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Problems Affecting the Implementation of Migrant Labour in the Example of OÜ Saru Lauavabrik
No full textLõputöö on kirjutatud OÜ Saru Lauavabriku näitel. Lõputöös keskenduti võõrtöötajate värbamist mõjutavatele probleemidele ühe kindla ettevõtte näitel.
Lõputöö eesmärk oli selgitada välja võõrtööjõu rakendamise olukord ja sellega seonduvad probleemid osaühingus Saru Lauavabrik. Eesmärgi saavutamiseks püstitati ülesanded, mis hõlmasid lõputöö metoodika esitamist, võõrtööjõu rakendamise õiguslike aluste ja nende sisu välja toomist, osaühingu Saru Lauavabrik võõrtööjõu rakendamise olukorra ja probleemide kaardistamist ning analüüsi ning järelduste ja võimalusel ettepanekute esitamist.
Osaühingu Saru Lauavabrik jaoks on võõrtööjõu värbamine olnud varasemalt ning on ka hetkel väga oluline, kuna kohalikke töötajaid piirkonnas ei ole. Võõrtöötajate rakendamist on aga mõjutanud mitmed probleemid, mida lõputöös on analüüsitud.
Osaühingus Saru Lauavabrik on üle poolte töötajatest võõrtöötajad, keda nii koroonapandeemia kui ka Venemaa-Ukraina soda oluliselt mõjutasid. 2019. aasta lõpus vallandunud koroonapandeemia tõstis märgatavalt toodete ja teenuste hindu ning sundis osaühingut Saru Lauavabrik mõtlema alternatiividele võõrtöötajate tööle saamiseks, kuna riigipiirid suleti. Võõrtöötajate Eestis majutamine aga oli väga kulukas, mistõttu väljaminekud oluliselt suurenesid. 2022. aasta veebruaris alanud Venemaa-Ukraina sõda lisas niigi hapras seisus olevate ettevõtete käekäigule veelgi raskust juurde. Ettevõttel tekkisid finantsraskused ning toodete tarneprobleemid, mis sundis töötajaid koondama.
Võõrtöötajate värbamine on küllaltki keerukas ja aeganõudev protsess ettevõtete jaoks. Sõltuvalt võõrtöötaja päritoluriigist on erinevaid nõudeid ja reegleid selleks väga palju, seda just eriti kolmandatest riikidest pärit töötajate puhul. Euroopa Liidu liikmesriikidest tuleva võõrtöötaja värbamine on oluliselt lihtsam ning kogu protsess ei ole nii aeganõudev. Sellegi poolest on võõrtöötaja värbamisel, sõltumata tema päritoluriigist, vajalik täita hulgaliselt dokumente, et kõiki nõudeid oleks järgitud.
Võõrtööjõu rakendamist reguleerib Välismaalaste seadus, mis ütleb, et Eestis ajutiselt viibiv või Eestis elav välismaalane on kohustatud järgima Eesti põhiseaduslikku korda ja Eesti õigusakte, austama põhiseaduslikke väärtusi ja printsiipe. Eestis tööle asumiseks on vaja õiguslikku alust Eestis viibimiseks ja töötamiseks, milleks tavapäraselt on viisa. Lühiajaline võõrtööjõu töötamine tuleb enne tööle asumist registreerida Politsei- ja Piirivalveametis, taotlusele tuleb lisada töötaja foto, riigilõivu tasumist tõendav dokument ning koopia välismaalase reisidokumendist isikuandmetega. Pikemaajaliseks Eestis viibimiseks ja töötamiseks tuleb taotleda elamisluba. Tähtajalise elamisloa töötamiseks andmise eesmärk on soodustada Eesti majanduse, teaduse, hariduse või kultuuri arengut, luues võimaluse võtta Eestisse tööle vajalike teadmiste ja oskustega välismaalasi. Tööandja on kohustatud kontrollima, et tema juures töötaval välismaalasel oleks Eestis viibimiseks ja töötamiseks õiguslik alus. Õiguse Eestis viibida ja töötada annab tavapäraselt kas lühiajalise töötamise registreerimine ja pikaajalise D-viisa taotlemine või töötamist võimaldav elamisluba. Välismaalane on Eestis mitteresident, kui ta on Eestisse lähetatud , töötaja on töölähetusel ning tema tööandjaks on välismaa tööandja või ta ei viibi Eestis enam kui 183 päeva iga 12 kuulise perioodi jooksul. Füüsiline isik on resident, kui tema elukoht on Eestis või kui ta viibib Eestis 12 järjestikuse kalendrikuu jooksul vähemalt 183 päeval. Isik loetakse residendiks alates tema Eestisse saabumise päevast.
Antud ettevõtte puhul on võõrtööjõu värbamisel lähtutud kehtivatest nõuetest. Kõik võõrtöötajad on Euroopa Liidu liikmesriigi kodanikud, mistõttu on värbamisel kehtivad nõuded mõnevõrra leebemad. Pole vaja taotleda ei elamisluba ega ka pikaajalist töötamist võimaldavad D-viisat. Küll aga on kõigile võõrtöötajatele taotletud maksuresidentsus. Kõik töötajad on registreeritud ka nõuete kohaselt Tööinspektsioonis ning Maksu- ja Tolliameti töötamise registris.
Võõrtööjõu rakendamine osaühingu Saru Lauavabrik puhul on kestnud juba väga pikki aastaid. Ettevõttes on välja kujunenud kindel tööde jaotus ja järjekord, mille alusel võõrtöötajaid ettevõttesse värvatakse. Valminud on dokumentide kogumik, mis on kooskõlas Eestis kehtivate seadustega ning vastab kõigile kehtivatele nõuetele.
Lõputöö tulemusena esitati ettevõttele ettepanek tõlkida dokumentide kogumik vene keelde, mis muudaks võõrtöötajatel dokumentidest arusaamise lihtsamaks ning värbamise protsessi kiiremaks.
Lõputöös tugineti uurimistöö põhjale, kus on välja toodud võõrtöötajate rakendamise õiguslikud alused, värbamiseks vajalikud dokumendid ning probleemid Eestis töötavate võõrtöötajatega. Uurimistöö tugines seadustele ning valdkonna spetsialistide ja ministeeriumite poolt koostatud artiklitele.The title of the thesis: Problems affecting the implementation of migrant labour in the example of OÜ Saru Lauavabrik. The thesis is written based on the example of Saru Lauavabrik Ltd. The thesis focused on the problems affecting the recruitment of foreign workers using the example of a specific company.
The aim of the thesis was to identify the situation of employing foreign labor and the associated problems in Saru Lauavabrik Ltd. To achieve this goal, tasks were set, which included presenting the methodology of the thesis, outlining the legal grounds and content of employing foreign labor, mapping the situation and problems of employing foreign labor in Saru Lauavabrik Ltd, and conducting an analysis with conclusions and, if possible, proposals.
Recruiting foreign workers has been and is currently very important for Saru Lauavabrik Ltd, as there are no local workers available in the area. However, the employment of foreign workers has been influenced by several problems, which have been analyzed in the thesis.
In Saru Lauavabrik Ltd, over half of the employees are foreign workers, who were significantly affected by both the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russia-Ukraine conflict. The COVID-19 pandemic, which erupted at the end of 2019, significantly raised the prices of products and services, forcing Saru Lauavabrik Ltd to consider alternatives for employing foreign workers as the borders were closed. However, accommodating foreign workers in Estonia was very costly, leading to a significant increase in expenses. The Russia-Ukraine war that began in February 2022 further added difficulties to the already fragile situation of businesses. The company faced financial difficulties and delivery problems, which forced them to lay off employees.
Recruiting foreign workers is a rather complex and time-consuming process for companies. Depending on the country of origin of the foreign worker, there are many different requirements and rules, especially for workers from third countries. Recruiting foreign workers from European Union member states is significantly easier, and the entire process is not as time-consuming. Nevertheless, regardless of the worker's country of origin, recruiting a foreign worker requires filling out a considerable amount of paperwork to ensure that all requirements are met.
The employment of foreign labor is regulated by the Law on Foreigners, which states that a foreigner residing temporarily or permanently in Estonia is obliged to comply with the constitutional order of Estonia and Estonian legislation, respect constitutional values and principles. To start working in Estonia, a legal basis for residing and working in Estonia is required, usually a visa. Short-term employment of foreign labor must be registered with the Police and Border Guard Board before starting work, and the application must include the employee's photo, proof of payment of state fee, and a copy of the foreigner's travel document with personal data. For longer stays and work in Estonia, a residence permit must be applied for. The purpose of granting a temporary residence permit for employment is to promote the development of the Estonian economy, science, education, or culture by providing an opportunity to employ foreigners with the necessary knowledge and skills in Estonia. The employer is obliged to verify that the foreigner working for him has a legal basis for residing and working in Estonia. The right to reside and work in Estonia is usually granted by registering short-term employment and applying for a long-term D-visa or a residence permit enabling work. A foreigner is a non-resident in Estonia if he is sent to Estonia, the employee is on a business trip, and his employer is a foreign employer, or if he does not stay in Estonia for more than 183 days in every 12-month period. A physical person is considered a resident if his place of residence is in Estonia or if he stays in Estonia for at least 183 days in 12 consecutive calendar months. A person is considered a resident from the day of his arrival in Estonia.
In the case of this company, the recruitment of foreign labor is based on current requirements. All foreign workers are citizens of European Union member states, which somewhat relaxes the requirements for recruitment. There is no need to apply for either a residence permit or a long-term D-visa. However, tax residency has been applied for all foreign workers. All employees are also registered in accordance with the requirements of the Labour Inspectorate and the working register of the Tax and Customs Board.
The employment of foreign labor in Saru Lauavabrik Ltd has been going on for many years. The company has established a clear distribution of tasks and a sequence according to which foreign workers are recruited into the company. A collection of documents has been compiled, which is in line with the laws in force in Estonia and meets all current requirements.
As a result of the thesis, the company was presented with a proposal to translate a collection of documents into Russian, which would make it easier for migrant workers to understand the documents and speed up the recruitment process.
The thesis relied on research, which outlined the legal grounds for employing foreign workers, the necessary documents for recruitment, and the problems with foreign workers working in Estonia. The research was based on laws and articles prepared by industry specialists and ministries
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
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koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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