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Nielegalny hazard w II Rzeczypospolitej. Rekonesans badawczy
Get PDFIllegal Gambling in the Second Republic of Poland. A Research Reconnaissance(Summary)The article is an attempt at presenting widely comprehended illegal gambling in the Second Republic of Poland (i.e. such games as roulette, poker or craps in which the outcome depends in sheer luck and not the players’ skills), with consideration for its multi-aspect character. The text is a research reconnaissance limited to the area of pre-war Warsaw. The author treats illegal gambling in the Polish capital as a point of departure for general theses on the subject, referring to urban centres across the whole country to indicate those features of pre-war illegal gambling, which remained typical for Warsaw. The article is based on such sources as the local press and police-court-prison documentation as well as associated normative acts. Illegal gambling is discussed on several levels, first and foremost, its legal situation in the Republic, followed by its assorted forms and organisation, and, finally, the environment of its organisers and participants.Illegal Gambling in the Second Republic of Poland. A Research Reconnaissance(Summary)The article is an attempt at presenting widely comprehended illegal gambling in the Second Republic of Poland (i.e. such games as roulette, poker or craps in which the outcome depends in sheer luck and not the players’ skills), with consideration for its multi-aspect character. The text is a research reconnaissance limited to the area of pre-war Warsaw. The author treats illegal gambling in the Polish capital as a point of departure for general theses on the subject, referring to urban centres across the whole country to indicate those features of pre-war illegal gambling, which remained typical for Warsaw. The article is based on such sources as the local press and police-court-prison documentation as well as associated normative acts. Illegal gambling is discussed on several levels, first and foremost, its legal situation in the Republic, followed by its assorted forms and organisation, and, finally, the environment of its organisers and participants
Nielegalny hazard w II Rzeczypospolitej. Rekonesans badawczy
No full textThe article is an attempt at presenting widely comprehended illegal gambling in the Second Republic of Poland (i.e. such games as roulette, poker or craps in which the outcome depends in sheer luck and not the players’ skills), with consideration for its multi-aspect character. The text is a research reconnaissance limited to the area of pre-war Warsaw. The author treats illegal gambling in the Polish capital as a point of departure for general theses on the subject, referring to urban centres across the whole country to indicate those features of pre-war illegal gambling, which remained typical for Warsaw. The article is based on such sources as the local press and police-court-prison documentation as well as associated normative acts. Illegal gambling is discussed on several levels, first and foremost, its legal situation in the Republic, followed by its assorted forms and organisation, and, finally, the environment of its organisers and participants
Criminological debate in interwar Poland. Search for social causes of crime and measures of fight with crime
Get PDFThis article is an attempt of a summary of the debate, pending in Poland in the interwar period, on the issues related to the etiology and methods of preventing and / or controlling crime. Analyzing these two highly interrelated and interdependent problems, the author decided to take into consideration the clear-cut division in criminology prevailing in the interwar period and to reflect it in the structure of the article. Thus, the text is divided into two parts. The first part discusses the causes of crime, the second the criminal policy. However, the text is not an analysis of all the causes of crime. The author focuses on discussion of the interwar views on the social causes of crime held by persons or institutions related, on various different levels, to criminology. Accordingly, the section on criminal policy includes response to crimes being, at least in theory, a result of social causes. The autor of the article faced the problem to attempt to collect and present ideas on social causes and method of preventing and / or combating crime published in the interwar period. The study covers articles and books, in which the above-mentioned problems have been discussed both by scientists (criminologists, lawyers, doctors, psychologists, and sociologists) and laymen (journalists, publicists, community workers, and politicians). In this text, the attempts to analyze the opinions expressed by the latter of the aforementioned groups is a significantly new thing. The views of people not directly related to the academic community at that time were rarely taken into the consideration while discussing criminological theoretical considerations of the interwar period. The point of departure of this text is assumption of the thesis that in the interwar debate on the broad issue of crime, the views which favoured social factors in generating crime were significantly dominant. It should be recalled that on the other side of the dispute there remained a theory of special importance of so-called endogenous factors. It was argued that the specific psycho - physical construction of a man makes him predisposed to become a criminal. This was an aftermath of a C. Lombroso’s theory, already modified in the interwar period. It should be noted that his theory in Poland was not received unquestioningly. However, the dispute between supporters of exogenous and endogenous factors took place in interwar Poland. A strong trend was a school trying to combine the two trends, taking into account the reasons of both parties as typically they did not exclude. This should be regarded as a unique achievement of the Polish criminology of the interwar period
Złodzieje w międzywojennym Lublinie. Analiza historyczno-kryminologiczna
Get PDFThe article, the subject of which places it in the field of Urban Studies, is an attempt to present a multi-faceted characterization of the community of thieves in Lublin in the interwar period. For this purpose, methods of statistical and criminological analysis and GIS technology were used. First, the estimated size of the study group was determined. When reconstructing its characteristics, the influence of various variables (mainly sex and religion of the perpetrators of the theft) was taken into account. An initial description of the socio-professional structure of the environment was made. Thanks to the use of GIS technology, the local structure of the thieves’ place of residence and theft was reconstructed. By taking into account various variables, the pattern of criminal behaviour functioning in interwar Lublin was described. At the same time, the aggregation of the available data made it possible to construct a map of the then Lublin crime hotspots (i.e. areas characterized by a significant „concentration of pathological phenomena”). Finally, the author tried to answer the question of what motivated some of the then inhabitants of Lublin to resort to stealing.This is the first attempt to describe the spatial conditions of non-normative behaviour in the Second Polish Republic. Polish historiography of that period has not analysed the mutual relations between the nature of local criminal circles and the multidimensional specificity of the places where they functioned. Such research, mainly concerning the phenomenon of prostitution, is slowly becoming a standard in the historiography of Anglo-Saxon countries. The author hopes that the article will encourage similar studies to be undertaken in other cities of interwar Poland. The sum of such studies will make it possible to carry out broader analyses in the future, the results of which will complement the findings of Anglo-Saxon historiography.Artykuł, którego tematyka mieści się w nurcie badań Urban studies, stanowi próbę prezentacji wieloaspektowej charakterystyki środowiska lubelskich złodziei okresu międzywojennego. W tym celu wykorzystano metody analizy statystycznej, kryminologicznej oraz technologię GIS. W pierwszej kolejności określono szacunkową liczebności badanej grupy. Rekonstruując jej charakterystykę uwzględniono wpływ różnorodnych zmiennych (przede wszystkim płci i wyznania sprawców kradzieży). Dokonano wstępnego opisu struktury społeczno-zawodowej środowiska. Dzięki wykorzystaniu technologii GIS odtworzono lokalną strukturę miejsca zamieszkania złodziei oraz dokonywania kradzieży. Uwzględnienie różnorodnych zmiennych pozwoliło opisać funkcjonujący w międzywojennym Lublinie schemat zachowań przestępczych. Jednocześnie zagregowanie dostępnych danych umożliwiło skonstruowanie mapy ówczesnych lubelskich hot-spotów przestępczości (tj. obszarów, które charakteryzowały się znaczną „koncentracją zjawisk patologicznych”). W końcu autor postarał się udzielić odpowiedzi na pytanie o przyczyny, dla których część ówczesnych lublinian podejmowała decyzję o dokonaniu kradzieży.Jest to pierwsza próba opisu przestrzennych uwarunkowań zachowań nienormatywnych w Drugiej Rzeczypospolitej. Jak dotąd w polskich badaniach okresu międzywojennego nie podejmowano analiz dotyczących wzajemnych relacji między charakterem lokalnych środowisk przestępczych, a wielowymiarową specyfiką miejsc, w których funkcjonowały. Badania takie, dotyczące głównie zjawiska prostytucji, stają się powoli standardem w historiografii krajów anglosaskich. Autor liczy na to, że artykuł stanie się zachętą do podejmowania analogicznych studiów dla innych miast Polski międzywojennej. Suma takich badań pozwoli w przyszłości na przeprowadzenie szerszych analiz, których wyniki uzupełnią ustalenia historiografii anglosaskiej
Doubly excluded? Convicts suffering from venereal diseases in prisons of the Second Republic of Poland.
No full textW wydanej w drugiej połowie lat 30. powieści Cynk wielokrotny więzień polityczny Marian Czuchnowski zawarł wyjątkowo sugestywny opis więźniów zarażonych kiłą. Celem weneryków, tworzących wg pisarza odrębne środowisko, stawało się przede wszystkim ukrywanie choroby. Więźniowie będący w zaawansowanym stadium choroby, o ile nie znaleźli się w szpitalu, w obowiązującej w więzieniu hierarchii zajmowali bowiem najniższe miejsce. Celem rozpoczętych w 1933 r. badań kryminalno-biologicznych było m.in. wychwytywanie wśród skazanych osób chorych wenerycznie. Praktyka ta to naturalnie efekt realizacji jednego z elementów ówczesnej polityki społecznej - „walki z nierządem”, której zadaniem było m.in. minimalizowanie zasięgu rozprzestrzeniania się chorób wenerycznych. Analiza ówczesnych źródeł skłania jednak do zadania pytania o to, czy badania te służyły wyłącznie „walce z nierządem”? Odnieść można bowiem wrażenie, że była to również próba wyznaczenia w środowiskach wykluczonych grupy osób znajdujących się na marginesie marginesu. Widomym znakiem ostatecznego, nieodwracalnego upadku stawać się miała, realnie i symbolicznie, choroba weneryczna.In his novel, published in the late 1930’s and entitled “Tip-off”, Marian Czuchnowski, several times detained as political prisoner, painted a particularly striking picture of inmates who suffered from syphilis. To the say of the author, these “syphilitics” were first of all concerned with hiding their condition, as those who were in advanced stages of the disease and were not hospitalized usually found themselves at the very bottom of the prison hierarchy. In 1993 the criminal and biological research was initiated in order to identify in the prison population individuals who were suffering from venereal diseases. The practice came about as a result of the then-social policy labelled as “fight against prostitution” and aimed at reducing the spread of sexually transmitted diseases. However, sources of that time and their analysis may trigger another question, i.e. whether this research was truly about “fighting the prostitution”. It seems that it was also an attempt to identify among socially excluded groups those who were the most marginalized among the marginalized. The venereal disease would be, in real and symbolic terms, the sign of their final and irreversible downfall
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Raimo Pullat, Risto Pullat, Morze wódki. Przemyt spirytusu na Bałtyku w okresie międzywojennym, tłum. Elżbieta Juga, Anna Juga-Szymańska, Kraków 2013
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