170,223 research outputs found
Beyond coups : terrorism and military involvement in politics
No full textA wealth of research in comparative politics and international relations examines how the military intervenes in politics via coups. We shift attention to broader forms of military involvement in politics (MIP) beyond coups, and claim that terrorist violence and the threat of terror attacks provide a window of opportunity for military intervention, without taking full control of state institutions. We highlight two mechanisms through which terrorism influences MIP: government authorities demand military expertise to fight terrorism and strengthen national security and ‘pull’ the armed forces into politics, and state armed actors exploit their informational advantage over civilian authorities to ‘push’ their way into politics and policy making. A panel data analysis shows that domestic terror attacks and perceived threats from domestic and transnational terrorist organizations increase MIP. We illustrate the theoretical mechanisms with the cases of France (1995-98 and 2015-16) and Algeria (1989-92)
Military Cultures in Peace and Stability Operations Afghanistan and Lebanon
No full textChiara Ruffa argues that civil-military relations and societal beliefs about the use of force shape the military culture of an army in its home country and has an impact on soldiers' behavior overseas and their ability to keep the peace.Cover -- Contents -- Introduction -- 1. Force Employment, Unit Peace Operation Effectiveness, and Military Cultures -- 2. French and Italian Military Cultures -- 3. French and Italian Units in Lebanon -- 4. French and Italian Units in Afghanistan -- Conclusion -- Appendix -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- H -- I -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- W -- AcknowledgmentsChiara Ruffa argues that civil-military relations and societal beliefs about the use of force shape the military culture of an army in its home country and has an impact on soldiers' behavior overseas and their ability to keep the peace.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
La domus tardoantica di via Olmetto/vicolo S. Fermo a Milano: una revisione dei dati d’archivio e nuove considerazioni sul tessellato con amorini pescatori
No full textIl territorio
No full textDescrizione dell’ambiente (geologia, suoli, altitudine, clima, vegetazione) dell’area archeologica oggetto degli articoli raccolte nel volume
Composing Peace : Mission composition in UN peacekeeping
No full textThe book explores how diversity in United Nations’ peace mission composition affects peacekeeping effectiveness. It identifies four key dimensions of composition: Blue Helmets’ field diversity, top mission leadership diversity (between Force Commander and Special Representative of the Secretary General), vertical leadership distance (Leadership-Blue Helmets), and horizontal distance with the local population. Each dimension of diversity of mission is measured as linguistic, geographical, and religious distance. Our book conceptualizes original mechanisms—i. resolve commitment; ii. informative trust; iii. informative communicability; iv. skilled persuasion—through which diversity can shape mission effectiveness such as trust, communicability, deterrence, and persuasion. It then evaluates each dimension separately through three pathway case studies—the UN missions in Lebanon, in Mali, and in the Central African Republic—and quantitative analyses based on a global dataset of peacekeeping operations deployed since the end of the Cold War. The book finds that diversity of Blue Helmets and diversity of top leadership may increase the mission’s capacity to reduce battle-field violence and civilian victimization. At the same time, the effects of diversity are contextual and contingent. In fact, looking at the relation between peacekeepers and Force Commanders, proximity between them is generally associated with better performances. Furthermore, homogeneity between local populations and peacekeepers, or low distance between them, is also related to low levels of hostility and casualties. This book crucially demonstrates why diversity of mission composition is a key variable to consider when trying to enhance peacekeeping effectiveness
The role of molecular gas in the nuclear regions of IRAS 00183-7111: ALMA and X-ray investigations of an ultraluminous infrared galaxy
No full textAims. We present a multi-frequency study of the ultraluminous infrared galaxy (ULIRG) IRAS 00183-7111 (z = 0.327), selected from the Spoon diagnostic diagram as a highly obscured active galactic nucleus (AGN) candidate. ALMA millimetre and X-ray observations are used; the main aim is to verify at what level the molecular gas, traced by the CO, may be responsible for the obscuration observed at X-ray energies. Theory and observations both suggest that galaxy-scale absorption may play a role in the AGN obscuration at intermediate (i.e. Compton-thin) column densities. Methods. We calibrated and analysed ALMA archival Cycle 0 data in two bands (Bands 3 and 6). The X-ray properties of IRAS 00183-7111 were studied by reducing and analysing separately archival Chandra and XMM-Newton data; recently acquired NuSTAR spectra were first examined individually and then added to the Chandra and XMM spectra for the broad-band (0.5 - 24 keV, observed frame) analysis. Results. We derived a molecular gas column density of (8.0 ± 0.9) × 1021 cm-2 from the ALMA CO(1-0) detection, while the best-fit column density of cold gas obtained from X-ray spectral fitting is 6.8-1.5+2.1×1022 cm-. The two quantities suggest that the molecular gas may contribute only a fraction of the AGN obscuration; however, the link between them is not straightforward. The nuclear regions of IRAS 00183-7111 are likely stratified into different layers of matter: one inner and highly ionized by the strong radiation field of the AGN (as inferred from the high-ionization iron line found in the X-ray spectra), and one outer and colder, extending more than 5 kpc from the nucleus (as traced by the molecular gas observed with ALMA). The molecular gas regions also give rise to a vigorous starburst with SFR ∼260 ± 28 Mo yr-1. The complexity of this nuclear environment makes it difficult to identify the origin of the AGN obscuration given the quality of the data currently available. Higher resolution observations in the millimetre regime are needed to deeply investigate this issue
I forni di riduzione e le forge
No full textDiscussione dei tipi di forni di riduzione usati nel sito, loro ricostruzione ed efficacia da un punto di vista termodinamico
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