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Finansowanie podmiotów gospodarczych poprzez crowdfunding jako alternatywny sposób dla finansowania produktami bankowymi w latach 2020–2023
No full textThe purpose of the article. This article is based on a study which aimed to determine whether crowdfunding had become a viable alternative to banking products for Polish companies between 2020 and 2023. It was important to verify the awareness of, and knowledge about, alternative forms of financing among organisations operating in Poland. The article therefore examines whether crowdfunding became an alternative to traditional sources of financing for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Poland between 2020 and 2023. The following hypotheses were therefore put forward:
H1: Start-ups were the entities that most frequently used crowdfunding between 2020 and 2023.
H2: Entities that did not receive financing from a banking institution during this period considered crowdfunding to be an alternative way of raising capital.
Methodology. The article presents the results of an empirical study aimed at determining the use of crowdfunding in Poland as a means of financing small and medium-sized enterprises between 2020 and 2023. It was also important to verify the methods used by the study participants to finance investments and current operations. The article uses a research methodology that includes the critical analysis of secondary sources, as well as methods such as analysis, synthesis, description, deduction, induction and reduction. Additionally, both Polish and foreign literature on corporate finance were analysed. Laws, resolutions, regulations, the scientific works of other organisations and reports were also examined to provide valuable information on crowdfunding in the 2020–2023 period. The generalising-synthesising method (deduction, reduction and induction) was employed to formulate recommendations. The inductive method was used to analyse the importance and characteristics of various sources of crowdfunding for enterprises. Conversely, the deductive method was employed to analyse the issue by starting from the macroeconomic situation in Poland and delving into the situations of enterprises and changes in the way they finance their activities. A reduction technique was used to perform a critical analysis of the literature and verify the formulated hypotheses.
Results of the research. A quantitative survey of 150 businesses showed that, between 2020 and 2023, a small percentage of respondents used crowdfunding. This figure was around 10%. Entities that have opted for this method of financing are primarily start-ups, which are defined as companies that have innovative technologies and/or business models and are striving for significant growth in terms of both employees and sales (Kollmann et al., 2015, p. 15). The study showed that, between 2020 and 2023, crowdfunding in Poland was mainly used by organisations from the IT, medical, cosmetics, and culture and arts industries. It is also important to note that awareness of this form of financing was relatively low during the analysed period. Only 20% of the entities surveyed found it interesting, while 24% had no opinion on the subject and 56% were unaware of it. The survey results showed that Polish entrepreneurs mainly identify the following forms of business financing: bank credit, own funds and capital borrowed from family or related parties.Cel artykułu. Badanie miało na celu ustalenie, czy w latach 2020–2023 finansowanie społecznościowe stało się realną alternatywą dla produktów bankowych. Ważne było również zweryfikowanie świadomości i wiedzy przedsiębiorstw na temat alternatywnych form finansowania ich działalności. W badaniu postawiono następujące hipotezy: H1: W latach 2020–2023 z finansowania społecznościowego korzystały głównie start-upy. H2: Podmioty, które w latach 2020–2023 nie otrzymały finansowania od instytucji bankowej, uznały finansowanie społecznościowe za alternatywny sposób pozyskiwania kapitału.
Metody badawcze. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badania empirycznego mającego na celu zidentyfikowanie wykorzystania finansowania społecznościowego jako sposobu finansowania przedsiębiorstw przez organizacje w latach 2020–2023. Ponadto ważne było zweryfikowanie sposobów finansowania inwestycji i bieżącej działalności przez uczestników badania. W artykule zastosowano metodologię badawczą obejmującą kry-tyczną analizę źródeł wtórnych, a także metody takie jak analiza, synteza, opis, dedukcja, indukcja i redukcja. Przeanalizowano polską i zagraniczną literaturę dotyczącą finansów przedsiębiorstw. Przeanalizowano również ustawy, uchwały, rozporządzenia, prace naukowe innych organizacji oraz raporty, które stanowiły cenne źródło informacji na temat finansowania społecznościowego w latach 2020-2023. Do sformułowania zaleceń wykorzystano metodę uogólniająco-syntetyzującą (dedukcja, redukcja, indukcja). Metoda indukcyjna pomogła w analizie znaczenia i charakterystyki różnych źródeł finansowania społecznościowego dla przedsiębiorstwa. Z kolei metoda dedukcyjna została wykorzystana do analizy zagadnienia, zaczynając od sytuacji makroekonomicznej w Polsce, a następnie zagłębiając się w sytuację przedsiębiorstw i zmiany w sposobie finansowania ich działalności. Przeprowadzając krytyczną analizę literatury, zastosowano technikę redukcji, weryfikując w ten sposób sformułowane hipotezy.
Wnioski. Badanie ilościowe przeprowadzone na grupie 150 przedsiębiorstw wykazało, że w latach 2020–2023 niewielki odsetek respondentów korzystał z finansowania społecznościowego. Było to około 10% respondentów. Podmioty, które zdecydowały się na tę metodę finansowania, to przede wszystkim start-upy, rozumiane jako przedsiębiorstwo funkcjonujące krócej niż 10 lat, posiadające innowacyjne technologie i/lub model biznesowy, dążące do znacznego wzrostu liczby pracowników i/lub sprzedaży (Kollmann i in., 2015, s. 15). Badanie ukazało, że z crowdfunding w Polsce w latach 2020–2023 korzystały głownie organizacje z branży IT, medycznej, kosmetycznej oraz kultury i sztuki. Warto również zauważyć, że świadomość tej formy finansowania w analizowanym okresie była stosunkowo niska. Tylko 20% ankietowanych podmiotów wskazało tę formę jako interesującą, podczas gdy 24% nie miało zdania na ten temat, a aż 56% nie miało wiedzy na temat tego rozwiązania. Wyniki badania wykazały, że przedsiębiorcy w Polsce identyfikują głównie takie formy finansowania działalności gospodarczej, jak kredyt bankowy, środki własne, kapitał pożyczony od rodziny/podmiotów powiązanych
Real Estate as Investment Instruments in Poland Between 2020 and 2023
Full text linkTheoretical background: The article constitutes an analysis of the macroeconomic situation from 2020 to the first quarter of (Q1) in relation to real estate investments. Factors such as the COVID-19 pandemic, the influx of refugees to Poland, and rising inflation had a significant impact on investor behavior in the discussed market. The dynamic macroeconomic situation also led to changes in consumer and tenant preferences, while significantly affecting demand and supply. The years 2020–2023 (Q1) were characterized by a distinct specificity that accentuated the risks associated with real estate investments. This emphasized clear differences in various categories between real estate as investment assets and funds, securities, or other alternative investment methods.Purpose of the article: The aim of the article is to identify the risks associated with real estate investment in Poland during the period from 2020 to 2023 (Q1). It is also crucial to describe the macroeconomic aspects and their impact on the investment real estate market during the mentioned period.Research methods: The article presents the results of an empirical study aimed at identifying factors contributing to the increase in risk associated with real estate investment in the years 2020–2023 (Q1). Additionally, it was significant to verify the financing methods for the purchase of investment properties by the survey participants. The study was based on a survey questionnaire. A total of 250 respondents participated in the study, expressing their willingness to purchase their first or subsequent property for investment purposes during the years 2020–2023 (1Q). Respondents were asked 7 questions, including those related to factors influencing or hindering the completion of investment property transactions in the years 2020–2023 (Q1), as well as the method of financing the purchase and the reason why respondents utilized borrowed capital or relied solely on their own funds. Furthermore the article employed a research methodology that included critical analysis of secondary sources, as well as methods such as analysis, synthesis, description, deduction, induction, and reduction. The Polish and foreign literature related to investment and investment properties was subjected to analysis. Additionally, laws, resolutions, regulations, scientific works from other organizations, and reports were studied, serving as valuable sources of information about the real estate market situation from 2020 to 2023 (Q1). In formulating recommendations, a generalizing-synthesizing method was employed (deduction, reduction, induction). The inductive method aided in analyzing the significance and characteristics of investment properties. On the other hand, the deductive method was used to analyze the issue starting from the macroeconomic situation in Poland and delving into the changes in the investment real estate market. By making a critical analysis of the literature, the reduction technique was applied, thus, verifying the previously formulated hypotheses.Main findings: Based on the conducted analysis, it can be observed that the return on equity (ROE) from real estate investments takes on a negative value when investors partially use borrowed capital. This situation is influenced by high interest rates. However, alongside this factor, there is also a social element related to the high demand for property rentals. In the case of investors investing solely from their own sources, this leads to a return on equity ranging between 2.7% and 3.6% during the analyzed time period. The conducted analysis reveals that macroeconomic, social, and legal factors dynamically shape the demand and supply in the real estate market during the period from 2020 to 2023 (Q1). This is closely related to the decisions of investors aiming to invest their capital in investment properties
Wpływ pandemii COVID-19 na sposób korzystania z usług bankowych oraz na postrzeganie banków w Polsce – na podstawie badania empirycznego
Full text linkCurrently, banks offer a wide range of products and services that are available by Internet particularly after the COVID-19 pandemic. This situation has contributed to changes in consumer behaviour and preferences. This applies to the banking sector and banking services.The article presents the result of the empirical study. The conducted research shows that the interest in online banking among customers over 50 has increased during COVID-19. The use of the mobile application has also increased in this time. Therefore, security in the network has become important to many customers.The second part of the survey showed that 26% of bank customers describe the current banking sector as greedy and 20% of respondents indicate that it is a safe branch of the economy. In the period of recent economic events, according to 34% of respondents, this sector is struggling with numerous problems and the stability of many entities may be at risk.Celem głównym artykułu była identyfikacja zmiany sposobów korzystania z usług bankowych przed, jak i w trakcie pandemii COVID-19 oraz weryfikacja tego, jak konsumenci postrzegają współcześnie instytucje bankowe. W artykule sformułowano dwie hipotezy. Pierwsza odnosi się do tego, że klienci banków przeszli w znaczącej części na zdalne formy korzystania z usług bankowych w okresie koronawirusa. Z kolei druga teza odwołuje się do tego, iż wykorzystanie bankowości internetowej spowodowało, że jej użytkownicy przywiązują większą uwagę do aspektu bezpieczeństwa niż przed pandemią.Na potrzeby niniejszego opracowania przygotowano i przeprowadzono badanie empiryczne. Podstawowym celem badania była identyfikacja zmian w korzystaniu z usług bankowych w okresie koronawirusa oraz weryfikacja postrzegania wizerunku banków w dobie ostatnich wydarzeń ekonomiczno-społecznych. Badanie przeprowadzono metodą ankietową, w której wykorzystywany był kwestionariusz ankiety.Na podstawie przeprowadzonego badania można zauważyć, że głównie osoby po 50 roku życia przeniosły się na zdalna formę kontaktu z bankiem na skutek pandemii. We wskazanej grupie wiekowej w początkowej fazie koronawirusa popularność zyskała bankowość mobilna. Przed pandemią 26% ankietowanych deklarowało, że odbywało wizyty w banku w celu wpłaty lub wypłaty środków z rachunku bankowego. W trakcie pandemii tylko już 1% badanych deklarował, że odbywał bezpośrednie spotkanie z doradcą bankowym w celu skorzystania z usług bankowych. 33% respondentów stwierdziło, że zmiana sposobu korzystania z oferty banku pozwoliła oszczędzić im czas, a 12% wskazało, że powodem zmiany była obawa o zdrowie i życie. Na uwagę zasługuje fakt, że aż 42% ankietowanych wskazało, że po pandemii COVID-19 zwróciło większą uwagę na bezpieczeństwo w sieci. Wzrost cyfryzacji wśród społeczeństwa przełożył się na wzrost świadomości w kwestii przestępstw finansowych popełnianych w Internecie
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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