates for N, P2O5 and K2O are 165,100 and 75 kg/ha, respectively. As the responses to P and K fertilizations are correlated to Olsen P and Mehlich K(or exchangeable K) respectively, the optimum rates for individual soil are recommended according to a soil testing criteria obtained from this study.
2. The yields of the fall crop on these locations ranged 5.0-8.4 t/ha, showing a large variation among the soils. The phosphate fertility as well as physical properties such as compactness of soils are considered as important fertility factors to be studied further.
3. The responses of corn to N P K as well as the yields are significantly lower in the spring than in the fall crop. The mean optimum rates for N, P2O5 and K2O in the spring crop are 100-150, 50-100 and 50 kg/ha, respectively.
4. The Mg concentration in leaves does not correlate with the content of exchangeable Mg in soils, however, it correlates positively with the ratio of exchangeable Mg/K in soils or negatively with the K concentration in leaves.
There were some locations with low ratio of exchangeable Mg/K in soil showing Mg deficiency symptoms in the plant, however, the response to the application of magnesium sulfate was rather limited
(21(1):11-17)RESPONSE OF RICE YIELD TO NITROGEN TOP-DRESSING DURING PANICLE INITIATION STAGE AND THE DIAGNOSIS
No full text為探討穗肥必需判定之基準，乃進行穗肥效應試驗，以檢討穗肥效果和幼穗形成期水稻營養狀態之關係，結果如下：
1. 穗肥之效果和幼穗形成期之植物體全氮含量具有顯著的負相關；第一期作時幼穗形成期之植物體全氮含量如低於1.8~1.9%，則穗肥之效果顯著，反之則否。惟此基準似因環境而稍異，如臺北試驗結果，似較屏東略高，為2.0％左右。
2. 穗肥之效果和葉鞘之澱粉堆積程度大致成正相關關係。即殿粉堆積愈明顯者，穗肥效果亦愈大。但其判定之基準仍因環境而稍異，如據臺北第一期作試驗結果，第四葉葉鞘之 部位，若有澱粉堆積則穗肥有效，若完全無碘反應則穗肥無效。但據屏東第一期作試驗結果，所觀察之判定基準則以四葉葉鞘之 部位（由底部量）為適合，即第四葉葉鞘之 部位如有澱粉堆積，則穗肥有效。
3. 由以上試驗測定結果，可獲初步結論，即穗肥之效果和幼穗形成期之植物體氮素濃度或葉鞘之殿粉堆積程度有關。惟此等穗肥需要性判定之基準則因環境、品種而稍異，應就區域別環境、品種相似者，加以試驗制定。
To develop a simple scheme for diagnosing the demand of nitrogen topdressing during panicle initiation stage (the stage when panicle primordium of about 1-2 mm long appears in the sheath), a study on relationship between the nutritional status of rice plant and its response to the fertilizer application has been conducted. The results are as follows:
1. The response of rice plant to panicle fertilizer was observed well correlated with the nitrogen content in the plant during panicle initiation stage, i.e., the lower the nitrogen content in the plant, the higher the response of the plant to the topdressing. In the first crop, the critical nitrogen content for obtaining positive yield response as observed in the Pingtung experiment (1968) was about 1.8-1.9%. However, as environmental condition varies, some fluctuation seems inevitable, e.g., the critical level observed in the Taipei expeirments (both 1968 and 1969 first crop) was about 2.0%.
2. The iodine reaction of sheath during panicle initiation stage was also correlated with the response of the rice plant to panicle fertilizer, although the criteria for determining the necessity of top dressing differ considerably among localities. For instance, in the Pingtung experiment (1968 first crop) the iodine reaction on the 3/4 position (as measured form the bottom of the sheath) of the fourth leaf sheath (the sheath attached to the fourth leaf as counted from the top, including the needle leaf) was observed critical for the diagnosis, i.e., if the reactions are mostly negative (90/100), the application of panicle fertilizer is not recommended and vice versa. Howver, in the Taipei experiment (1968 and 1969 first crop) the examination of the 1/2 position was observed more adequate for the diagnostic purpose.
3. Since the criteria for the diagnosis vary somewhat according to environmental conditions and to rice varieties, it is recommended that the exact figure should be determined locally where environmental conditions and varieties are similar
(25(2):93-107)A STUDY ON SOIL CHARACTERISTICS-YIELD RELATIONSHIPS AMONG SOME SOIL SERIES OF THE SLATE ALLUVIAL SOILS IN CENTRAL TAIWAN
No full text就本省中部粘板岩沖積土，於民國62年選8個地點，民國63年34個地點之水田，在標準施肥管理下比較水稻生育、收量之差異及有關土壤特性，結果如下：
1. 土壤調查所分排水良～尚良（田中、平和各系）、不完全（二水、二林、鹿港各系）與不良（秀水、社頭各系）各級別土系之田問滲透率（第一、二期作各於插秧後40及30天左右測定），平均各為0.80、0.35及0.06cm/day；差異顯著，顯示土壤調查以剖面形態之觀察區分排水性之良否頗能反映田問的實際排水情形；惟同屬排水不完全之各土系田間滲透率，則尚依質地剖面之粗細而有差異，如管嶼厝系＞二水（二林）系＞鹿港系是。
2. 稻谷收量亦依排水良～尚良＞不完全＞不良之次序而差異，但以第二期作較為顯著；其各級別土系之平均收量各為5.51、5.02及4.53ton/ha，差異均達顯著標準。同屬排水不完全之各土系平均收量亦以滲透率較高之管嶼厝系為高，慘透率較低之鹿港系為低。
3. 就34個地點之水稻生育、收量與12種土壤特性，求各種單相關及複相關，亦顯示第二期作水稻之牛育、收量與田問慘透率之關係最為密切。
收量低落地點之水稻，營養上除鉀素含量稍低外，並無任何其他要素之顯著不正常情形。表面排水或輪作等均對水稻少育有顯著的正效果，可見就中部粘板岩沖積土上述土系的範圍而言，排水性可認為係影響水田生產力之主要因素。
4. 一般言之，排水性較差的土系，表土中均有較高之pH值、CEC、有機質及碳酸鈣含量，蓋其地勢較低使然。又老沖積土與新沖積土比較（如二林系與二水系），亦有較高之有機物及CEC，蓋其風化時問較長之故。惟此程度之肥力差異或為排水性所限，或為集約之施肥管理所彌補，對於現實水田收量均非重要因素。
A total of eight and thirty four localities respectively, in 1973 and 1974 were set up on some wide-spread soil series of slate alluvial origin in central Taiwan with different drainage conditions, ages of deposition, and ranging from moderately coarse to fine in texture profiles, The growth and yield of the rice plants in these localities were compared under the standardized cultural practice and with ample application of N P K fertilizers, and the soil characteristics associated with yield difference were studied.
1. The mean natural permeabilities measured before the practice of field drying of the soil series of different drainage classes as classified by soil survey, i. e., well to moderately well, imperfect and poor were 0.80, 0.35 and 0.06 cm/day, respectively showing significant differences among each other. Thus the drainage classes determined by the morphological characteristics of profiles quite reflect their respective drainage status.
However considerable variations of permeability were also observed among the soil series of same drainage class hut with different texture profiles, e. g., the coarse textured Kuanhsutseu series has a significantly higher permeability compared with the fine textured Lukang series although both of them belong to the imperfect class.
2. The grain yields also differ among the soil series of different drainage classes according to the following order, i. e., well to moderately well>imperfect>poor, particularly in the second crop and the means were 5. 51, 5.00 and 4.53 ton/ha, respectively. Considerable differences in yield, however, were also observed among the soil series of the imperfect class but with different texture profiles, e. g., the yield of Kuanhsutseu series was significantly higher than that of Lukang series which was in accordance with the greater permeability of the former compared with that of the latter.
3. The studies of simple as well as multiple regressions between yields and various soil characteristics also revealed significant positive correlation between permeability and rice yield in the second crop. There were no particular disorder of any nutrient elements observed in the low yielding rice plant except that potassium content was sometimes lower slightly. Significant improvement in rice growth was observed by the practice of surface drainage or rotation in such cases. Thus the drainage status of soil can be considered most important governing rice yield in this area as far as the scope of soils studied.
4. In general, the soils with poor drainage have higher values of pH, CEC and contents of organic matter and CaCO3 which might be due to the physiographies of the localities. Moreover, the older alluvial soils also have higher organic matter content and CEC than the rescent alluvials soil (e. g., Erhlin series compared with Erhshui series) due to the time of weathering longer. 1-lowever rice yields were not affected by these extents of fertility difference due to the difference easily covered by the intensive fertilization practice prevailed or by the drainage factor dominating
Factors affecting popularity of leaf diagnosis in orchards and the counter measures
No full text植物營養診斷過去之遲遲未能全面推展，除了社會經濟因素外，(1)營養診斷基準之試驗依鋸欠缺及研究人員之拘泥於基準之探討，未能積極將已得試驗結果善加應用，(2)土壤、植体之分析以及分析結果之判釋效率不高，未能爭取時效，以廣得農民興趣，等亦甚重要。
其實葉片分析、營養診斷基準之試驗依鋸，除了構成植体之大量要素較難確定外，功能與植休內酵素活性有關之其他要素應可直接引用外國資料應用，蓋其受作物品種、氣候、栽培管理因素之影響較小，其臨界濃度或適宜濃度範圍之變異亦是較小，可以通用。大量要素之適宜濃度標準因受品種、氣候、栽培管理因素之影響較大，變異亦大。但若要等到肥料試驗之客觀分析，歸納出確切基準才應用，實嫌太遲，並且亦不符實際。應以既定基準出發，在實際診斷服務過程中依照個別狀況機動調整、再調整，才是較妥方法。
至於診斷效率之提高則可由：(l)高效能分析儀器之引進及分析自動化之加強，(2)營養診斷系統之發展，(3)診斷組織之加強；即基層服務單位、分析中心以及診斷研究單位之密切配台，等方面加以改進。
The factors hindering the popularity of leaf diagnosis in Taiwan have been assessed.
A positive attitude of researchers towards unification of the searches on optimum nutrient criteria of leaves and its confirmation of applicability in practical diagnostic service rather than an ordi nary attitude of conservative researchers who conduct trials solely for the searches was emphasized. The necessity of raising diagnostic efficiency by 1) improving the analytical facility, 2) developing a computerized diagnosis informatio.n system, and 3) strengthening the system of researchers and extension workers was also emphasized
(12(3):16-28)STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF SILICA ON PADDY RICE (Part II)
No full text1. 盆栽試驗顯示施用鑛滓或膠狀矽酸後一穗重及一枝藁稈平均重量均增，因而其谷藁收量亦獲增加。
2. 田間試驗結果表示鑛滓在桃園、臺北及冬山肥效顯著惟其餘各地則否。其稻谷增收程度據桃園、臺北兩地各3年間6期作之試驗結果平均（在氮肥一般施肥量之下）為9和10%。因石灰石粉效果甚小，該肥效當歸以矽酸為主要因素。
3. 各地鑛滓肥效之有否和藁中SiO2含量之高低有關。肥效顯著者其稻藁矽酸含量概低（如臺北、桃園、羅東均低為 5.5～9.0%）反之則高。（如屏東、嘉義、臺中各試驗地均高，為 9.5~13.5%）。以收穫時之稻藁為準SiO2 9~10%可為判定 Slag 有否肥效之界線。
4. 土壤測定結果知酸性之砂岩頁岩質沖積土及紅壤可溶性矽酸含量很低而 pH 值較高之粘板岩質沖積土，南部之砂岩頁岩質沖積土以及鹽鹼土則含量甚高。Slag 之肥效亦於酸性之砂岩頁岩質沖積土及紅壤較有希望。
Numerous literature on the nutritive value of silica to paddy rice was published in Japan. Its favorable effect on rice yield was widely confirmed, especially on the degraded paddy soil and the regions where soil is deficient in available silica or the silica content of irrigation water is low.
In this study, the evaluation of its applicability to our paddies has been in-vestigated in rescent years. Both pot and field experiments were employed.
The results showed that there were certain experimental localities showing response of paddy yield to the application of silicic slag, however there were also others on which no response was observed. The soils of those experimental localities on which the effect of silica was observcd are the acid sandstone and shale alluvial soil of Taipei, the latosol of Taoyuane and the ill-drained paddy soil in Illan. The increase of paddy yield caused by the application was 9% on an average. The effect was particularly significant when rice blast disease occurred.
The silica content (in SiO2) of the straw at harvesting time varied from 5% to 14% among different locaties, which reflected possible difference of silica supplying power among the varied kinds of soil. In general, the SiO2 ccntent of the straw obtained from those localities on which silica was proved effective are apparently low (5.5-9.0%) as compared with that obeained from other experimental localities (9.5-14.0%) The SiO2 content of straw and the response of paddy to silica applica-tion are apparently correlated.
The content of soluble silica in acid sandstone & shale alluvial soil and latosol was found very low as compared with that in slate alluvial soil, saline soil and mudstone alluvial soil. The content of soluble silica and the soil reaction seemed to be connected
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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