149 research outputs found
Implications of the role of Southeastern Europe in the origins and diffusion of major Eurasian paternal lineages
No full textThe aim of this study is to give an overview of the extent and nature of Southeastern Europe (SEE) paternal genetic variation in relation to potential episodes of gene flow during dispersals of the Upper Paleolithic and Neolithic. A survey based on studies of the paternal gene pool of the region revealed consistency with the typical European paternal gene pool, as five major haplogroups E3b1, I1b*, J2, R1a, and R1b contribute more than 70% to the total genetic variation in SEE. Comprehensive characterization and dating of major paternal lineages imply that SEE has been both an important source and recipient of gene flow
Y-Chromosome haplogroup I prehistoric gene flow in Europe
No full textTo investigate which aspects of contemporary human Y-chromosome variation in Europe are characteristic of primary colonization, late-glacial expansions from refuge areas, Neolithic dispersals or more recent events in gene flow haplogroup I was analyzed. The analysis of Hg I Y chromosomes revealed several sub-clades with distinct geographic distributions. Sub-clade I1a accounts for most of Hg I in Scandinavia, with a rapidly decreasing frequency towards the East European Plain and the Atlantic fringe; but microsatellite diversity reveals that the Iberian Peninsula/Southern France refugial area could be the source region of the early spread of both I1a and the less common I1c. I1b* extends from the eastern Adriatic to Eastern Europe, and declines noticeably towards the southern Balkans, and abruptly towards North Italy. This clade probably diffused after the Last Glacial Maximum from a homeland in the Balkans or Eastern Europe. In contrast, I1b2 most probably arose in southern France/Iberia, underwent a post-glacial expansion, and marked the human colonization of Sardinia about 9000 years ago
Industrial Engineering of Technical Textile Line in Protex Balti AS
No full textKäesoleva lõputöö ülesandeks oli uurida Protex Balti AS-is tehnilise tekstiili liini mööblikatete osakonnas töökorraldamist. Töötada välja standardajad ning pakkuda erinevaid lahendusi tööefektiivsuse parendamiseks. Ettevõte andis autorile töö teostamiseks uurida kolme erinevat toolikatte mudelit, milleks on „Carlos“, „Caspar“ ja „Columbus“ . Mudelite põhjal tegi töö autor tehnilised- ja läbilõikejoonised, tegumoe kirjeldused ja töötlemise tehnoloogilised järjestused. Lõputöös on teostatud normaalaja uuringud ja SSD 5Pro programmis läbi viidud uuringud, kasutades Protex Balti tehnoloogial põhinevat abiaja lisa. Autor võrdles uurigute tulemusel saadud standardaegu Protex Balti AS aegadega. SSD 5Pro uuringutes on kirjeldatud töötegevust, määratud ära õmbleja täpsed kaugused õmblusmasinast ning sõrmede- ja käteliigutused. Lõputöö autorina avaldan tänu abi ja hea koostöö eest Protex Balti AS juhendajale Siiri Kaarelsonile. Lisaks tänan veel Tallinna Tehnikakõrgkooli poolset juhendajat Anu Tšistovat ja konsultanti Merje Beilmanni.The aim of the present study was to assess industrial engineering in Protex Balti AS technical textile line slipcover department, to work out standard times and suggest different solutions for betterment of work. The company gave to the author for carrying out the work three different chair cover models to be studied, the models „Carlos“, „Caspar“ and „Columbus“. On the basis of the models the author of the present work prepared engineering desings and cross-sections, description of cut and technological processing sequences. In the graduation thesis the full time analysis and in program 5Pro SSD analysis were conducted using Protex Balti technology based recovery time addition. Author compared standard times form the analysis with Protex Balti AS times. In SSD Pro5 analysis the workflow was described, the seamster’s exact distance from sewing-machine and movements of fingers and arms was determined. The author of the graduation theses would like to express her gratitude for help and good colloboration to Protex Balti AS supervisor Siiri Kaarelson. My gratitude goes also to TTK University of Applied Sciences supervisor Anu Tšistova and consultant Merje Beilmann
Fülogeograafiline ülevaade inimese Y-kromosomaalsest varieeruvusest Euroopa populatsioonides
No full textUniparental Genetic Heritage of Belarusians: Encounter of Rare Middle Eastern Matrilineages with a Central European Mitochondrial DNA Pool
No full textEthnic Belarusians make up more than 80% of the nine and half million people inhabiting the Republic of Belarus. Belarusians together with Ukrainians and Russians represent the East Slavic linguistic group, largest both in numbers and territory, inhabiting East Europe alongside Baltic-, Finno-Permic- and Turkic-speaking people. Till date, only a limited number of low resolution genetic studies have been performed on this population. Therefore, with the phylogeographic analysis of 565 Y-chromosomes and 267 mitochondrial DNAs from six well covered geographic sub-regions of Belarus we strove to complement the existing genetic profile of eastern Europeans. Our results reveal that around 80% of the paternal Belarusian gene pool is composed of R1a, I2a and N1c Y-chromosome haplogroups – a profile which is very similar to the two other eastern European populations – Ukrainians and Russians. The maternal Belarusian gene pool encompasses a full range of West Eurasian haplogroups and agrees well with the genetic structure of central-east European populations. Our data attest that latitudinal gradients characterize the variation of the uniparentally transmitted gene pools of modern Belarusians. In particular, the Y-chromosome reflects movements of people in central-east Europe, starting probably as early as the beginning of the Holocene. Furthermore, the matrilineal legacy of Belarusians retains two rare mitochondrial DNA haplogroups, N1a3 and N3, whose phylogeographies were explored in detail after de novo sequencing of 20 and 13 complete mitogenomes, respectively, from all over Eurasia. Our phylogeographic analyses reveal that two mitochondrial DNA lineages, N3 and N1a3, both of Middle Eastern origin, might mark distinct events of matrilineal gene flow to Europe: during the mid-Holocene period and around the Pleistocene-Holocene transition, respectively
Uurali rahvaste geneetiline ajalugu läbi isaliini N ja autosoomse varieeruvuse prisma
No full textVäitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsiooneEuroopast Lääne-Siberini levinud uurali keelkond postuleeriti enam kui saja aasta eest. Mitme põlvkonna eri teadusvaldkondade teadlaste töö tulemusena on kogutud aukartustäratav andmestik selle keelkonna rahvaste kohta, kuid erilise huvi objektiks on jäänud küsimus nende ühisest päritolust, võimalikust algkodust ja rändeteedest, mille kohta on välja pakutud arvukalt huvitavaid hüpoteese.
Eelkõige geograafiast sõltuvas isalt pojale päranduvate Y-kromosoomi variantide ehk isaliinide jaotusmustris eristub selgelt haplogrupp N, mis seob nii Euroopa kui Aasia põhjaaladel elavaid rahvaid ning iseloomustab ka suurt osa uurali keeli kõnelevatest meestest. Käesoleva doktoritöö eesmärgiks oli esiteks rakendada kaasaegseid DNA järjestustehnoloogiaid hindamaks haplogrupi N fülogeneetilise puu sisestruktuuri ja alamklaadide ekspansiooniaegu ning levikut Põhja-Euraasias. Teiseks testida uusimate statistiliste meetoditega võimaliku geneetilise ühisosa olemasolu uurali keelesugulaste vahel, tuginedes ülegenoomsetele genotüpiseerimisandmetele.
Selgus, et haplogrupp N on tõenäoliselt algselt pärit Põhja-Hiinast või mandrilisest Kagu-Aasiast ning haplogrupi sisemine struktuur koosneb mitmest piiritletud geograafilise levikuga alamklaadist. Ühel neist, haplogrupi N3 alamklaad N3a3’6, mille levikuaja algus jääb umbes 5000 aasta tagusesse aega, on tähelepanuväärselt lai geograafiline levik, mis ulatub Läänemere idakaldalt kuni Mongoolia ja Vene Beringiani ning hõlmab märkimisväärse osa kõikidesse suurematesse Põhja-Euraasia keelkondadesse kuuluvatest meestest.
Ülegenoomsete andmete põhjal on enamusel uurali keeli kõnelejatest piiratud, kuid tuvastatav hiljutine tõenäoliselt Siberi päritolu geneetiline ühisosa, mis vihjab keelte levikuga kaasas käinud inimeste rändele. Samas on see ühine geneetiline komponent seotud ulatuslikumate ida poolt lähtunud mõjutustega Kirde-Euroopa kaasaegsete rahvaste geenifondile, mis tõenäoliselt ei piirdunud ainult uurali keeli rääkinud inimeste sisserändega.The Uralic linguistic family has been postulated for more than a hundred years with a current distribution area spanning from Europe to West Siberia. The prehistory of Uralic languages and their speakers has been under scrutiny of several generations of scientists from a variety of scientific fields. Numerous hypotheses have been proposed regarding their common origin, dispersal routes and possible homeland, but these questions continue to remain scientifically disputable.
A clear disruptor in the pattern of geography-dependent distribution of Y-chromosomal paternal lineages is haplogroup N that unites populations across entire north Eurasia and describes a fair share of Uralic-speaking males in both northeastern Europe and west Siberia. First aim of this thesis was to apply novel DNA re-sequencing approach to resolve the inner phylogenetic structure of haplogroup N and estimate coalescent ages along with geographic distribution of its inner subclades. Second aim was to test for a common autosomal genetic substrate between Uralic speakers using novel statistical methods.
The results suggest hg N to initially originate from North China or Mainland Southeast Asia and contain several novel subclades with distinct phylogeographic spread. One such subclade, N3a3’6 within subhaplogroup N3, displays an expansion time of 5000 years, but has a remarkably wide geographic distribution ranging from the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea to Mongolia and Pacific Russian Beringia, encompassing a considerate fraction of men from all major linguistic families in north Eurasia.
Whole genome data shows a small, yet significant autosomal genetic component of possible Siberian ancestry shared between most of the Uralic-speaking populations, suggesting a migratory contribution to the dispersal of the languages. This component is part of a broader eastern influence on the genepool of modern northern Europe and was probably not limited to the spread of extant Uralic languages.https://www.ester.ee/record=b526783
Turundusstrateegia väljatöötamine trükiettevõtte Reusner AS näitel Rootsi äriklientide suunal
No full texthttps://www.ester.ee/record=b5509030*es
Phylogenetic history of patrilineages rare in northern and eastern Europe from large-scale re-sequencing of human Y-chromosomes
No full textThe most frequent Y-chromosomal (chrY) haplogroups in northern and eastern Europe (NEE) are well-known and thoroughly characterised. Yet a considerable number of men in every population carry rare paternal lineages with estimated frequencies around 5%. So far, limited sample-sizes and insufficient resolution of genotyping have obstructed a truly comprehensive look into the variety of rare paternal lineages segregating within populations and potential signals of population history that such lineages might convey. Here we harness the power of massive re-sequencing of human Y chromosomes to identify previously unknown population-specific clusters among rare paternal lineages in NEE. We construct dated phylogenies for haplogroups E2-M215, J2-M172, G-M201 and Q-M242 on the basis of 421 (of them 282 novel) high-coverage chrY sequences collected from large-scale databases focusing on populations of NEE. Within these otherwise rare haplogroups we disclose lineages that began to radiate ~1–3 thousand years ago in Estonia and Sweden and reveal male phylogenetic patterns testifying of comparatively recent local demographic expansions. Conversely, haplogroup Q lineages bear evidence of ancient Siberian influence lingering in the modern paternal gene pool of northern Europe. We assess the possible direction of influx of ancestral carriers for some of these male lineages. In addition, we demonstrate the congruency of paternal haplogroup composition of our dataset with two independent population-based cohorts from Estonia and Sweden
Ülevaade Põhja-Euraasias laialt levinud Y-kromosoomaalse haplogrupi N fülogeneesist ja fülogeograafiast ning Euroopa kahe keeleliselt erandliku rahva – ungarlaste ja kalmõkkide – populatsiooniuuringud
No full textVäitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publiktasiooneInimkonna evolutsioon ja demograafiline ajalugu on jätnud jälje põlvest-põlve päranduvasse genoomi. Geneetilisi andmeid on inimpopulatsioonide uurimisel kasutatud juba sadakond aastat, kuid alles viimase kümnekonna aasta tehnoloogilised arengud on avanud tee inimkonna genoomse varieeruvuse arengu terviklikkuse jälgimiseks.
Käesolev töö uurib meeste Y-kromosoomi geneetilist varieeruvust. Y-kromosoomi täisjärjestustest rekonstrueeritakse meesliinide fülogeneetilisi puid ning hinnatakse liinide lahknemisaegu.
Väitekiri keskendub Põhja-Euraasia meestel levinud Y-kromosoomi liini haplogrupp (hg) N uuringutele. Hinnatakse hg N alam-klaadide topoloogiat, lahknemisaegu, levikumustreid ja sagedusi erinevatel Põhja-Euraasia rahvastel. Eraldi analüüsitakse hg N olemasolu Kesk-Euroopas elavatel uurali keeli kõnelevatel ungarlastel ning geograafiliselt kaugetel Uurali mäestiku ümbruses elavatel populatsioonidel, k.a. keelesugulastel. Seni teadaolevalt oli geneetiline seos tänapäeva ungarlasete ja teiste uurali keeli rääkivate rahvaste vahel kasin. Leidsime, et siiski avaldub marginaalne seos Y-kromosoomi variandi N3a4 kaudu ja ungarlastel esinev N3a4 on kladistiliselt sama, mis ob-ugridel – hantide ja mansidel – ning mitmetel teistel Uurali/Lääne-Siberi rahvastel. Läänemere-soomlaste sõsarliinist lahknes antud liin umbes 4-5 aastatuhande eest.
Lisaks analüüsime meesliine oirat-mongoli keelt rääkivatel kalmõkkidel, kelle esiisad ~400 aasta eest liikusid Lääne-Mongooliast Ida-Euroopa lauskmaa kaguossa. Kalmõkkide isaliine võrreldakse Mongoolias, Kõrgõzstanis ja Hiinas elavate keelesugulaste omadega. Neil hõimudel on levinud hg C3, mille fülogeneetilise puu topoloogia ja teiste hg-de sagedused viitavad kalmõkkide ning keelesugulaste geneetilisele sarnasusele sõltumata lahusolekust. Veidi esineb neil N3a varianti, mis on rohke mitmetel mongoli hõimudel. See näitab Holotseeni keskajast pärinevate meesliinide, kohati ulatuslikku kattuvust uurali ja mongoli keelte rääkijate vahel.Human evolution and demographic history have left a mark into our genome, passed on through generations. Genetic information has been applied to compare peoples for nearly a century. Yet the technological advances of the past decade have opened a path to whole human genomic variation.
Current thesis studies the genetic variation of the paternally inherited Y chromosome. Whole Y chromosome sequences are used in the construction of phylogenetic trees and estimation of lineage split times.
The thesis focuses on a Y chromosome lineage haplogroup (hg) N that is prevalent in North Eurasian men. A high-resolution phylogenetic tree reveals new sub-lineages; their spread patterns and frequencies are assessed in various North Eurasian populations. Also, the occurrence of hg N is examined in Uralic speaking Hungarians of Central Europe and geographically distant peoples, including linguistic relatives, living around the Ural Mountains. Hungarians are genetically similar to their geographic neighbours. Genetic affinity with other Uralic speakers has been deemed elusive. Here we report that such a link, albeit limited, manifests in Y-chromosomal hg N3a4 bringing Hungarians together with Ob-Ugric Khanty and Mansi and several other Ural Mountain/West Siberian populations. Its sister clade, rich among Baltic-Finnic peoples, split from the former ~4-5 millennia ago.
The study also analyses paternal lineages of Oirat-Mongolic-speaking Kalmyks, whose ancestors ~400 years ago migrated from West Mongolia to East European Plain. Male lineages of Kalmyks and their linguistic relatives living in Mongolia, Kyrgyzstan and China are compared. A common hg in these populations is C3. Its phylogenetic tree and frequencies of other hgs show genetic similarity among studied populations despite the separation. Meanwhile, hg N3a, scarce in Kalmyks and frequent in some Mongol tribes, depicts an occasional extensive overlap of Y chromosomes between Uralic- and Mongolic speakers, dating to mid-Holocene.https://www.ester.ee/record=b535927
Creating a cost accounting system in a transportation company
No full textLõputöö eesmärgiks oli välja töötada sobilik kuluarvestussüsteem transpordiettevõttele ja pakkuda soovitusi selle rakendamiseks. Äriettevõtete peamiseks eesmärgiks on omanikele kasumi teenimine. Selleks, et ettevõtte kasum, mis moodustub äritegevuse tulu ja kulu vahest, oleks võimalikult suur, tuleb kas suurendada tulusid või vähendada kulusid. Võimalikult kulutõhus olemiseks peab olema ettevõttel võimalus jälgida ajakohaselt äritegevuse kulusid, nende tekkekohti ja struktuuri. Kulude üle arvestuse pidamiseks on ettevõttel mõistlik luua kuluarvestussüsteem, mis vastaks ettevõtte spetsiifilistele vajadustele. Selle eesmärgi täitmiseks püstitas töö autor uurimisülesanded, mille täitmise käigus analüüsis teoreetilist informatsiooni, mis on aluseks kuluarvestussüsteemi loomiseks. Töö käigus tegi autor omapoolseid järeldusi ja ettepanekuid ettevõtte juhtkonnale. Lõputöö koosneb kolmest peatükist, mis omakorda jagunevad alapeatükkideks. Töö esimeses osas luuakse teoreetiline taust töö edasiseks arendamiseks. Teises peatükis kirjeldab autor käesoleva töö koostamisel kasutatud empiirilise uuringu metoodikat. Töö kolmandas peatükis keskendub autor kuluarvestussüsteemi loomisele, esmalt tutvustades uuritavat ettevõtet, seejärel valides teooriast lähtudes kasutamiseks sobilikud meetodid ning katsetades loodud süsteemi rakendamist läbi näidistellimuste.
Kuluarvestussüsteemi luues lähtuti ettevõtte vajadustest ning erinevate kuluarvestussüsteemide ja -meetodite sobivusest ettevõtte spetsiifikaga. Samuti viis autor läbi ettevõtte kulude analüüsi, selgitades välja ettevõttes esinevad kulud ning jaotas kulud otsesteks ja kaudseteks kuludeks ja paigutas otsekulud kuluobjektile. Kaudsete kulude jaotamiseks kuluobjektidele leidis autor kasutamiseks optimaalseima kulukäituri. Kuluarvestussüsteemi loomisel töötas autor välja ettevõtte kasutamiseks sobilikud abitabelid, mis lihtsustavad nii otse- kui ka kaudsete kulude kuluobjektidele paigutamist.
Autor hindab, et püstitatud eesmärgid on töö käigus täidetud ja loodud kuluarvestussüsteem vastab ettevõtte vajadustele, võimaldades ajakohast kuluinformatsiooni kuluobjektide lõikes.The aim of this dissertation was to develop a suitable cost accounting system for a transportation company and to offer recommendations for its implementation. The main goal of businesses is to make a profit for their owners. In order for the company's profit to be as large as possible, it is necessary to either increase the income or reduce the expenses. In order to be as cost-effective as possible, the company must be able to monitor the costs of the business, their sources and their structure in a timely manner. In order to keep a record of costs, it is reasonable for a company to create a cost accounting system that meets the specific needs of the company. In order to achieve this goal, the author set up research tasks, in the course of which the author analyzed the theoretical information that is the basis for creating a cost accounting system. In the course of the work, the author made conclusions and suggestions for the company's management. The thesis consists of three chapters, which in turn are divided into subchapters. The first part of the work provides a theoretical background for the further development of the work. In the second chapter, the author describes the methodology of the empirical study used in compiling this work. In the third chapter, the author focuses on the creation of a cost accounting system, first introducing the company under study, then selecting suitable methods for use based on the theory and testing the implementation of the created system through sample orders.
The cost accounting system was created based on the company's needs and the suitability of different cost accounting systems and methods for the company's specifics. The author also performed an analysis of the company's costs, identifying different costs inside the company and dividing the costs into direct and indirect costs and allocating direct costs to the cost object. To allocate indirect costs to cost objects, the author found the most optimal cost driver to use. When creating the cost accounting system, the author developed auxiliary tables suitable for use by the company, which simplify the allocation of both direct and indirect costs to cost objects.
The author evaluates that the set goals have been met during the work and the cost accounting system created meets the needs of the company, providing up-to-date cost information by cost objects
- …
