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CONHECIMENTOS EM CHOQUE: UM PANORAMA SOBRE AS TRANSFORMAÇÕES DA ETNOARQUEOLOGIA
No full textAs a subdiscipline that articulates ethnographic and archaeological practices, ethnoarchaeology has been defined in different ways and in different places since its establishment in the mid-20th century. With a brief bibliographic review, this article presents the main changes it has undergone, demonstrating that ethnoarchaeology can no longer be reduced to a single research strategy that has only positivism as its philosophical basis. We argue that ethnoarchaeology has changed as much as the ethnographic and archaeological practices that compose it and legitimize it as a subdiscipline, especially when considering the great reflexive and affective potential provided by the ethnographic practice motivated by archaeological issues. The changes that have taken place in the objectives of ethnoarchaeology, in the forms of interaction of its practitioners with different populations, as well as in the production of its knowledge as a whole, are considered here through the notion of “epistemic shock”, inspired by Wagner’s (2010) idea of “cultural shock”.Como subdisciplina que articula prácticas etnográficas y arqueológicas, la etnoarqueología ha sido definida de diferentes maneras y en diferentes lugares desde su establecimiento a mediados del siglo XX. Con una breve revisión bibliográfica, este artículo presenta los principales cambios que ha sufrido, demostrando que la etnoarqueología ya no puede reducirse a una sola estrategia de investigación que tiene como base filosófica únicamente el positivismo. Se entiende que la etnoarqueología ha cambiado tanto como las prácticas antes mencionadas que la componen y la legitiman como subdisciplina, más aún cuando se considera el gran potencial reflexivo y afectivo que brinda la práctica etnográfica, motivada por cuestiones arqueológicas. Los cambios que se han producido en los objetivos de la etnoarqueología, en las formas de interacción de sus practicantes con diferentes poblaciones, así como en la producción de su conocimiento en su conjunto, son pensados aquí a través del “choque epistémico”, inspirado en la idea de “choque cultural” de Wagner (2010).Enquanto subdisciplina que articula as práticas etnográfica e arqueológica, a etnoarqueologia foi definida de diversas formas e em diferentes lugares desde seu estabelecimento em meados do século XX. Com uma breve revisão bibliográfica, este artigo apresenta as principais modificações pelas quais ela passou, demonstrando que a etnoarqueologia não pode mais ser reduzida a uma única estratégia de pesquisa que tem apenas o positivismo como sua base filosófica. Entende-se que a etnoarqueologia se transformou tanto quanto as referidas práticas que a compõe e a legitimam como subdisciplina, sobretudo, quando se considera o grande potencial reflexivo, e de afetação, propiciado pela prática etnográfica, motivada por questões arqueológicas. As mudanças ocorridas nos objetivos da etnoarqueologia, nas formas de interação de seus praticantes com distintas populações, assim como na produção de seu conhecimento como um todo, são pensadas aqui por meio do “choque epistêmico”, inspirado na ideia de “choque cultural” de Wagner (2010)
For an ethnoarchaeology of Amerindian plaitworks
No full textArtefatos trançados são fundamentais em atividades básicas de transporte e processamento de alimentos para os povos ameríndios, além de ocuparem uma posição de destaque nas suas ontologias, expressando e agenciando preceitos estéticos e visões de mundo. Eles oferecem excelentes oportunidades para estudos sobre as múltiplas relações entre humanos e o mundo material, como a variabilidade artefatual, tecnologia, corporalidade, dentre outras possibilidades, muito embora sejam pouco abordados em trabalhos arqueológicos e etnoarqueológicos. Esse ínfimo investimento, alicerçado, talvez, pelo baixo potencial de preservação destes materiais no registro arqueológico, acarreta numa falta de conhecimento e divulgação das diversas possibilidades de pesquisa sobre os trançados, quer do ponto de vista empírico, quer do ponto de vista teórico. Entretanto, se a Arqueologia pretende compreender a relação dos povos ameríndios e mundo material do modo holístico é necessário incluir também esses artefatos em sua agenda de pesquisa. O presente artigo, portanto, objetiva destacar potenciais que os trançados propiciam à abordagem etnoarqueológica. Serão apontados alguns caminhos percorridos e o que está a ser feito no desenvolvimento de meu doutorado, ainda em andamento.Plaitworks are fundamental in basic activities among Amerindian peoples, such as transporting and food processing. Also they occupy a prominent position in their ontology, expressing and agencying aesthetic precepts and Worldviews. These objects offer excellent opportunities for studies on the multiple relationships between humans and the material world, such as artefactual variability, technology, corporeality, as well as others possibilities. Even so, they are understudied by Archaeology and Ethnoarchaeology. This small research investment, is perhaps due to the low potential for preservation of these materials in the archaeological record, wich leads to a lack of knowledge and dissemination of the different possibilities of plaitworks studies, both from empirical and theoretical points of view. However, if Archaeology intends to understand the relationship of Amerindian peoples and the material word in the holistic way, it is also necessary to include these artifacts in the Archaeological agenda. This paper, therefore, aims to highlight research potentials that the plaitworks provides for ethnoarchaeological approach. Some inquiry possibilities are indicated through previous studies, and through my ongoing doctoral research
Wefts of technology: Ethnoarchaeology of basketry variability of Mapuera Rivers peoples
No full textTrançados são amplamente presentes e persistentes na vida de diversos povos ameríndios, proporcionando excelentes oportunidades para estudos sobre variabilidade artefatual. Entretanto, assim como as demais tecnologias perecíveis, os trançados são pouco estudados pela arqueologia e etnoarqueologia. O presente estudo etnoarqueológico, portanto, proporciona visibilidade e contribui para a produção de conhecimento sobre esse conjunto artefatual, tendo como foco os trançados dos povos do rio Mapuera, também conhecidos como Wai Wai, situados no noroeste do estado do Pará. A tese argumenta que a tecnologia dos trançados é composta por tramas sociais de conhecimentos humanos de vários povos (yana), cuja excelência produtiva requer negociar com (e absorver saberes de) outros seres e mundos, integrando aspectos pragmáticos, simbólicos, cosmológicos, ontológicos e históricos. Para isso, a pesquisa abordou: as técnicas de manufatura, incluindo a fabricação de pessoas artesãs habilidosas e interações com diferentes seres; os significados culturais que permeiam a produção e o uso dos trançados; critérios nativos de diferenciação e classificação desses artefatos; a formação das coleções etnográficas e suas possibilidades de uso enquanto documentos históricos; a variabilidade artefatual ao longo de um século, apontando continuidades e mudanças tecnológicas, e as principais razões disso. Ademais, apresenta-se reflexões sobre alguns conceitos arqueológicos, antropológicos e indígenas relacionados à materialidade, tecnologia e variabilidade artefatual. Diferentes escalas de análise de ensinoaprendizagem dos trançados são exploradas. Por fim, com um estudo comparativo de três classes de trançados feitos por diferentes povos falantes de língua Karib das guianas, apresentase um modelo para pensar como ideias, fluxos de conhecimentos e técnicas circulam por essa região, contribuindo assim para o debate em torno da padronização da cultura material e fronteiras identitárias em Arqueologia.Plaitworks, or basketry, are widely present and persistent in the lives of many Amerindian peoples, providing excellent opportunities for artifact variability studies. However, like other perishable technologies, plaitworks are understudied by Archaeology and Ethnoarchaeology. The Ethnoarchaeological study presented in this thesis, therefore, provides visibility and contributes to the production of knowledge about this artifact type, focusing on plaitworks of Mapuera River peoples, also known as Wai Wai people, located in the northwest of Pará state, Brazil. The thesis argues that plaitworks technology is composed of social webs of human knowledge from various peoples (yana), whose productive excellence requires negotiating with (and absorbing knowledge from) other beings and worlds, integrating pragmatic, symbolic, cosmological, ontological and historical aspects. Thusly, this research addresses: manufacturing techniques, including the fabrication of skilled artisans and interactions with different beings; the cultural meanings of plaitworks production, and use; native criteria of plaitworks artifacts differentiation and classification; the formation of ethnographic collections, and the possibilities of their study as historical documents; the artifact variability over a century, distinguishing technological continuities and changes, and the main reasons for them. Therefore, it also presents reflections on some archaeological, anthropological and indigenous concepts related to materiality, technology and artifact variability. Different scales of teachinglearning analysis of plaitworks are explored. Finally, with a comparative study of three plaitworks classes made by different Cariban-speaking peoples in the Guyanese Amazon, a model is presented to think about how ideas, knowledge flows and techniques circulate in this region, thus, contributing to the debate around the of material culture pattering and identity boundaries in Archeology
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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