64 research outputs found
A reconsideration of the domestication geography of tetraploid wheats
No full textThe domestication of tetraploid wheats started from their wild progenitor Triticum dicoccoides. In this paper, the geographical distribution of this progenitor is revised to include more sampling locations. The paper is based on a collection of wild and domesticated lines (226 accessions in total) analyzed by AFLP at 169 polymorphic loci. The collection includes the 69 wild lines considered by Mori et al. (2003) in their study on chloroplast DNA haplotypes of T. dicoccoides. The goal of the experiment was to reconsider which location thought to have generated the domesticated germplasm has the highest chance of being the actual site from which wild progenitors were sampled during domestication. Phylogenetic analysis of the nuclear AFLP databases indicates that two different genetic taxa of T. dicoccoides exist, the western one, colonizing Israel, Syria, Lebanon and Jordan, and the central-eastern one, which has been frequently sampled in Turkey and rarely in Iran and Iraq. It is the central-eastern race that played the role of the progenitor of the domesticated germplasm. This is supported by the cumulative results of the AFLP data from the collections of Ozkan et al. (2002) and of Mori et al. (2003), which indicate that the Turkish Karacadag population, intermixed with some Iraq-Iran lines, has a tree topology consistent with that of the progenitor of domesticated genotypes. The Turkish Kartal population belongs genetically to the central-eastern T. dicoccoides race but at the nuclear DNA level is less related to the domesticated gene pool. A general agreement between published work on tetraploid wheat domestication emerges from these results. A disagreement is nevertheless evident at the local geographical scale; the chloroplast DNA data indicate the Kartal mountains while AFLP fingerprinting points to the Karacadag Range as the putative site of tetraploid wheat domestication
On the origin and domestication history of barley (Hordeum vulgare)
No full textRemains of barley (Hordeum vulgare) grains found at archaeological sites in the Fertile Crescent indicate that about 10,000 years ago the crop was domesticated there from its wild relative Hordeum spontaneum. The domestication history of barley is revisited based on the assumptions that DNA markers effectively measure genetic distances and that wild populations are genetically different and they have not undergone significant change since domestication. The monophyletic nature of barley domestication is demonstrated based on allelic frequencies at 400 AFLP polymorphic loci studied in 317 wild and 57 cultivated lines. The wild populations from Israel-Jordan are molecularly more similar than are any others to the cultivated gene pool. The results provided support for the hypothesis that the Israel-Jordan area is the region in which barley was brought into culture. Moreover, the diagnostic allele I of the homeobox gene BKn-3, rarely but almost exclusively found in Israel H. spontaneum, is pervasive in Western landraces and modern cultivated varieties. In landraces from the Himalayas and India, the BKn-3 allele IIIa prevails, indicating that an allelic substitution has taken place during the migration of barley from the Near East to South Asia. Thus, the Himalayas can be considered a region of domesticated barley diversification
ANÁLISE DA ATUAÇÃO DE PERSONAL TRAINNERS EM RELAÇÃO A PRESCRIÇÃO DE PROGRAMAS DE TREINAMENTO DIRECIONADOS À PROMOÇÃO DA SAÚDE DE SEUS CLIENTES
No full textO objetivo desta pesquisa foi verificar como os treinadores pessoais que atuam em Foz do Iguaçu/PR estão prescrevendo seus programas de treinamento e averiguar se estes programas estão sendo projetados de maneira correta para que promova a saúde de seus clientes. Participaram da amostra 22 personal trainners de 7 academias da cidade de Foz do Iguaçu. Para coleta de dados, foi utilizado um questionário contendo 10 questões objetivas e apenas uma questão aberta. Após a coleta de dados, verifou-se que 59,1% dos entrevistados não realizam avaliação física; 45,4% não fazem anamnese; 86,4% não aplicam o PAR-Q; que 31,8% consideram a osteoporose um risco primário para aterosclerose, enquanto apenas 13,6% consideram o sedentarismo e a hipercolesterolemia como fatores de risco primários. Os resultados ainda apontaram que 40,9% dos entrevistados não realizam nenhuma forma de orientação nutricional; que apenas 4,6% dos entrevistados são conhecedores dos benefícios do exercício físico para hipertensos e 68,2 % não conhecem quais os níveis normais de glicemia de um adulto aparentemente saudável. Quando tratou-se dos métodos de treinamentos para iniciantes, apenas 22,7% costumam utilizar o método Alternado por Segmento, que é o mais indicado. Com base nestes resultados pode-se concluir que grande parte dos treinadores pessoais não possuem embasamento teórico e científico e inexiste por parte de muitos a capacitação básica para elaborar, prescrever e orientar programas de exercícios físicos que promovam com cientificidade e segurança a saúde e o bem estar de seus clientes
Independent wheat B and G genome origins in outcrossing Aegilops progenitor haplotypes
No full textPubMedID: 17053048The origin of modern wheats involved alloploidization among related genomes. To determine if Aegilops speltoides was the donor of the B and G genomes in AABB and AAGG tetraploids, we used a 3-tiered approach. Using 70 amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) loci, we sampled molecular diversity among 480 wheat lines from their natural habitats encompassing all S genome Aegilops, the putative progenitors of wheat B and G genomes. Fifty-nine Aegilops representatives for S genome diversity were compared at 375 AFLP loci with diploid, tetraploid, and 11 nulli-tetrasomic Triticum aestivum wheat lines. B genome-specific markers allowed pinning the origin of the B genome to S chromosomes of A. speltoides, while excluding other lineages. The outbreeding nature of A. speltoides influences its molecular diversity and bears upon inferences of B and G genome origins. Haplotypes at nuclear and chloroplast loci ACC1, G6PDH, GPT, PGK1, Q, VRN1, and ndhF for ~70 Aegilops and Triticum lines (0.73 Mb sequenced) reveal both B and G genomes of polyploid wheats as unique samples of A. speltoides haplotype diversity. These have been sequestered by the AABB Triticum dicoccoides and AAGG Triticum araraticum lineages during their independent origins. © The Author 2006. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution. All rights reserved
Investigation of Chip Formation and Workpiece Load When Machining Carbon-fiber-reinforced-polymer (CFRP)
No full textAbstractCarbon-fiber-reinforced-polymers (CFRP) are increasingly used in aerospace industry due to their superior material properties in comparison to non-reinforced materials. In order to manufacture components made of CFRP, cutting processes are often required. These are challenging and different from metal cutting because of the heterogeneous structure (matrix and reinforcement) and the material properties of CFRP. In this paper, the chip formation and the workpiece load are investigated regarding the cutting condition used when orthogonal cutting CFRP with fiber orientations of 45° and 135°. The workpiece temperature significantly decreases using a smaller cutting speed or feed for cutting. The cutting speed is the most important cutting parameter for chip formation. At low cutting speeds (e.g. vc = 5 m/min), chips are formed. Concerning a cutting speed of vc = 100 m/min, the CFRP is removed by material fracture
Entre Thoth e Hermes Trismegisto : as cosmogonias egípcias na literatura hermética
No full textHermetic Literature encompasses a collection of documents ranging from magical papyri
with various incantations, treatises on astrology, instructions of an emerging alchemy,
excerpts, and treatises of "philosophical-religious" nature. The main characteristic uniting
this diverse documentation lies in the figure of Hermes Trismegistus (Ἑρμῆς Τρισμέγιστος).
In almost all of these documents, the figure of Trismegistus is central, whether as a
dramatis personae, a deity of worship, a pseudoepigraphic author of the documents, and
often amalgamating all these roles. Hermetic Literature, for the most part of its trajectory
as an object of academic study, has been examined and interpreted within a polarized
debate. On one side, there are those who defend it as exclusively originating from Greek
philosophy, while on the other, there are those who see beyond its birthplace and its
mythical, hybrid, and syncretic founding character, finding much more from ancient
Egyptian culture in its content. We intend to delve into the Egyptian legacy contained in
these documents by analyzing their texts in comparison with earlier texts of mythicalreligious
nature focused on the various cosmogonies originating from Egyptian civilization
throughout its history. Our aim is to, through the theoretical framework provided by Aleida
and Jan Assmann in their studies on cultural memory and the re-etymologization proposed
by Peter Kingsley, identify possible elements of the body of traditions concerning the
religious traditions of ancient Egypt, "under the Greek guise," from the Greco-Roman
period.NenhumaLiteratura Hermética abrange um conjunto documental que contém desde papiros
mágicos com encantamentos diversos, tratados de astrologia, instruções de uma
nascente alquimia, excertos e tratados de natureza “filosófico-religiosa ”. A principal
característica que une essa diversidade documental está na figura de Hermes Trismegisto
(Ἑρμῆς Τρισμέγιστος). Em quase todos esses documentos a figura de Trismegisto é
central, seja enquanto dramatis personae, como divindade de culto, como autor
pseudoepigráfico dos documentos e muitas vezes aglutinando todos esses papéis. A
Literatura Hermética na maior parte de sua trajetória enquanto objeto de estudo
acadêmico foi estudada e interpretada em um debate polarizado. Por um lado, há os que
a defendem como originada exclusivamente a partir da filosofia grega, por outro, os que
enxergam que além do seu local de nascimento e do seu do mítico, híbrido e sincrético
personagem fundador, existe muito mais da cultura do antigo Egito em seu conteúdo.
Pretendemos perscrutar o legado egípcio contido nesses documentos analisando seus
textos em comparação com textos anteriores de cunho mítico-religioso voltados às
diversas cosmogonias oriundas da civilização egípcia no transcurso da sua história,
intentando, por meio do aporte teórico fornecido Aleida e Jan Assmann em seus estudos
sobre a memória cultural e a reetimologização proposta por Peter Kingsley, identificar
possíveis elementos do corpo de tradições concernentes às tradições religiosas do Egito
antigo,“sob as vestes gregas”, do período greco-romano
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