130,501 research outputs found
I paid a bribe : An experiment on information sharing and extortionary corruption
No full textTheoretical and empirical research on corruption has flourished in the last three decades; however, identifying successful anti-corruption policies remains a challenge. In this paper we ask whether bottom-up institutions that rely on voluntary and anonymous reports of bribe demands, such as the I paid a bribe website first launched in India in 2010, could act as effective anti-corruption tools, and, if this is the case, whether and how their effectiveness could be improved. We overcome measurement and identification problems by addressing our research questions in the laboratory. Our results show that the presence of a reporting platform like the I paid a bribe website may be insufficient to systematically lower bribery. A more effective platform is one where posts disclose specific information about the size of the bribes and the location of their requestors, i.e., a platform that could serve as a search engine for the least corrupt officials, especially if posting is restricted to service recipients. Our results also show that while citizens rarely post false information, lying by officials, when allowed to post on the platform, is widespread
Stenus (Nestus) canosus Ryvkin 2012, sp. nov.
No full textStenus (Nestus) canosus sp. nov. (Figs. 4 A – B, 5 D) Material examined CHINA: Holotype: ♂, ‘NW China, Xinjiang Uygur | Zizhiqu, Tien | Shan, Southern slope of Narat Mt Ridge: | Koktau Mts, right confluent | of Koksu River, 3200 m, stone-| sandy bank of rill with sedge tussocks and | small willows. 25.07.[20]01. [S.V.] Saluk. No 11’ , ‘HOLOTYPUS’ , ‘ Stenus HT | canosus sp. n. | A.B.Ryvkin det., 2010’ (ZMMU). Differential diagnosis This new species is externally very similar to S. (N.) canaliculatus Gyllenhal, 1827 and differs from it by the character of the puncturation, which is much coarser, more sparse and irregular, by the less developed microsculpture, by the median furrow of pronotum, which is deeper and broader, and by the shape of the aedeagus. External differences from all the known species of the canaliculatus -group are given in the key below. Etymology The name of this species is the Latin adjective “ canosus ” (grey-haired). Description LENGTH. 4.0 mm (with abdomen extended). COLORATION. Black, distinctly shining, with moderately long and dense silvery pubescence. Legs dark brown with knees somewhat darkened, brownish-black. Antennae dark brown, with segments 1–2 pitchy-black and club vaguely infuscate; 1st segment of maxillar palpi yellow, 2nd brown with yellow base, 3rd dark brown with very base yellowish. HEAD. Distinctly broader than pronotum (50:44), somewhat narrower than elytra between humeri (50:53), much narrower than those in their broadest part (47:54). Front feebly evenly convex, with very vague and shallow lateral impressions distinguishable mainly between antennal tubercles and eyes. Puncturation moderately dense, somewhat irregular, evidently smaller and denser between antennal tubercles, partly nonrugosely confluent both there and at periocular areas, without distinct smooth spots and strips, but obviously sparser and greater in the middle; average diameter of punctures in the middle distinctly larger than the greatest cross-section of antennal segment 3. Frontal slope before antennal fossae rather flat. Anterior margin of labrum with small median notch. Antennae moderately long, scarcely reaching middle of pronotum. Length proportions of antennal segments 2–11 = 6:5:6:4:4:4:3:4:4.5:6; segments of club longer than broad (4:3, 4.5:4, 6:4). PRONOTUM. A bit longer than broad (45:44), broadest near middle of length, narrowed feebly convexly towards anterior margin and concavely towards posterior one. Longitudinal median furrow deep and sharp over entire length except for very anterior piece. Laterobasal depressions very shallow, nearly vanishing. Puncturation deep and irregular, partly nonrugosely confluent; punctures distinctly larger than those of head. ELYTRA. A bit broader than long (60:58), much longer than pronotum (58:45), at suture distinctly longer than the latter (48:45). Humeri anglarly rounded, lateral sides uniformly moderately divergent posteriorly (53:60). Humeral and sutural depressions feeble but evident in anterior half of disk. Puncturation deep, much more regular, evidently larger in diameter than that of head and pronotum, sometimes confluent, but not forming long furrows. LEGS. Fairly short; metatibia about 1/3 longer than metatarsus (40:29); segment 1 of metatarsi about as long as segment 5 (8:8). ABDOMEN. Moderately convex, with well developed paratergites and two pairs of keels at bases of anterior visible tergites. Lateral sides feebly uniformly convergent. Posterior margin of tergite 7 with fine light fringe. Puncturation of tergites evidently smaller than that of head and pronotum; on anterior visible tergites much denser and smaller laterally, medioposteriorly with some smooth interstices distinctly wider than average diameter of punctures. MICROSCULPTURE. Very fine mesh-like ground sculpture visible between punctures, mainly on elytra and abdominal tergites 8–9, as well as on lateral parts of head, pronotum and anterior abdominal tergites, median parts of abdominal tergites quite smooth or slightly irregularly netted only on edges of punctures. MALE. Meso- and metatibiae without specific characters; 8th abdominal sternite without conspicuous impressions and keels, its posterior margin with very broad and not deep angularly-rounded emargination; abdominal sternite 9 as in Fig. 5D; aedeagus as in Fig. 4A, B. FEMALE. Unknown. Remarks No records of S. (N.) canaliculatus were previously known from China or from adjacent countries of Central Asia. The capture of S. (N.) canosus sp. nov., which is closely related to S. (N.) canaliculatus, proves that their common ancestor was recently widely distributed throughout these spacious territories.Published as part of Ryvkin, Alexandr B., 2012, New species and records of Stenus (Nestus) of the canaliculatus group, with the erection of a new species group (Insecta: Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Steninae), pp. 1-62 in European Journal of Taxonomy 13 on pages 28-30, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2012.13, http://zenodo.org/record/385777
Stenus (Nestus) illotulus Puthz 1972
No full textStenus (Nestus) illotulus Puthz, 1972 (Fig. 2 C, D) Stenus (Nestus) illotulus Puthz, 1972b: 169. Stenus illotulus – Puthz 1972d: 107. — Shavrin & Puthz 2007: 120. Stenus (Nestus) illotulus – Ryvkin 1987: 159. Material examined RUSSIA: 1 ♀, Tuva, Todjenskiy District, Azas Nature Reserve, near cordon at Azas Lake, 940 m a.s.l., left bank of channel: sedge-gramineous bog (+ Trollius sp. etc.) with tussocks, 15 Jun. 1991, A.B. Ryvkin leg. (AR); 3 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀, Buryatia, Okinskiy District, 1900 m, Il’chir Lake, 21–23 Aug 2007, A.V. Shavrin leg., (AR, ASh); 2 ♂♂, Amur Area, Zeyskiy Nature Reserve, ‘34th km’ cordon, Gulik River valley, in litter, 23 Jun. 1978, V.V. Belov & S.A. Kurbatov leg. (AR); 1 ♂, Amur Area, Selemdzhinskiy District, Byssa River 10 km below ‘ Tyoplyi Klyuch’ spa, 290 m a.s.l., leaf litter among tussocks with Spiraea sp., Calamagrostis sp., Carex spp., etc. in high flood-plain, 3 Jun. 2007, E.M. Veselova & A.B. Ryvkin leg. (AR); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Amur Area, Selemdzhinskiy District, Byssa River basin, bottom part of mountainside NW of ‘ Tyoplyi Klyuch’ spa, 370 m a.s.l., litter under Alnus sp. with Spiraea sp., undergrowth of Betula platyphylla, Trientalis europaea, Poaceae gen. spp., Rubus arcticus, etc., 22 Jun. 2007, E.M. Veselova & A.B. Ryvkin leg. (AR); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Amur Area, Selemdzhinskiy District, Norskiy Nature Reserve, Selemdzha River basin, 2 km NE of Dvadtsatikha cordon, open swamp near lakeside: plant debris and sparse mosses among tussocks with Carex spp., Poaceae gen. sp., Salix spp., etc., 9 Aug. 2004, A.B. Ryvkin leg. (AR); 1 ♂, Amur Area, Mazanovskiy District, Nora River mouth, 210 m a.s.l., mosses and leaf litter on natural levee and in flood-plain forest with Alnus sp., Salix spp., Padus sp., ferns, Poaceae gen. spp., Carex spp., Smilacina davurica, etc., 6 Aug. 2006, E.M. Veselova & A.B. Ryvkin leg. (AR); 2 ♀♀, Amur Area, Selemdzhinskiy District, Norskiy Nature Reserve, Nora River basin near Maltsevskiy cordon, mosses and plant debris on swampy flood-plain lakeside: Carex spp., Calamagrostis sp., Filipendula palmata, Geranium sp., Comarum palustre, Spiraea sp., Salix sp., Sphagnum ? girgensohnii, Sph. squarrosum, Polytrichum commune, P. sp., Climacium sp., Iris sp., etc., 28 Aug. 2004, A.B. Ryvkin leg. (AR); 5 ♀♀, Amur Area, Mazanovskiy District, Nora River basin, Sorokavyorstnaya channel, upper reaches of Zolotoy Rill, 270 m a.s.l., mosses and plant debris along edge of slope swamp near mountain crest: Eriophorum sp., Chamaedaphne calyculata, Vaccinium uliginosum, Ledum palustre, Rhododendron sp., Betula ? fruticosa, B. platyphylla, Alnus sp., Oxycoccus sp., etc., 28 Jul. 2006, E.M. Veselova & A.B. Ryvkin leg. (AR); 1 ♂, Amur Area, Mazanovskiy District, Nora River basin, Sorokavyorstnaya channel, foot of S slope of Sosnovaya Mountain, 215 m a.s.l., flood-plain birch forest with Betula platyphylla, Alnus sp., Padus sp., tussocks of Carex spp. and Poaceae gen. spp., Pteridium aquilinum, Convallaria keiskei, Thalictrum sp., Equisetum sylvaticum, etc., 29 Jul. 2006, E.M. Veselova & A.B. Ryvkin leg. (LH); 3 ♂♂, Amur Area, Selemdzhinskiy District, Norskiy Nature Reserve, Nora River, 0.5 km up-stream of Gryashchinskaya Mt., mosses and leaf litter under Betula platyphylla and Larix gmelinii with Calamagrostis sp., Equisetum sylvaticum, E. pratense, Maianthemum bifolium, Polygonatum sp., etc. in burnt forest along river bank, 27 Aug. 2004, A.B. Ryvkin leg. (ShIN); 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀, Amur Area, Selemdzhinskiy District, Norskiy Nature Reserve, Nora River basin, 1.5 km up-stream of Gryashchinskaya Mt., mosses and plant debris on open swamp along lake side: tussocks of Carex spp. and Poaceae with Sphagnum ? girgensohnii, Sph. ? angustifolium, Sph. ? magellanicum, Sph. squarrosum, Sph. spp., Chamaedaphne calyculata, Vaccinium uliginosum, sparse Ledum palustre, Salix sp., Betula ? fruticosa, etc., 24 Aug. 2004, A.B. Ryvkin leg. (AR); 1 ♂, Amur Area, Selemdzhinskiy District, Norskiy Nature Reserve, Nora River basin near Meunskiy cordon, mosses and plant debris among Carex spp. & Poaceae with Comarum palustre, Sphagnum squarrosum, Sph. spp., Aulacomnium sp. and other true mosses near side of flood-plain lake and swampy road, 13 Aug. 2004, A.B. Ryvkin leg. (AR); 1 ♂, Amur Area, Selemdzhinskiy District, Norskiy Nature Reserve, Nora River basin near Meunskiy cordon, mosses and plant debris at flood-plain of a rill: Alnus sp., Carex spp., Poaceae gen. sp., Trientalis europaea, Convallaria keiskei, Sphagnum squarrosum, Sph. spp., Hypnum sp., etc., 15 Aug. 2004, A.B. Ryvkin leg. (AR); 1 ♀, Amur Area, Selemdzhinskiy District, Norskiy Nature Reserve (buffer zone), Burunda River basin, 1.5 km NW of Burunda cordon, plant debris among tussocks of Carex spp. under sparse Alnus sp. with young growth of Larix gmelinii along rill bank near road, 17 Sep. 2004, A.B. Ryvkin leg. (AR); 2 ♀♀, same locality and biotope, 18 Sep. 2004, A.B.Ryvkin leg. (AR); 1 ♂, Amur Area, Selemdzhinskiy District, Norskiy Nature Reserve (buffer zone), Burunda River basin, 0.5–1 km NW of Burunda cordon, plant debris and small true mosses among Carex spp. & Poaceae (+sweeping) along rill bank, 12 Sep. 2004, A.B. Ryvkin leg. (AR); 1 ♂, same locality, mosses and plant debris among sedge tussocks with Spiraea sp.,? Aulacomnium sp., Sphagnum squarrosum, Sph. ? girgensohnii, small true mosses, etc., 5 Oct. 2004, A.B. Ryvkin leg. (AR); 1 ♂, Amur Area, Selemdzhinskiy District, Norskiy Nature Reserve (buffer zone), Burunda River basin, 1.5–2 km SE of Burunda cordon, mosses and leaf litter under Betula platyphylla with Ledum palustre, Chamaedaphne calyculata, Salix sp., Sphagnum spp., Hypnum sp., Poaceae gen. sp., etc., 6 Oct. 2004, A.B. Ryvkin leg. (AR); 1 ♀, Amur Area, Selemdzhinskiy District, Norskiy Reserve, near Fevral’sk, 268th km of Belogorsk–Fevral’sk road, Tikhiy rill, 275 m a.s.l., mosses and plant debris between sedge & gramineous tussocks among Alnus sp., Salix sp., Spiraea sp. with Sphagnum squarrosum, Sph. spp., etc., 8 Oct. 2008, A.B. Ryvkin leg. (AR); 1 ♀, Khabarovsk Territory, Verkhnebureinskiy District, lower reaches of Verkhniy Mel’gin River near 1st rapid, 300–350 m a.s.l., moss and litter on steep rocky SE slope with Betula platyphylla, Abies nephrolepis, Larix gmelinii, Acer ukurunduense, Rhododendron dauricum, Poaceae gen. spp., Carex sp., Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Linnaea borealis, Maianthemum bifolium, Trientalis europaea, Ledum sp., Alnus sp., ferns, Equisetum pratense, Hylocomium splendens, Sphagnum girgensohnii, Dicranum sp., Ptilium crista-castrensis, Polytrichum commune, etc., 20 Aug. 2009, A.B. Ryvkin leg. (AR); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Khabarovsk Territory, Verkhnebureinskiy District, Ust’- Urgal Nature Park (project), near Semicha River mouth, SE side of old channel, 280 m a.s.l., leaf litter and moss in birch forest with Larix gmelinii, Ledum sp., Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Poaceae gen. spp., Carex sp. by edge of larch- Ledum sparse forest, 29 Aug. 2009, A.B. Ryvkin leg. (AR). Remarks This very nice and distinctive species was described based only on the male holotype, from Southern Cis-Baikalia (‘Südsibirien: Tunkun-Sajan’). In the same year, Puthz (1972c), based on two specimens deposited in the Helsinki Museum, reported S. illotulus for the N Lena basin: ‘Shigansk [=Zhigansk] und Ust-Aldan’. The latter specimen is a male, and the sketch of the aedeagus that I recently received from Dr. Puthz proves that it is unlikely that it belongs to S. illotulus. I think it necessary to accumulate additional material from the N Lena basin to give an adequate interpretation of these specimens. Shavrin & Puthz (2007) provided records for the Irkutsk Area (I have seen the specimen) and SE Buryatia; the mention of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and N Mongolia in distributional remarks by the named authors was not accompanied by a reference to any material. The remark concerning the Krasnoyarsk Territory was a misprint (A. Shavrin pers. comm.). The remark for N Mongolia is based on 2 ♂♂, 6 ♀♀, Mongolia, Terelji, 8–12 Jul. 1996, T. Ito leg. (GMR, TI, VP) (V. Puthz pers. comm.). The new data cited above from the Khabarovsk Territory, Amur Area, and Tuva Republic widen the known range of S. illotulus as regards both its SW and its E limits. Stenus illotulus, as well as S. raddei, inhabits moss and leaf litter in habitats moist to moderately wet, but is as a rule less abundant than the latter in those communities.Published as part of Ryvkin, Alexandr B., 2012, New species and records of Stenus (Nestus) of the canaliculatus group, with the erection of a new species group (Insecta: Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Steninae), pp. 1-62 in European Journal of Taxonomy 13 on pages 16-18, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2012.13, http://zenodo.org/record/385777
Do Competitive Bonuses Ruin Cooperation in Heterogeneous Teams?
No full textA debate among practicing managers is whether to use cooperative or competitive incentives for team production. While competitive incentives may drive individual effort higher, they may also lead to less help and more sabotage, with unclear consequences overall, especially when team members' abilities differ. Using a lab experiment, we examine how increasing competitive incentives affects performance as team composition changes. We find that competitive incentives generally under-perform noncompetitive incentives and a larger bonus does not generate enough effort to compensate for a loss in help. Our results help understand better how to balance out individual versus team rewards and how firms could structure teams when employees have heterogeneous abilities
Stenus vastator RYVKIN 1987
No full text<i>Stenus</i> (s.str.) <i>vastator</i> RYVKIN 1987 <p> <i>Stenus vastator</i> RYVKIN 1987: 152 f. figs.</p> <p> Diese Art ist aus dem Fernen Osten beschrieben worden. Sie ist dem <i>S. cephallenicus</i> äusserst ähnlich, die Apikalpartie des Aedoeagus jedoch noch schmäler (Abb. 20). Was die Proportionen angeht (Abb. 33), so liegen sie in der Variationsbreite des <i>S. cephallenicus</i>, wenn auch eher am Rand. Ich möchte es nicht ausschliessen, dass dieses Taxon nicht doch noch in die Variationsbreite des <i>S. cephallenicus</i> gehört; um diese Frage zu entscheiden, ist jedoch mehr Material aus Sibirien erforderlich.</p> <p>T y p e n m a t e r i a l:1 - Paratypus: Russland: Maritime Prov.: Tchugujevsky Distr., 23.IX.1973, Kurcheva (Mus. Moskau).</p> <p>M a t e r i a l: Russland: 30, 16: Primorski Kraj.: Anisimovka 70 km E Vladivostok, Litovka Mtn., 1000-1200 m, 8.VI.1993, Zerche (DEI, cP); 1: Sikhote-Alin, Oblachnaya 56 km SE Chuguyevka, 850 m, 2.VI.1993, Zerche (DEI); 3: Partisansk distr., Alexeyevsky Khreb. 20 km E Sergeyevka, S. env. Mt. Olkhovaya, 800-1200 m, 27.VII.1993, Pütz & Wrase (cPütz, cP); 1, 1: Olkhovy river, V. 1995, Sundukov (cPütz); 1: Ussuri-Gebiet, Alexeyevsky, 1100-1300 m, 14.VI.1993, Sundukov (MNHB); 2, 1: Irkutsk region: Taishetsky district, Ryabinovij (nezhiloj), 1000 m, 15.VI.1998, Shavrin (cShavrin, cP); 1, 2: Nizhnendinsk district: 20 km NW Yaga, 30.VI.1999, Shavrin (cShavrin, cP).</p> <p>Die Apikalpartie des Medianlobus ist vergleichsweise lang und schmal und zeigt apikolateral 3-6 längere Borsten, das ventrolaterale Borstenfeld trägt zahlreiche dünne Borsten. Die Ausstülpspange ist kräftig sklerotisiert, die "Daumen" ragen nach vorn vor, sind vorn spitz und median schmal, gesägt verbunden. Die Innensklerite des Medianlobus sind relativ breit und vorn kaum umgebogen.</p>Published as part of <i>Puthz, V., 2008, Stenus LATREILLE und die segenreiche Himmelstochter (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae), pp. 137-230 in Linzer biologische Beiträge 40 (1)</i> on page 157, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/5426801">10.5281/zenodo.5426801</a>
LOC Ultimatum data
No full textThis dataset is from our experimental study of ultimatum bargaining with rewards and punishments. There are two papers based on it: Pevnitskaya and Ryvkin (2022), "The effect of options to reward and punish on behavior in bargaining," Journal of Economics and Management Strategy, 31, 171-192; and a working paper "Locus of control in reward and punishment decisions."THIS DATASET IS ARCHIVED AT DANS/EASY, BUT NOT ACCESSIBLE HERE. TO VIEW A LIST OF FILES AND ACCESS THE FILES IN THIS DATASET CLICK ON THE DOI-LINK ABOV
MeSH term explosion and author rank improve expert recommendations
No full textInformation overload is an often-cited phenomenon that reduces the productivity, efficiency and efficacy of scientists. One challenge for scientists is to find appropriate collaborators in their research. The literature describes various solutions to the problem of expertise location, but most current approaches do not appear to be very suitable for expert recommendations in biomedical research. In this study, we present the development and initial evaluation of a vector space model-based algorithm to calculate researcher similarity using four inputs: 1) MeSH terms of publications; 2) MeSH terms and author rank; 3) exploded MeSH terms; and 4) exploded MeSH terms and author rank. We developed and evaluated the algorithm using a data set of 17,525 authors and their 22,542 papers. On average, our algorithms correctly predicted 2.5 of the top 5/10 coauthors of individual scientists. Exploded MeSH and author rank outperformed all other algorithms in accuracy, followed closely by MeSH and author rank. Our results show that the accuracy of MeSH term-based matching can be enhanced with other metadata such as author rank
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
"Closing the R&D Gap, Evaluating the Sources of R&D Spending"
No full textBoth spending and tax policies have been implemented in the United States with the goal of stimulating private sector research and development (R&D). Karier questions whether current R&D policy, especially the research and experimentation tax credit, can contribute to closing the gap between nondefense expenditures on R&D in the United States and such expenditures in other countries, such as Japan and Germany. He also explores possible changes to our current R&D policy to make it more effective.
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