9 research outputs found
Différenciation selon le genre dans l’étude de l’intention entrepreneuriale des nouveaux diplômés : le cas des étudiants des filières professionnelles dans le Grand Nord au Cameroun
No full textEntrepreneurship has been the subject of several works in the field of business creation. This work most often focuses on the gender approach in entrepreneurial dynamics with notable shortcomings in the specificities associated with the various variables that are taken into account in these studies. Also, there are shortcomings in the target chosen, as previous studies focus on either men or women. A joint study in a differentiated approach is rarely observed, yet this is a field of research to be found. The purpose of this article is to study the evolution of the entrepreneurial intention of new graduates in higher education, using a gender-differentiated approach. To achieve this, a qualitative methodology of exploratory type was carried out among students from the Far North in Cameroon newly graduated in professional fields. Semi-directional interviews were conducted using an interview guide administered to 19 respondents and the results indicate that, despite the similarities observed in some areas in relation to the level of study, the chosen course and the professional experience acquired, there are discrepancies with the intention to start entrepreneurship, on the one hand, but also in the transition to entrepreneurship itself. These discrepancies are analyzed and the implications of both the theoretical and managerial levels are presented as well as the future axes of the research.
JEL Classification : L1 ; L25 ; O32
Paper type: Empirical researchL’entrepreneuriat a fait l’objet de plusieurs travaux dans le domaine de la création d’entreprise. Ces travaux s’intéressent le plus souvent à l’approche genre dans la dynamique entrepreneuriale avec des insuffisances remarquables au niveau des spécificités associées aux différentes variables qui sont prises en compte dans ces études. Aussi, des insuffisances sont observées au niveau de la cible choisie, car les études antérieures s’intéressent soit des hommes, soit des femmes. Une étude conjointe dans une approche différenciée est rarement observée et pourtant, il s’agit là d’un champ de recherche à dénicher. L’objet de cet article est d’étudier l’évolution de l’intention entrepreneuriale des nouveaux diplômés dans l’enseignement supérieur en prenant appui sur une approche différenciée selon le genre. Pour y arriver, une méthodologie qualitative de type exploratoire a été menée auprès des étudiants du Grand Nord au Cameroun nouvellement diplômés dans les filières professionnelles. Des entretiens semi-directifs ont été menés à l’aide d’un guide d’entretien administré à 19 enquêtés et les résultats nous signalent que, malgré les similitudes observées çà et là en rapport avec le niveau d’étude, la filière choisie et les expériences professionnelles acquises, des discordances existent quant à l’intention de se lancer dans l’entrepreneuriat d’une part, mais aussi au passage à l’acte entrepreneurial proprement dit. Ces discordances sont analysées et les implications tant au niveau théorique que managériale sont présentées ainsi que les axes futurs de la recherche.
Classification JEL : L1 ; L25 ; O32
Type de l’article : Recherche empiriqu
The Journey to social entrepreneurship: profile analysis of social enterprises in Morocco
No full textSocial entrepreneurship is a topic of much debate in the academic environment. Much recent research has highlighted the supporting role of social entrepreneurs in solving social problems that public sectors and business environments have demonstrated their incapacity to solve. However, the identification of the social enterprise’s characteristics in emerging countries has not yet been thoroughly examined. This article focuses on social enterprises; its aim is to identify the profile of social enterprises in the Moroccan context. Beyond the motivations and passions that drive social entrepreneurs in their quest to create value, we highlight the different characteristics of social enterprises in a developing country. The research question is: What are the characteristics of Moroccan social enterprises? In order to answer the study’s main objective and research question, an approach based on an exploratory quantitative study was adopted with 37 Moroccan social entrepreneurs. This article revealed specific challenges faced by Moroccan social enterprises which aim to achieve economic and social performance. The results made it possible to discuss two essential points: the need to create a legal status for social enterprises and the nature of the process mobilized in the creation of social enterprises. Considering the limitations and future research directions, this article opens the way to clarify a growing ambiguity of the Moroccan social enterprise, but it does not represent in any way a complete and definitive identification of the Moroccan social enterprise’s profile. Rather, it represents a first step towards more profound and effective research on social enterprises in Morocco.
Keywords: social entrepreneurship, social enterprise, problem resolution, value creation
Paper type: Empirical researc
Différenciation selon le genre dans l'étude de l'intention entrepreneuriale des nouveaux diplômés : le cas des étudiants des filières professionnelles dans le Grand Nord au Cameroun
No full textL’entrepreneuriat a fait l’objet de plusieurs travaux dans le domaine de la création d’entreprise. Ces travaux s’intéressent le plus souvent à l’approche genre dans la dynamique entrepreneuriale avec des insuffisances remarquables au niveau des spécificités associées aux différentes variables qui sont prises en compte dans ces études. Aussi, des insuffisances sont observées au niveau de la cible choisie, car les études antérieures s’intéressent soit des hommes, soit des femmes. Une étude conjointe dans une approche différenciée est rarement observée et pourtant, il s’agit là d’un champ de recherche à dénicher. L’objet de cet article est d’étudier l’évolution de l’intention entrepreneuriale des nouveaux diplômés dans l’enseignement supérieur en prenant appui sur une approche différenciée selon le genre. Pour y arriver, une méthodologie qualitative de type exploratoire a été menée auprès des étudiants du Grand Nord au Cameroun nouvellement diplômés dans les filières professionnelles. Des entretiens semi-directifs ont été menés à l’aide d’un guide d’entretien administré à 19 enquêtés et les résultats nous signalent que, malgré les similitudes observées çà et là en rapport avec le niveau d’étude, la filière choisie et les expériences professionnelles acquises, des discordances existent quant à l’intention de se lancer dans l’entrepreneuriat d’une part, mais aussi au passage à l’acte entrepreneurial proprement dit. Ces discordances sont analysées et les implications tant au niveau théorique que managériale sont présentées ainsi que les axes futurs de la recherche.
Mots clés : entrepreneuriat, approche genre, intention entrepreneuriale, expériences professionnelles
Classification JEL : L1 ; L25 ; O32
Type de l’article : Recherche empiriqueEntrepreneurship has been the subject of several works in the field of business creation. This work most often focuses on the gender approach in entrepreneurial dynamics with notable shortcomings in the specificities associated with the various variables that are taken into account in these studies. Also, there are shortcomings in the target chosen, as previous studies focus on either men or women. A joint study in a differentiated approach is rarely observed, yet this is a field of research to be found. The purpose of this article is to study the evolution of the entrepreneurial intention of new graduates in higher education, using a gender-differentiated approach. To achieve this, a qualitative methodology of exploratory type was carried out among students from the Far North in Cameroon newly graduated in professional fields. Semi-directional interviews were conducted using an interview guide administered to 19 respondents and the results indicate that, despite the similarities observed in some areas in relation to the level of study, the chosen course and the professional experience acquired, there are discrepancies with the intention to start entrepreneurship, on the one hand, but also in the transition to entrepreneurship itself. These discrepancies are analyzed and the implications of both the theoretical and managerial levels are presented as well as the future axes of the research.
Keywords : entrepreneurship, gender approach, entrepreneurial intent, professional experiences
JEL Classification : L1 ; L25 ; O32
Paper type: Empirical researc
Qualité de l’audit légal et pertinence de l’information financière : une étude qualitative à travers les cabinets d’audit au Cameroun
No full textRésumé
L’objet de cette recherche est de comprendre le rôle d’un audit de qualité sur la pertinence des informations financières diffusées par les entités. Sur un échantillon de dix cabinets d’audit sélectionné par convenance dans la base de l’ONECCA, nous avons réalisé des entretiens semi-directifs. Les résultats de l’analyse de contenu à travers sphinx iQ montrent que l’audit pour être perçu de qualité devrait être en mesure de réguler les pratiques comptables et rassurer la confiance des parties prenantes. De fait, un audit de qualité implique la responsabilité des acteurs et le respect de la déontologie professionnelle. L’audit de qualité accroît la crédibilité des informations financières, la confiance, et la gouvernance. Les auditeurs ont davantage intérêt à rendre un service d’audit fiable. La qualité de l’audit nécessite de l’auditeur qu’il soit indépendant, compétent, impartial, respecte la déontologie professionnelle, minimise les risques de gestion. L’audit est une boussole pour le management des entreprises
Compressive Mechanical Models of High Strength Mortar and Concrete under Severe Environmental Action
No full textIn recent years, it has been reported that the durability-related properties of mortar and concrete can be greatly improved with the incorporation of blast furnace slag (BFS) as the full amount of fine aggregates. Nevertheless, the mechanical properties of such mortar and concrete were not clarified yet. In the previous study, the author found slightly improved monotonic behavior of high strength mortar with BFS fine aggregates compared to the ordinary mortar of high strength with crushed river sand (CS) in air and water. However, the mechanical behavior of high strength concrete with BFS fine aggregates subjected to the combined action of freezing and thawing and mechanical loading is not evaluated yet. Moreover, the constitutive laws for the analysis of RC structures built and repaired with such high strength mortar and concrete are not available. Therefore, this study aims to clarify the fatigue behavior and propose a simplified fatigue model of high strength mortar with BFS sand as fine aggregates in compression in air and water. The monotonic behavior of air-entrained (AE) and non-AE high strength concrete with BFS fine aggregates subjected to freezing and thawing cycles (FTC) is investigated and the stress-strain models of such concrete are formulated. Thereafter, the fatigue behavior of intact and frost-damaged AE high strength concrete with BFS fine aggregates is investigated and the Smax-Nf relationships for such concrete are proposed. The fatigue compression tests were carried out on cylindrical BFS mortar specimens in air and water and the results are compared with those of ordinary CS mortar. The load was applied in the form of sine signal with constant amplitude and the frequency was kept as 5 Hz. The stress level was varied from 60%, 70% and 80% of uniaxial compressive strength (f’c). The damage progress is discussed based on the strain developments measured by using high-speed measuring system. Fatigue life (Nf) of both BFS mortar and CS mortar was also examined in air and in water. The experimental results reveal that BFS mortar exhibits longer Nf compared to CS mortar in air. Nevertheless, both types of mortar exhibit similar Nf in water and the Nf each mortar is reduced in water compared to air. This is because the adsorbed layers of moisture in the mortar during saturated state reduce the surface energy of the particles and consequently fracture energy of hydrated product is reduced, resulting in a reduction in compressive strength of mortar in water. The other possible reasons for the reduction of Nf of both mortars in water are because of pumping action and wedge effect of pore water pressure during the cyclic loading, and due to leaching of Ca(OH)2 while testing in water. Thereafter, the static stress-strain relationships for each mortar proposed by author in the previous study are extended to formulate the simplified fatigue model for the assessment of change in mechanical properties and for prediction of failure under cyclic loading. It is observed that the change in fracture parameter of each mortar under fatigue in air is almost similar as that of static loading. However, the fracture parameter for mortar subjected to cyclic loading in water reduces sharply compared to that in air and that of static loading. Therefore, the Nf of mortar in water is shorter compared to air. Moreover, at each stress level, the plastic strain development in CS mortar is higher in air and water compared to BFS mortar, resulting is rapid degradation and shorter fatigue life of CS mortar. The experimental results are compared those of -ivobtained using proposed model, which shows satisfactory agreement. In order to study the monotonic behavior of AE and non-AE high strength concrete with BFS fine aggregates concrete for different frost damage levels, the cylindrical and cuboidal specimens were used for carrying out freeze-thaw cycle (FTC) test according to ASTM C-666 type-A in 3% NaCl solution and the results are compared with AE normal concrete of normal strength and high strength concrete. The plastic strain measured during FTC test was used to explain the damage process. After certain number of FTC, the specimens were taken out from FTC chamber and were stored in controlled temperature room until the start of static compression tests. The experimental results show that overall rate of FTC equivalent plastic strain development in non-AE high strength concrete with BFS sand is slightly higher than that of AE high strength concrete with BFS and CS sand. However, it is slightly less than that of AE normal concrete. Higher the compressive strength of concrete, lower is the rate of plastic strain development for both AE and non-AE concrete. Moreover, the compressive strength and Young’s modulus of AE concrete of both normal and high strength degrade at slower rate with the increase in FTC compared to non-AE concrete with BFS fine aggregates, because of less plastic strain development due to FTC in AE concrete. However, the mechanical properties of non-AE BFS concrete deteriorate at slower rate compared to non-AE normal concrete from the past study owing to high strength of non-AE BFS concrete. Nevertheless, the mechanical properties of each concrete change at almost same rate with the increase in FTC equivalent plastic strain. It is observed that Young’s modulus of frost-damaged concrete reduces sharply compared to the compressive strength. In addition, the stress-strain model for frost-damaged high strength concrete are proposed based on the concept of elasto-plastic and fracture theory. It is observed that the rate of mechanical plastic strain in high strength concrete is slower compared to that of normal concrete and consequently the fracture parameter of high strength concrete reduces slowly. The rate of mechanical plastic strain development increases with the increase in frost-damage, nevertheless, the change is fracture parameter is almost same for all frost damage levels. The relationships for fracture parameter and plastic strain for high strength concrete are formulated. The comparison between experimental and calculated results using proposed model show good agreement validating the model. Lastly, the compressive fatigue tests were performed on intact and frost-damaged AE high strength concrete using BFS and CS fine aggregates. The sinusoidal wave of constant amplitude with frequency of 3.5 Hz was used for fatigue loading. The maximum stress levels (Smax) of 70% and 80% of f’c were adopted. The Smax-Nf relationships for AE high strength concrete with BFS and fine aggregates are formulated. The fatigue life of AE BFS concrete is longer than that of AE high strength normal concrete at all stress levels and for all frost damage level. No significant effect of FTC is found on the fatigue life of AE high strength concrete because of very less frost damage caused by FTC. Moreover, overall the fatigue life of AE high strength concrete is more than that of non-AE high strength plain concrete from the literature. This difference is pronounced as the maximum stress level decreases.(主査) 教授 横田 弘, 教授 松本 高志, 教授 杉山 隆文, 客員教授 佐藤 靖彦(早稲田大学大学院創造理工学研究科)工学院（北方圏環境政策工学専攻
過酷環境下における高強度コンクリートおよびモルタルの圧縮応力場における力学モデルの構築
No full textIn recent years, it has been reported that the durability-related properties of mortar and concrete can be greatly improved with the incorporation of blast furnace slag (BFS) as the full amount of fine aggregates. Nevertheless, the mechanical properties of such mortar and concrete were not clarified yet. In the previous study, the author found slightly improved monotonic behavior of high strength mortar with BFS fine aggregates compared to the ordinary mortar of high strength with crushed river sand (CS) in air and water. However, the mechanical behavior of high strength concrete with BFS fine aggregates subjected to the combined action of freezing and thawing and mechanical loading is not evaluated yet. Moreover, the constitutive laws for the analysis of RC structures built and repaired with such high strength mortar and concrete are not available. Therefore, this study aims to clarify the fatigue behavior and propose a simplified fatigue model of high strength mortar with BFS sand as fine aggregates in compression in air and water. The monotonic behavior of air-entrained (AE) and non-AE high strength concrete with BFS fine aggregates subjected to freezing and thawing cycles (FTC) is investigated and the stress-strain models of such concrete are formulated. Thereafter, the fatigue behavior of intact and frost-damaged AE high strength concrete with BFS fine aggregates is investigated and the Smax-Nf relationships for such concrete are proposed. The fatigue compression tests were carried out on cylindrical BFS mortar specimens in air and water and the results are compared with those of ordinary CS mortar. The load was applied in the form of sine signal with constant amplitude and the frequency was kept as 5 Hz. The stress level was varied from 60%, 70% and 80% of uniaxial compressive strength (f’c). The damage progress is discussed based on the strain developments measured by using high-speed measuring system. Fatigue life (Nf) of both BFS mortar and CS mortar was also examined in air and in water. The experimental results reveal that BFS mortar exhibits longer Nf compared to CS mortar in air. Nevertheless, both types of mortar exhibit similar Nf in water and the Nf each mortar is reduced in water compared to air. This is because the adsorbed layers of moisture in the mortar during saturated state reduce the surface energy of the particles and consequently fracture energy of hydrated product is reduced, resulting in a reduction in compressive strength of mortar in water. The other possible reasons for the reduction of Nf of both mortars in water are because of pumping action and wedge effect of pore water pressure during the cyclic loading, and due to leaching of Ca(OH)2 while testing in water. Thereafter, the static stress-strain relationships for each mortar proposed by author in the previous study are extended to formulate the simplified fatigue model for the assessment of change in mechanical properties and for prediction of failure under cyclic loading. It is observed that the change in fracture parameter of each mortar under fatigue in air is almost similar as that of static loading. However, the fracture parameter for mortar subjected to cyclic loading in water reduces sharply compared to that in air and that of static loading. Therefore, the Nf of mortar in water is shorter compared to air. Moreover, at each stress level, the plastic strain development in CS mortar is higher in air and water compared to BFS mortar, resulting is rapid degradation and shorter fatigue life of CS mortar. The experimental results are compared those of -ivobtained using proposed model, which shows satisfactory agreement. In order to study the monotonic behavior of AE and non-AE high strength concrete with BFS fine aggregates concrete for different frost damage levels, the cylindrical and cuboidal specimens were used for carrying out freeze-thaw cycle (FTC) test according to ASTM C-666 type-A in 3% NaCl solution and the results are compared with AE normal concrete of normal strength and high strength concrete. The plastic strain measured during FTC test was used to explain the damage process. After certain number of FTC, the specimens were taken out from FTC chamber and were stored in controlled temperature room until the start of static compression tests. The experimental results show that overall rate of FTC equivalent plastic strain development in non-AE high strength concrete with BFS sand is slightly higher than that of AE high strength concrete with BFS and CS sand. However, it is slightly less than that of AE normal concrete. Higher the compressive strength of concrete, lower is the rate of plastic strain development for both AE and non-AE concrete. Moreover, the compressive strength and Young’s modulus of AE concrete of both normal and high strength degrade at slower rate with the increase in FTC compared to non-AE concrete with BFS fine aggregates, because of less plastic strain development due to FTC in AE concrete. However, the mechanical properties of non-AE BFS concrete deteriorate at slower rate compared to non-AE normal concrete from the past study owing to high strength of non-AE BFS concrete. Nevertheless, the mechanical properties of each concrete change at almost same rate with the increase in FTC equivalent plastic strain. It is observed that Young’s modulus of frost-damaged concrete reduces sharply compared to the compressive strength. In addition, the stress-strain model for frost-damaged high strength concrete are proposed based on the concept of elasto-plastic and fracture theory. It is observed that the rate of mechanical plastic strain in high strength concrete is slower compared to that of normal concrete and consequently the fracture parameter of high strength concrete reduces slowly. The rate of mechanical plastic strain development increases with the increase in frost-damage, nevertheless, the change is fracture parameter is almost same for all frost damage levels. The relationships for fracture parameter and plastic strain for high strength concrete are formulated. The comparison between experimental and calculated results using proposed model show good agreement validating the model. Lastly, the compressive fatigue tests were performed on intact and frost-damaged AE high strength concrete using BFS and CS fine aggregates. The sinusoidal wave of constant amplitude with frequency of 3.5 Hz was used for fatigue loading. The maximum stress levels (Smax) of 70% and 80% of f’c were adopted. The Smax-Nf relationships for AE high strength concrete with BFS and fine aggregates are formulated. The fatigue life of AE BFS concrete is longer than that of AE high strength normal concrete at all stress levels and for all frost damage level. No significant effect of FTC is found on the fatigue life of AE high strength concrete because of very less frost damage caused by FTC. Moreover, overall the fatigue life of AE high strength concrete is more than that of non-AE high strength plain concrete from the literature. This difference is pronounced as the maximum stress level decreases
Study of an outbreak of off-flavours in bulk -tank milk
No full textOff-flavours in milk can be classified using the following general categories: oxidized flavour, feed flavour, rancidity, and other flavours (e.g., unclean, malty, salty, flat or chemical). Off-flavours in milk occur at a low incidence in all milk-producing areas of Canada, with “outbreaks” occurring periodically in certain localities for no clearly defined reason. However, in the late 1990s, the incidence of off-flavours in bulk-tank milk was relatively high in Prince Edward Island (PEI). From the dairy company records it appeared that about 50/330, or 15% of herds, were affected during the winter season of 1999–2000. This presented a major economic problem for producers and dairy industry personnel, and attracted a degree of unwelcome media attention in PEI.To evaluate the reliability of the method used for identifying off-flavours in milk, a sensory study was carried out with a panel of four milk-tank operators, who constituted the milk flavour quality control personnel. Results showed that the panelists had satisfactory agreement in differentiating off-flavoured milk from milk of good quality. The inter-panelist agreement ranged from substantial (Kappa statistic > 0.61) to almost perfect (Kappa statistic > 0.81), whereas the intra-panelist agreement range was moderate (Kappa statistic > 0.41) to almost perfect, suggesting that in the absence of a more objective diagnostic tool, a panel of trained milk graders was appropriate for the monitoring of the flavour quality of bulk-tank milk.Results from clustering analyses revealed that this outbreak had not only a seasonal pattern, but also a limited geographical distribution with cases concentrated mostly in intensive dairy farming regions (Queens and Prince counties), and most importantly, a spatial-temporal pattern that usually peaked during fall–early winter months (September to January). Three high-rate space-time clusters (two composed of herds that experienced feed off-flavour and one composed of herds with rancid off-flavour) and two low-rate (areas with low rate of off-flavour occurrence) were identified. It appeared that high-rate clusters tended to receive more precipitation than low-rate clusters during the clustered time frame; temperature data were not as conclusive. (Abstract shortened by UMI.).Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 65-09, Section: B, page: 4454.Adviser: Jeff Wichtel
Mapping transference : problems of African literature and translation from French into English
No full textAlthough a number of African literary works have been
translated from French into English since the middle of this
century, research and debate on their translation has remained
scanty, fragmentary, and scattered in diverse learned journals
and other short publications. This thesis seeks to broaden the
scope of research by mapping out aspects of transference in
translation in terms of analysis and transfer strategies that
have been, or could be, used. A selection of major translated
works have been compared with their originals, to give textual
examples indicative of transfer strategies.
Current issues in African literature as well as typical
features of the literature in French and English have been
explored in order to examine differences between them and English
and French literatures. The implications of these differences (at
the levels of content, cultural setting, peculiar use of English
and French, and the target audience) for translation are
considered, and a brief historical survey of the translation of
African literature provides insights into how translators have
approached, and continue to approach, literary texts as well as
cope with their target readership. Furthermore, dominant trends
in literary translation studies (mainly in the West) are explored
to determine if, and in what ways, they relate to translation
studies in Africa.
The analysis of transfer strategies focuses on the
distinctive features of francophone African literary texts,
drawing on relevant Western literary translation theories and
models, on African literary theory and criticism, as well as on
other disciplines likely contribute to an informed understanding
of the texts. Finally, a case study applies the analysis to a
text which is translated, and transfer strategies discussed
