233,094 research outputs found
Non-timber forest product extraction as a productive bricolage process
No full textThis chapter explores the usefulness of the ‘productive bricolage’ concept, coined by Croll and Parkin (1992) and further elaborated by Batterbury (2001), in understanding the role of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) in people’s livelihoods and the forested landscape. I argue that NTFP extraction as part of a productive bricolage process - defined as ‘the flexible and dynamic crafting together of various livelihood options and its associated impacts on the landscape’ - holds limited potential for poverty alleviation as it is mostly a sign of economic precariousness. Regarding the impact of NTFPs production on the landscape, I demonstrate that the productive bricolage concept is useful for reinterpreting Wiersum’s writings on the evolutionary continuum of forest-people interactions and the co-domestication of forests and trees. However, a more encompassing approach is needed considering the decreasing autonomy of community forestry and the growing integration of NTFP production into commercial networks and multilevel governance regimes. I propose political ecology as the overall perspective to deal with such multiscalar influences
Context for landscape approach implementation in the Western Wildlife Corridor Landscape (Northern Ghana)
Full text linkWest African forest and savannah ecosystems contain important biodiversity that provides numerous goods and services to local people. However, these landscapes are increasingly under enormous anthropogenic pressures, leading to habitat fragmentation and the concomitant loss of biological diversity. Climate change further constrains the conservation of natural resources (Dimobe 2017) and associated challenges of food insecurity and poverty have made the sustainable management of tropical landscapes an urgent priority (Reed et al. 2016; Barlow et al. 2018)
Governing Beyond Cities: The Urban-Rural Interface
Full text linkIf 70% of the global population will reside in metropolitan regions by 2050, this poses new governance challenges related to urban-rural interfaces and linkages. It calls for governance that stretches across scales and beyond urban boundaries, taking into account both problems and opportunities of urbanization. This chapter reviews the literature on urban-rural interfaces and linkages and discusses suggestions for dealing with them. It also addresses three governance problems that hinder a more integrated approach towards the urban-rural interface, specifically fragmentation, institutional inertia, and the inability to realize inclusive development. Based on potential governance approaches to address these three problems, we present six institutional design dimensions for a more inclusive governance approach for urban-rural regions. Bridging organizations, nested issue-based platforms, and combining governance with strong government are identified as pathways towards inclusive urban-rural governance
Setting the Scene: The Geographies of Urban Governance
Full text linkThis chapter sets the context for the discussions on the geographies of urban governance in this book. It highlights the current themes of urban governance and how the recent wave of globalization has changed the geographies of urban governance in nine ways - by shaping dominant discourses about societal organization; through changing the goals, opportunities and arenas of urban development; by making cities prominent actors in transformation processes through decentralization and economic and capitalistic production; through the shift towards fragmented cityscapes; by enhancing a network society stimulated by increased digitalization, informatization, spatialization and ubiquitous computing; through the great acceleration in resource use, ecospace pollution and causing global climate change; through rescaling, but also re-territorialization; by changing the power of cities; and by transforming the drivers of change at various spatial levels. The geographical approach unpacks place as context; space as being absolute, relative and/or relational; scale as spatial, temporal, jurisdictional and institutional; and human-environment interactions. The governance approach examines the opportunities and limits of governance beyond government within the context of changing geographies. Together they help understand the variety of socio-spatial configurations and patterns in cities. The book examines current governance patterns from the perspective of inclusive development, which is seen as including human wellbeing and protecting ecosystems. In doing so, it tries to understand how governance can contribute to the development of just and resilient cities
An Inclusive Development Perspective on the Geographies of Urban Governance
Full text linkUrban governance in cities is shaped by, and shapes, global discourses. These discourses shape the discussion of how governance should be organized, what forms it takes, what kinds of governance instruments, methods and data are used and what urban governance practices may look like. Much of this is presented in gender- and place/space-neutral, objective language and complex scientific jargon, which obfuscates the highly political nature of the shifts in governance and associated governance theories, instruments, methods and practices. It is assumed that these dimensions can be scaled up and down and transferred to different contexts. Close examination reveals, however, that many of these are being used in the service of the most powerful, while the shift from government to (network) governance creates the illusion of empowering all. In practice, accountability, legitimacy, legality and equity are compromised as the most powerful actors influence the governance process. In the process, public goods and services are being privatized; infrastructure developments relocate the poor and serve the rich; market/economic instruments are replacing regulatory ones; big data and maps can be used manipulatively; and network governance and participatory processes may be more disempowering than empowering. This chapter argues for a deconstruction of discourses, theories, instruments, methods, technologies, practices and outcomes to ensure that these are used in the service of human well being and their ecosystems. This deconstruction should build on an understanding that place specificities are highly relevant and that urban governance is situated in a produced space. Moreover, cities and urban governance do not operate in a vacuum but are related to and intertwined with processes at other scalar levels
Partnerships for sustainable forest and tree resource management in Latin America: The new road towards successful forest governance?
No full textContains fulltext :
46717.pdf (Author’s version preprint ) (Closed access
Forest-People Interfaces: from local creativity to global concerns
No full textThis book takes the reader on a journey through four major themes that have dominated research on the people-forest interface since the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) published its Forestry for Rural Development paper and launched its Programme on Forestry for Local Community Development in 1976. This was the prelude to the FAO VIIIth Forestry Congress entitled 'Forestry for People', organised two years later, which drew attention to the role of forests in meeting people's livelihood needs. These events marked the emergence of social forestry as a new approach to forest management that aimed to increase community participation in the development and management of forest resources (Arnold, 1991; FAO, 1976; Wiersum, 1999). In the 1980s social forestry marked a shift away from an exclusive focus on industrial, timber-oriented forestry to participatory and cooperative management schemes (Colchester et al., 2003). In the same period, the Canadian forester John Bene (Bene et al., 1977) coined the term 'agroforestry' for the practice of integrating trees, food crops and/or animals in a combined production system compatible with the cultural practices of the local population. Bene played an important role in the establishment of the International Council for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) in Nairobi in 1997 (King, 1987). This is now known as the World Agroforestry Centre and has regional offices in India, Indonesia, Kenya, Malawi and Mali
African forests between nature and livelihood resources: balancing between conservation and development needs
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PowerPoint guest lecture Mirjam Ros at Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa, January 2006.ASC – Publicaties niet-programma gebonde
NADPH oxidase (NOX) in the heart : the interplay of NOX-derived ROS in β1-integrin-induced survival signalling
Full text linkModerate levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) act as mediators in cellular signalling processes. An important source of cardiac ROS is the highly expressed NADPH oxidase (NOX) family isoform NOX2. However, little is known about whether NOX-derived ROS are protective in the heart.
In this study we show that CD29 (β1-integrin), a cell adhesion receptor highly expressed on cardiac muscle cells, induces NOX-dependent ROS. CD29 is known to be mandatory in cell growth and survival, and non-functional CD29 causes severe heart disease. We demonstrate that NOX2-derived ROS are essential for CD29-induced survival signalling, including the PI3K/PKB and MEK/ERK pathways. Furthermore, CD29-induced NOX-derived ROS are indispensible in the inhibition of the pro-apoptotic kinase GSK-3β, which we uncovered as a downstream target of both the ERK and PKB survival pathways in cardiac muscle cells. These findings clearly add to the growing body of evidence suggesting that moderate ROS levels are beneficial to the cell and highlight the crucial role of NOX2-derived ROS for cell survival in the heart
Assessment of the influence of institutional factors on management decisions by small farmers in the Amazon : results of ForLive working programme 2
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