226 research outputs found
Study and implementation of simplistic spoofing countermeasures for smartphones and unmanned aerial vehicles
No full textL'abstract è presente nell'allegato / the abstract is in the attachmen
Improving GNSS Spoofing Awareness in Smartphones via Statistical Processing of Raw Measurements
No full textDue to the low received power of Global Navigation Satellite Signals (GNSS), the performance of GNSS receivers can be disrupted by anthropogenic radio frequency interferences, with intentional jamming and spoofing activities being among the most critical threats. It is reported in the literature that modern, GNSS-equipped Android smartphones are generally resistant to simplistic spoofing, and many recent contributions support such a biased belief. In this paper, we present the results of a test campaign designed to further stress the resilience of such devices to simplistic spoofing attacks and highlight their actual vulnerability. We then propose an effective spoofing detection technique, that exploits the spatial and temporal correlation of the counterfeit signals by leveraging the statistical analysis of raw GNSS measurements. By not requiring access to the low signal processing level of the GNSS receiver, the proposed solution applies to any device embedding a GNSS receiver that provides raw GNSS measurements, such as current Android smartphones. Vulnerability analysis and validation of the proposed technique were conducted in a controlled environment by transmitting realistic, counterfeit Global Positioning System L1/CA navigation signals to a variety of Android smartphones embedding also different GNSS chipsets. We show that, under proper conditions, the devices were vulnerable to the attacks and that the effects were visible through their raw measurements, i.e., Carrier-to-noise ratio , pseudo-range measurements, and position estimates. In particular, the study demonstrates that cross-correlation between the time series provided by each device for different GNSS satellites increases under spoofing conditions, thus constituting an effective metric to detect the attack within a few seconds
Detecting Single-antenna Spoofing Attacks by Correlation in Time Series of Raw Measurements
No full textGlobal Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers are vulnerable to intentional radio frequency interferences, posing significant risks to their performance and reliability. Among these threats, it has been widely argued that modern GNSS-equipped AndroidTM smartphones are resilient to non-coherent spoofing attacks. This study challenges such a perception by highlighting the vulnerability of GNSS-equipped AndroidTM smartphones to single-antenna, non-coherent spoofing attacks and proposing a novel, application-level detection technique solely based on raw GNSS observables, i.e., carrier-to-noise-density time series. The analysis demonstrated the capability of successfully detecting such attacks by observing the cross-correlation among Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) measurements time series. Cross-correlation quantified by Pearson’s correlation coefficients shows a relevant increment during harmful spoofing attacks. Under these conditions, the proposed methodology allows to rise a spoofing alarm in about 5 seconds with a false alarm probability of 1.5%. Furthermore, the proposed technique does not require low-level signal access, making it suitable for implementation at the application layer in a large number of smart devices with limited knowledge of their low-level system architecture. A validation campaign has been performed by testing 18 different AndroidTM devices and chipsets, thus demonstrating the applicability of the proposed method independently from the device under test
Assessment of the Vulnerability to Spoofing Attacks of GNSS Receivers Integrated in Consumer Devices
No full textIn this paper, we investigate the effects of spoofing attacks on the mass-market positioning and navigation units
integrated in modern day AndroidTM smartphones. In order to operate spoofing in a real environment, we signed and implemented a portable, configurable, low-cost GPS spoofer exploiting a software-defined radio (SDR) implementation and a low-cost front-end. Such a tool has been exploited to set up a test campaign trying to mislead the Position, Velocity and Time computation of different AndroidTM smartphones. The effects of such simplistic spoofing attack on the smartphone GNSS has been assessed observing raw measurements and the evaluated positions and time. The main findings of this work showed that modern AndroidTM devices have a remarkable resilience to simplistic spoofing attacks, highlighting in parallel further potential weaknesses to be protected by means of practical defence mechanisms and countermeasures to spoofing
GNSS Anti-Spoofing Defense Based on Cooperative Positioning
No full textRadio navigation is of utmost importance in several application fields. Nowadays, many civil and professional applications massively rely on the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and related technologies to accurately estimate position and time. Existing GNSS-based systems are threatened by malicious attacks among which spoofing and meaconing constitute severe challenges to the receiver. Several of such GNSS systems constitute mass market applications and devices, and a threat to the GNSS receiver could have cascading effects at application levels and for interconnected systems. Networked GNSS receivers are in general ubiquitous because any receiver embedded in a complex system such as a smart device or smart connected cars can exploit network connectivity. This novel generation of valuable-performance GNSS receivers are prone both to standard RF spoofing attacks and to cyber-attacks conceived to hijack complex network based services such as DGNSS-based cooperative positioning. By means of a set of experimental tests, this paper highlights possible metrics to be checked to identify malicious attacks to the positioning and navigation systems in mass market connected devices. The network-based exchange of GNSS data such as GNSS raw measurements recently disclosed in Android smart devices is conceived in this work to offer the possibility to compare or combine such metrics to better identifies spoofing and meaconing attacks
Warna Lokal Minangkabau dalam Novel Dayon Karya Akmal Nasery Basral
No full textLocal colors have an influence on the development and introduction of the local culture of an area. The purpose of the study describes the local colors of Minangkabau in the novel Dayon by Akmal N Basral. Data collection techniques include reading techniques, note-taking techniques, and library techniques. The collected research data is analyzed through three stages including, data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results of the analysis show that there is a local color content in the novel Dayon by Akmal N Basral, including: a) Inyiak Tiger Beliefs, b) Minangkabau Community Customs, c) art, d) language, e) livelihood of foodstuffs, f) local animals, and g) Traditional Houses. The existence of local color content in Dayon's novel shows that the author photographed the activities of the Minangkabau people. The local content is able to become a characteristic of regional communities and is useful in shaping the character of the nation.  
REPRESENTASI PERJUANGAN MANUSIA PERBATASAN NOVEL BATAS KARYA AKMAL NASERY BASRAL REPRESENTATION OF THE BORDER HUMAN STRUGGLE NOVEL BATAS WORKS AKMAL NASERY BASRAL
No full textThis article identifies and describes how the linkage of structural elements and the study of representations contained in the novel Limit Nasery Basral Akmal works. The purpose of this research is to develop the science that studies about the arts, especially the representation of the novel in life. Representation of the human struggle in the novel boundary limits Akmal works Nasery Basral identify similarities world described in the novel by the author of the reality of life in the area perbatasa Indonesia and Malaysia. In this representation studies have found similarities that human smuggling occurs in border areas of Indonesia and Malaysia, human trafficking, and the poor condition of education in Indonesia's border with Malaysia
The Role of Manufacturing Execution Systems in Supporting Lean Manufacturing
No full textPart 4: Lean Product Development and the Role of PLMInternational audienceIn order to deal with global competition and increased customers expectation, companies must improve the efficiency of their manufacturing processes. Mainly, two approaches are available: the implementation of lean manufacturing practices and the deployment of information tools for data analysis. For a long time, these two strategies have been considered mutually exclusive; recently, it was understood that information concerning the manufacturing process is mandatory for the effective implementation of lean practices. This work aims at showing how Manufacturing Execution Systems (MES) can support the lean manufacturing paradigm into a medium size enterprise. The case study of a company in the supply chain of automotive components is presented to provide evidence about the role of MES and to highlight possible criticalities occurring during its implementation
TUGAS DAN TANGGUNG JAWAB CONCIERGE DALAM MENANGANI BARANG BAWAAN TAMU DI HOTEL DOUBLETREE SURABAYA
No full textThe purpose of writing this Final Project is to find out the duties and responsibilities of the concierge in handling guest luggage at the DoubleTree Surabaya Hotel. The writer who is also an training at the DoubleTree by Hilton Hotel Surabaya makes observations about the duties and responsibilities of the concierge at the DoubleTree by Hilton Hotel Surabaya. The author can conclude that the duties and responsibilities of the concierge in handling guests' luggage in the Front Office department at the Double Tree Hotel Surabaya include Check in, Check out, Change Room, guest grub, storage of guest luggage
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